The document discusses several theories for why trade increases with GNP and the circumstances under which this relationship could break down. It summarizes theories of absolute advantage put forth by Adam Smith, comparative advantage by David Ricardo, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory that differences in countries' endowments of factors of production like resources can lead to gains from trade. It also notes that technical innovation and differences in consumer tastes across countries can be important drivers of certain types of trade.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Trade Environment.pptxDiksha Vashisht
To better understand how modern global trade has evolved, it’s important to understand how countries traded with one another historically. Over time, economists have developed theories to explain the mechanisms of global trade.
The main historical theories are called classical and are from the perspective of a country, or country-based.
Fiduciary or paper money is issued by the Central Bank on the basis of
computation of estimated demand for cash. Monetary policy guides the Central
Bank’s supply of money in order to achieve the objectives of price stability (or low
inflation rate), full employment, and growth in aggregate income.
WTO & Trade Issues - International Trade Environment.pptxDiksha Vashisht
To better understand how modern global trade has evolved, it’s important to understand how countries traded with one another historically. Over time, economists have developed theories to explain the mechanisms of global trade.
The main historical theories are called classical and are from the perspective of a country, or country-based.
In this presentation, we will discuss about how or what conditions trigger international trade, which are further elaborated through various theories of international trade.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This presentation covers the fundamental concepts and models related to the study of international trade. It includes discussions on comparative advantage, international trade models, and trade policies. The aim is to provide a basic understanding of the theories of the international trade.
Lesson One | Globalization and Economic IntegrationSimon Lacey
This is the first in a series of five lectures I am giving in 2014 at the University Pelita Harapan (UPH) Graduate School's Masters Program in International Trade, Investment and Competition (MTIC).
This is the first of a 12 module series on the law and policy of the global trading system being offered as part of UPH's WTO Chairs Program.
This module focuses on globalization, the theories of absolute and comparative advantage, the gains from trade, and restates three simple principles of trade policy.
GBY EDITH OSTAPIK AND KEI-MU YIEdith Ostapik is a rese.docxbudbarber38650
G
BY EDITH OSTAPIK AND KEI-MU YI
Edith Ostapik
is a research
associate in the
Philadelphia
Fed’s Research
Department.
This article is
available free of
charge at www.
philadelphiafed.org/econ/br/index.
International Trade:
Why We Don’t Have More of It
Kei-Mu Yi is a
vice president
and economist
in the Research
Department of
the Philadelphia
Fed. He is also
head of the
department’s
Macroeconomics section.
1 Source: The World Bank’s World
Development Indicators (we use the world
export share of world GDP). Since world
exports = world imports, imports have risen by
the same amount.
2 Previous Business Review articles have
questioned the extent to which globalization
has taken place. The article by Janet Ceglowski
reviews research on barriers to international
trade. Examining another dimension of
globalization, Sylvain Leduc explores the lack
of international diversification of investment
portfolios.
3 They estimate an overall average increase
of 74 percent in the prices of goods in these
countries.
Globalization has many facets.
One of the most important is the enor-
mous increase in international trade.
Over the past 40 years, world exports
as a share of output have doubled to
almost 25 percent of world output.1
However, despite globalization and
the increasing share of output that is
exported and imported internationally,
economic evidence suggests that sig-
nificant barriers to international trade
still exist.2 We will summarize the lat-
est developments in the measurement
of international trade barriers, drawing
mainly from a recent comprehensive
survey on the subject by James Ander-
son and Eric van Wincoop. In their
lobalization has led to an enormous increase
in international trade. Over the past 40
years, world exports as a share of output have
doubled to almost 25 percent of world output.
However, despite this enormous increase, economic
evidence suggests that significant barriers to international
trade still exist. In this article, Edith Ostapik and Kei-Mu
Yi summarize the latest developments in the measurement
of international trade barriers.
survey, these authors report estimates
of the magnitudes of different catego-
ries of international trade costs. They
find that, on average, international
trade costs almost double the price of
goods in developed countries.3
The primary policy implication of
the existing research is that globaliza-
tion still has a long way to go, so that
there is still plenty of room for trade
to grow. Growth in trade will likely
occur primarily through technological
changes that reduce transportation or
communication costs or from long-
run policy choices, such as a national
currency or language. Reduction in
policy-related barriers, such as tariffs,
will also play a role.
WHY AND HOW TRADE COSTS
REDUCE TRADE
The core idea underlying the
benefits of international trade goes
back to Adam Smith and his famous
pin factory para.
In this presentation, we will discuss about how or what conditions trigger international trade, which are further elaborated through various theories of international trade.
To know more about Welingkar School’s Distance Learning Program and courses offered, visit: http://www.welingkaronline.org/distance-learning/online-mba.html
This presentation covers the fundamental concepts and models related to the study of international trade. It includes discussions on comparative advantage, international trade models, and trade policies. The aim is to provide a basic understanding of the theories of the international trade.
Lesson One | Globalization and Economic IntegrationSimon Lacey
This is the first in a series of five lectures I am giving in 2014 at the University Pelita Harapan (UPH) Graduate School's Masters Program in International Trade, Investment and Competition (MTIC).
This is the first of a 12 module series on the law and policy of the global trading system being offered as part of UPH's WTO Chairs Program.
This module focuses on globalization, the theories of absolute and comparative advantage, the gains from trade, and restates three simple principles of trade policy.
GBY EDITH OSTAPIK AND KEI-MU YIEdith Ostapik is a rese.docxbudbarber38650
G
BY EDITH OSTAPIK AND KEI-MU YI
Edith Ostapik
is a research
associate in the
Philadelphia
Fed’s Research
Department.
This article is
available free of
charge at www.
philadelphiafed.org/econ/br/index.
International Trade:
Why We Don’t Have More of It
Kei-Mu Yi is a
vice president
and economist
in the Research
Department of
the Philadelphia
Fed. He is also
head of the
department’s
Macroeconomics section.
1 Source: The World Bank’s World
Development Indicators (we use the world
export share of world GDP). Since world
exports = world imports, imports have risen by
the same amount.
2 Previous Business Review articles have
questioned the extent to which globalization
has taken place. The article by Janet Ceglowski
reviews research on barriers to international
trade. Examining another dimension of
globalization, Sylvain Leduc explores the lack
of international diversification of investment
portfolios.
3 They estimate an overall average increase
of 74 percent in the prices of goods in these
countries.
Globalization has many facets.
One of the most important is the enor-
mous increase in international trade.
Over the past 40 years, world exports
as a share of output have doubled to
almost 25 percent of world output.1
However, despite globalization and
the increasing share of output that is
exported and imported internationally,
economic evidence suggests that sig-
nificant barriers to international trade
still exist.2 We will summarize the lat-
est developments in the measurement
of international trade barriers, drawing
mainly from a recent comprehensive
survey on the subject by James Ander-
son and Eric van Wincoop. In their
lobalization has led to an enormous increase
in international trade. Over the past 40
years, world exports as a share of output have
doubled to almost 25 percent of world output.
However, despite this enormous increase, economic
evidence suggests that significant barriers to international
trade still exist. In this article, Edith Ostapik and Kei-Mu
Yi summarize the latest developments in the measurement
of international trade barriers.
survey, these authors report estimates
of the magnitudes of different catego-
ries of international trade costs. They
find that, on average, international
trade costs almost double the price of
goods in developed countries.3
The primary policy implication of
the existing research is that globaliza-
tion still has a long way to go, so that
there is still plenty of room for trade
to grow. Growth in trade will likely
occur primarily through technological
changes that reduce transportation or
communication costs or from long-
run policy choices, such as a national
currency or language. Reduction in
policy-related barriers, such as tariffs,
will also play a role.
WHY AND HOW TRADE COSTS
REDUCE TRADE
The core idea underlying the
benefits of international trade goes
back to Adam Smith and his famous
pin factory para.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Society.pdfssuser3e63fc
Just a game Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?Assignment 3
1. What has made Louis Vuitton's business model successful in the Japanese luxury market?
2. What are the opportunities and challenges for Louis Vuitton in Japan?
3. What are the specifics of the Japanese fashion luxury market?
4. How did Louis Vuitton enter into the Japanese market originally? What were the other entry strategies it adopted later to strengthen its presence?
5. Will Louis Vuitton have any new challenges arise due to the global financial crisis? How does it overcome the new challenges?
2. We have shown empirically that the most important single cause of
trade growth is GNP, but these are just statistical relationships. Every
economist is taught that statistical relationships can change. It would be
reassuring to know why trade increases with GNP and, more
importantly, the circumstances under which this important relationship
might break down. To answer these questions we must turn to trade
theory.
3. If countries do not believe that trade is in their interest they can close their borders. China, the USSR,
and Japan have all followed this policy in recent history. A policy of not trading, or limiting trade by
tariffs or quotas, is known as ‘protectionism’, or in its extreme form ‘isolationism’. It seeks to exclude
the goods produced by foreigners from local markets in order to protect the livelihood of local
producers. It seeks to exclude the goods produced by foreigners from local markets in order to protect
the livelihood of local producers. Protectionism can look very attractive to a community which feels that
its livelihood is under threat.
Reason for adopting these policies is to protect local resources ;
1. It may seem that valuable raw materials are being exported by unprincipled traders, leaving nothing
for the local inhabitants. When the reserves are all gone, the country will be left in poverty.
2. Another is to protect local jobs and skills which have been developed over many years.
4. Three hundred years ago David Hume addressed this question in his Discourse on
the Balance of Trade (1752) (see Meek, 1973). Hume did not think much of this
line of protectionism, commenting:
It is very usual in nations ignorant of the nature of commerce, to
prohibit the exportation of commodities, and to preserve among themselves
whatever they think valuable and useful… There still prevails, even in nations
well acquainted with commerce, a strong jealousy with regard to the balance of
trade, and a fear, that gold and silver may be leaving them
5. The first step in developing a proof that trade is
beneficial was made by Adam Smith and is
referred to as the ‘theory of absolute advantage’.
He argued that countries are better off if they
specialize, trading their surplus production for
the other goods they need. Specialization allows
them to become more productive and everyone
benefits because the world’s limited economic
resources (factors of production) are used more
efficiently
6. The Theory of Comparative Advantage, published by David Ricardo in 1817, demonstrated that this was not
the case. He proved that trade is beneficial, even if one country is more efficient than its trading partners at
producing all goods. If we rerun the example, but make the US better at producing both food and cloth, the
countries are still richer with trade than without.
The heart of the theory is that provided each country is more
efficient at producing some goods than others, trade will be
beneficial if each country specializes in the products at
which it is relatively most efficient. More wealth is created
by trade because limited ‘factors of production’ are used
more efficiently and all participants are better off than they
would be without trade. This has important implications for
trade
7.
8. One of the most important causes of trade from the shipping industry’s point of view is
the fact that different countries with different natural resources. The importance of
resources was first recognized by trade economists who were looking for an explanation
of what determines the comparative advantage of a country. This was an issue which
Ricardo did not address and it was more than a century before that economists came up
with a theoretical explanation. The key issue turned out to be the assumption of constant
costs, which is one of the basic building blocks of Ricardo’s model
The theory of comparative advantage assumes that resources can be freely switched
between the manufacture of different products without any loss of productivity. Even in
the abstract world of economic theory this is clearly not realistic. In the 1920s two
Swedish economists, Eli Heckscher and Bent Ohlin, concluded that productivity
differences occur because countries have different endowments of factors of
production, and there is limited factor substitution.
9. All we need for trade to be beneficial is that economic resources
are unevenly distributed between countries. Winters(1991)summarizes these minimum
conditions as follows:
1. The production functions for the two products give constant returns to scale if both
factors are applied proportionally, but diminishing returns to any individual factor (i.e.
if a country runs out of land, but keeps applying more labour, fertilizers, machinery,
etc., marginal returns fall).
2. Goods differ in their requirements of different factor inputs (e.g. food production
needs more land than textile manufacture).
3. The countries have different relative factor endowments.
10. A very different reason for trade is technical innovation. Manufactured goods often
require specialist investment and expertise. Once a particular company or country has
become established in this area, it is difficult for others to build up sufficient volume of
sales to break into that market. In the nineteenth century Britain developed mechanized
textile manufacturing, and for some years gained a great benefit from this.
11. Anyone studying trade statistics will soon notice another type of trade, called inter-
industry trade where countries import and export the same products. Motor cars are a
classic example, but petroleum products, electronic equipment and a whole range of
consumer goods also qualify. In these cases the cause of trade is usually differences in
tastes between countries