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Björn Brembs
Universität Regensburg
  http://brembs.net
No empirical
support
Hans Flohr, neurobiologist


“Mental states are always brain
states, meaning physical
states”
Newton„s clockwork
We cannot predict the future
for principle reasons
No empirical support
Deterministic
Stochastic
Deterministic
Reproducibility is not
evolutionary stable
Behavioral variability in a constant stimulus situation:
                Actions, not responses
Maye et al. (2007)
          correlation




                              Nonlinear (choice)




                        Linear/stochastic (noise)

                           nonlinearity
Maye et al. (2007)
Slope of linear regression
                                                               0.02
correlation




                    Nonlinear


                                                               0.01


              Linear/stochastic
                                                                 0
                 nonlinearity
Double Gal4 c105; c232




*** p < 0.001, one way ANOVA
C105-GAL4
                            Ellipsoid body R1


R1




                            Ellipsoid body R3, R4d




         20 µm.
                  Kahsai, Carlsson, & Nässel., 2012
Sathishkumar Raja
What are the functions of
spontaneous behavioral variability?
Pursuit-evasion contests & competition
          (courtship, predator-
 prey, territoriality, chess, sports etc.)
Exploration (find that hidden resource you
       would otherwise never find.)
Detection of re-afferent signals in the sensory
    stream (self vs. non-self) → operant
              behavior/learning
Action – Outcome Evaluation
"Voluntariness": Behavioural Freedom and Decision-Making in Flies

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