On behalf of the Dutch metallurgical and mineralogical industry, I am invited to speak at a European Commission workshop in November 2015 on the taxation of energy products (such as electricity, gas) used in metallurgical and mineralogical processes.
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Abstract- Abstract: Solid fuel cells combined heat and power is one of the most promising technologies for reducing energy consumption in stationary area (commercial building and residential environmental). This paper is aim to studies the model, applications and economic feasibility of an model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell micro combined Heat and Power (SOFC mCHP) for single-family apartment in Wuhan area. A model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell micro combined Heat and Power (SOFC mCHP) system is presented to estimate the energy required to meet the average of electricity and heating demand of a 120 m2 of single-family apartment in Wuhan area. Several simulation are conducted in Matlab-Simulink® environment in order to archive the aim of this paper. The model can be modified for any SOFC micro-CHP system. SOFC micro-CHP for stationary area has a higher potential to becoming cost-competitive in the worldwide. Based on the economic feasibility analyzes presented, the results indicated that it is feasible to introduce the SOFC micro-CHP system in Wuhan area from the economic viewpoint. However, fuel cell are still a non-mature technology aiming to reach the market in the coming years. Due to the constant development of fuel cell technology and recent commercial production, the available information about its performance in real applications is currently limited to date, and the cost information is not well established.
Index Terms- Model, application, economic analyze, SOFC, co-generation Heat and Power, Wuhan area.
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Henning von Zanthier, LL.M, Founding Partner of VON ZANTHIER & SCHULZ
Iceland Geothermal Conference 2018 - Breaking the Barriers
24 - 27 April, 2018, Harpa, Reykjavík
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Modeling, Application and Economic Feasibility Analysis of SOFC Combined Heat...juliomussane
Abstract- Abstract: Solid fuel cells combined heat and power is one of the most promising technologies for reducing energy consumption in stationary area (commercial building and residential environmental). This paper is aim to studies the model, applications and economic feasibility of an model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell micro combined Heat and Power (SOFC mCHP) for single-family apartment in Wuhan area. A model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell micro combined Heat and Power (SOFC mCHP) system is presented to estimate the energy required to meet the average of electricity and heating demand of a 120 m2 of single-family apartment in Wuhan area. Several simulation are conducted in Matlab-Simulink® environment in order to archive the aim of this paper. The model can be modified for any SOFC micro-CHP system. SOFC micro-CHP for stationary area has a higher potential to becoming cost-competitive in the worldwide. Based on the economic feasibility analyzes presented, the results indicated that it is feasible to introduce the SOFC micro-CHP system in Wuhan area from the economic viewpoint. However, fuel cell are still a non-mature technology aiming to reach the market in the coming years. Due to the constant development of fuel cell technology and recent commercial production, the available information about its performance in real applications is currently limited to date, and the cost information is not well established.
Index Terms- Model, application, economic analyze, SOFC, co-generation Heat and Power, Wuhan area.
A4 - Heating market and the legal framework of the geothermal sector in PolandIceland Geothermal
Henning von Zanthier, LL.M, Founding Partner of VON ZANTHIER & SCHULZ
Iceland Geothermal Conference 2018 - Breaking the Barriers
24 - 27 April, 2018, Harpa, Reykjavík
Sustainable polymers from CO2 and water with low-carbon electricityIlkka Hannula
Within petrochemical industry the combination of synthetic methanol manufacture with MTO technology would make it possible to produce light olefins (ethylene and propylene) CO2 and water with low-carbon electricity. To satisfy global demand (206 Mt/a) of light olefins through P2X route 644 GW electricity and 924 Mt/a CO2 (3 % of annual global emissions) would be required. With today’s electricity market price scenarios the profitability of this concept is however very low in comparison to steam cracking of fossil hydrocarbon feedstocks. Based on cursory capital cost estimates, the levelised production cost of olefins would be 2000 €/t at current electricity prices.
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Este es un trabajo de Investigaciòn del mòdulo de Pisocologìa Deportiva de la Carrera de Cultura Fìsica, este trabajo pertene al Señor Manuel Tuàrez, estudiante del sèptimo semestre
Representing Industrial decarbonization Options in TIMES Belgium modelIEA-ETSAP
Representing Industrial decarbonization Options in TIMES Belgium model
Dr. Partha Das, VITO NV (The Flemish institute for technological research), Belgium.
Abstract
The present day scenario of the modern world is impossible to imagine without automobile. Thus it a primary challenge for automobile industries to design efficient and cost effective engine. The performance of the engine again depends on the type of fuel used, the cooling system, the lubrication system, the range of temperature in which the engine works etc. If the factors are taken care of then the performance of the engine can be improved. In this paper the effect of the fuel assimilating metallic nano-particles is studied. After the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber the byproducts of combustion (water vapor and carbon dioxide) are further disintegrated, the dissociation of water being an exothermal process adds up to the heat intake of the engine. The food for the engine being heat and not the fuel, it is beneficial in every sense to extract maximum possible amount of heat from the given mass of fuel. This process has both merits and demerits which are shown by the comprehensive study of the fuel used in an internal combustion engine, the chemical process involved in the combustion and the process of exhaust.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Heat Transfer, Conductivity, Knocking and Detonation, Thermal Diffusibility.
ECI position on the revision of the Energy Efficiency Directivefernando nuño
The European Copper Institute (ECI) supports the EU’s climate ambitions for 2030 and
2050 and welcomes the proposed recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). Copper is
a key material for energy efficiency in all sectors and contributes significantly to the clean energy
transition as a sustainable raw material that is essential to decarbonise the economy.
The EED recast proposal goes in the right direction in many areas. We welcome the
mainstreaming of the Energy Efficiency First principle and the strengthening of the
exemplary role of public buildings in driving renovation. The revised provisions on energy
audits and energy management systems are also useful to help small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) catch up on energy efficiency measures, although we believe that mandatory
certification can be a barrier to the adoption of energy management systems by SMEs.
However, more needs to be done to facilitate the exploitation of the significant potential for
utilising waste heat from industrial processes under the EED. It is welcome that under the
revised article 23, Member States are mandated to take measures for district heating and cooling
infrastructure to be developed where benefits exceed costs.
However, in many cases it will not be possible to direct industrial excess heat to district heating
networks, and in such cases, the conversion of waste heat into electricity for own
consumption should be explicitly included under EED Article 23 as an energy savings
measure to be considered by Member States in the cost-benefit analyses underlying their
comprehensive heating and cooling assessments, and under Article 24 when assessing the
utilisation of waste heat on-site and off-site when large industrial installations are newly planned
or refurbished.
Finally, it is important to acknowledge that increasing energy efficiency will sometimes have an
impact on the realisation of other environmental objectives, such as environmental protection,
resource efficiency or decarbonisation. In some cases, decarbonisation measures such as
switching to low carbon energy sources or increasing energy system flexibility may reduce energy
efficiency, while the implementation of higher environmental protection standards can increase
energy demand. Policymakers should be mindful of such trade-offs and take care to avoid setting
conflicting targets.
Response to Climate Change (incl. case of Carbon Capture)Shibojyoti Dutta
The presentation contained context of Iron & Steel w.r.t. Climate Change, response of sector in India and Tata Steel. Sustainable solution offered by Tata Steel and brief discussion on Carbon Capture prospects at BF at the National seminar on “Environmental Prisnciples, Policies and Climate Change” organised by Indian Institute of Metals - Kolkata Chapter on 16 Dec 2010 at Taj Bengal, Kolkata
Welding-types, applications and invention.pdfweldworld
The term welding is actually used to join metal parts together by the use of
heat/pressure or both. It is an ancient technique that has also been used as a popular
occupation in the modern era.
VNMI Magazine: CDA en PvdA lovend over tussenstand energiebesparing bij metaa...Frank Buijs
De metaalketen is op de goede weg in de uitvoering van het energiebesparingsconvenant. Dit stellen CDA en PvdA naar aanleiding van de eind september gepresenteerde tussentijdse evaluatie. Vanuit de linkse oppositie pleit GroenLinks juist voor meer regulering.
Este es un trabajo de Investigaciòn del mòdulo de Pisocologìa Deportiva de la Carrera de Cultura Fìsica, este trabajo pertene al Señor Manuel Tuàrez, estudiante del sèptimo semestre
Representing Industrial decarbonization Options in TIMES Belgium modelIEA-ETSAP
Representing Industrial decarbonization Options in TIMES Belgium model
Dr. Partha Das, VITO NV (The Flemish institute for technological research), Belgium.
Abstract
The present day scenario of the modern world is impossible to imagine without automobile. Thus it a primary challenge for automobile industries to design efficient and cost effective engine. The performance of the engine again depends on the type of fuel used, the cooling system, the lubrication system, the range of temperature in which the engine works etc. If the factors are taken care of then the performance of the engine can be improved. In this paper the effect of the fuel assimilating metallic nano-particles is studied. After the combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber the byproducts of combustion (water vapor and carbon dioxide) are further disintegrated, the dissociation of water being an exothermal process adds up to the heat intake of the engine. The food for the engine being heat and not the fuel, it is beneficial in every sense to extract maximum possible amount of heat from the given mass of fuel. This process has both merits and demerits which are shown by the comprehensive study of the fuel used in an internal combustion engine, the chemical process involved in the combustion and the process of exhaust.
Keywords: Nanofluids, Heat Transfer, Conductivity, Knocking and Detonation, Thermal Diffusibility.
ECI position on the revision of the Energy Efficiency Directivefernando nuño
The European Copper Institute (ECI) supports the EU’s climate ambitions for 2030 and
2050 and welcomes the proposed recast of the Energy Efficiency Directive (EED). Copper is
a key material for energy efficiency in all sectors and contributes significantly to the clean energy
transition as a sustainable raw material that is essential to decarbonise the economy.
The EED recast proposal goes in the right direction in many areas. We welcome the
mainstreaming of the Energy Efficiency First principle and the strengthening of the
exemplary role of public buildings in driving renovation. The revised provisions on energy
audits and energy management systems are also useful to help small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) catch up on energy efficiency measures, although we believe that mandatory
certification can be a barrier to the adoption of energy management systems by SMEs.
However, more needs to be done to facilitate the exploitation of the significant potential for
utilising waste heat from industrial processes under the EED. It is welcome that under the
revised article 23, Member States are mandated to take measures for district heating and cooling
infrastructure to be developed where benefits exceed costs.
However, in many cases it will not be possible to direct industrial excess heat to district heating
networks, and in such cases, the conversion of waste heat into electricity for own
consumption should be explicitly included under EED Article 23 as an energy savings
measure to be considered by Member States in the cost-benefit analyses underlying their
comprehensive heating and cooling assessments, and under Article 24 when assessing the
utilisation of waste heat on-site and off-site when large industrial installations are newly planned
or refurbished.
Finally, it is important to acknowledge that increasing energy efficiency will sometimes have an
impact on the realisation of other environmental objectives, such as environmental protection,
resource efficiency or decarbonisation. In some cases, decarbonisation measures such as
switching to low carbon energy sources or increasing energy system flexibility may reduce energy
efficiency, while the implementation of higher environmental protection standards can increase
energy demand. Policymakers should be mindful of such trade-offs and take care to avoid setting
conflicting targets.
Response to Climate Change (incl. case of Carbon Capture)Shibojyoti Dutta
The presentation contained context of Iron & Steel w.r.t. Climate Change, response of sector in India and Tata Steel. Sustainable solution offered by Tata Steel and brief discussion on Carbon Capture prospects at BF at the National seminar on “Environmental Prisnciples, Policies and Climate Change” organised by Indian Institute of Metals - Kolkata Chapter on 16 Dec 2010 at Taj Bengal, Kolkata
Welding-types, applications and invention.pdfweldworld
The term welding is actually used to join metal parts together by the use of
heat/pressure or both. It is an ancient technique that has also been used as a popular
occupation in the modern era.
A vision for permanents magnets PM standardisation activities continuous powder production.
The START project: Creating a
sustainable supply chain for green energy harvesting products by Powder Metallurgy
Sustainable Strategies for the Exploitation of End-of-Life Permanent MagnetsNOMADPOWER
Rare Earth Magnets (REM), especially the NdFeB type, are essential components in high-performance electric motors and wind turbines, playing an important role in the shift towards a low-carbon energy matrix. However, little work has been done to understand how the production of REM can be in line with the global sustainable transition. To overcome this lack and help with future research, as well as decision-making, this paper provides a literature overview of which aspects of sustainability are being investigated in the REM supply chain, and how each of them contributes to achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). This research is developed through a consistent analysis of 44 peer-reviewed publications, followed by an analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Four main subjects of studies were identified: environmental impact; social impact; economic aspects and circular economy. Most of the studies focus on computing the environmental impact through life cycle assessment and discussing techniques towards exploring the circular economy concept. In addition to contributing to a greener economy, the majors identified strengths of REM are the great potential of its supply chain in reducing primary resource extraction, since REM recovery and recycling seem to be viable, and the promising techniques to minimize environmental impacts along the rare earth elements production chain.
The role of electricity in heating and coolingLeonardo ENERGY
Following the European Commission’s Heating & Cooling Strategy Consultation Forum, held in Brussels on September 9th, very significant opportunities exist within the heating and cooling sector to better connect the EU’s electricity and thermal energy markets.
The use of electricity in heating and cooling helps to increase the penetration of renewables, improve efficiency, lower carbon emissions and save significant investment costs in renewables integration. However, crucial to these uses is the promotion of efficient electrothermal technologies.
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VNMI Presentation EC Workshop Taxation of Energy Products used in Metallurgical and Mineralogical Processes
1. Taxation of energy products used in
metallurgical and mineralogical
processes
European Commission workshop
Prague, November 2015
Frank Buijs – VNMI
Association of the Dutch metallurgical industry
2. Contents
This presentation was drafted by VNMI in collaboration with energy
management experts employed by metallurgical and mineralogical industrial
production companies active in the Netherlands.
The presentation aims to clarify why an exemption for metallurgical and
mineralogical use of energy products, such as electricity & natural gas is fair &
reasonable.
Touching on current experiences in the Netherlands with exemptions for
energy use in (chemical, petrochemical,) metallurgical & mineralogical
processes, this presentation tries to illustrate how this exemption should be
enforced, in light of the use of motor fuels, energy products and electricity in
the furnaces and in stationary motors.
In the context of metal working processes, it tries to exemplify to what extent
–and on what basis- exemptions should be restricted.
As for the mineralogical industry, a distinction is made between core
production activities in production processes and the necessity of delineation
between core and auxiliary production activities.
3. Fair and Reasonable
- Since 1992* the Commission has a long standing approach to
subject only energy products used as heating or motor fuel to a
Community Framework
- Comprehensive assessment of the nature and logic of the
Community energy tax system took place between 1998-2003
and Member States once again considered that energy tax
should concentrate on motor fuels and heating fuels
- Council and Commission therefore considered it the nature and
logic of the tax system to exclude from the scope of the
Directive “other uses than as motor fuels or as heating fuels”
*(Council Directive 92/81/EEC duties mineral oil)
4. Essential starting points
• A global level playing field in taxation of energy use products is the desired end
result
• To avoid market distortions, it is important that tax treatment of different
industrial processes, manufacturing identical products, should be as similar as
possible
• Basis for exemption as sharp and simple as possible; staying in line with original
intentions of the directive will preempt that ever more sectors, products and
processes are covered
• Conformity between exemptions for metallurgical and mineralogical energy taxes
for use of electricity and gas in products and processes
• Energy for dual use purpose should be treated the same way as energy products
for non-fuel use considering that, in a dual-use process
– the two uses can hardly be distinguished
– the quantities of the product cannot readily be apportioned to each use
5. Applying the definition
to metallurgical processes
• Metallurgical processes: all processes with which metals are separated from their
ores or scrap, the purification of metal, alloying of metals and/or creating usable
objects out of metals, considering that
– The purpose of these processes is to produce metals and not to make
products out of it (bending, welding, etc.)
– the crystalline structure and the characteristics of the metal are irreversibly
changed,
– all parts of the process are covered (direct and indirect processes, including
auxiliary and preparatory processes), AND
– all processes are located on one geographic location
• Examples of indirect metallurgical processes: e.g. preparation of ore, scrap and coal/cokes,
sinter, pellets, hot wind, oxygen, cooling of the blast furnace, ventilation in dust removal
plant, motors to transport (hot) metal in and between the processes. Without these
processes the metallurgical process of metal production is not possible.
6. Applying the definition to
mineralogical processes
• Energy for mineralogical processes has been explicitly considered “a use other
than motor or heating fuels”
• Mineralogical processes that are energy intensive in the sense of the Directive
– Purchases of energy products and electricity amount >> 3% of production value
• Fuels and electricity are used in a high temperature (chemical) transformation
process where minerals are irreversibly transformed into new materials
• There is an integrated whole of core production steps that are considered as one
installation. To produce the material/product, none of the steps can be left out.
o Example: mixing, weighing, melting, fining, forming, annealing and (depending on
products) coating, winding, cutting etc.
• Installations directly linked to the core production steps should also remain out of
the scope of the Directive.
o Example: production cannot take place and the production installation cannot survive
without activities of cooling, ventilation, transport between production steps etc.
7. Questions from working document
1. Do you consider that motor fuels used in stationary motors and auxiliary activities are not
included in the wording of Article 2(4)(b), second indent? The Directive states that “energy
products used for chemical reduction, or in electrolytic and metallurgical processes shall be
regarded as dual use”. This means that if a stationary motor or auxiliary activity is part of these
processes than it is regarded as dual use. For example: producing oxygen for producing steel
should be covered by the definition, but powering motors in cleaning should not be covered.
2. What is your opinion of ‘physical metallurgical processes’ such as forging? If the crystalline
structure of the metal is irreversibly changed, such as forging, this should be covered by the
definition. Using metal to produce something else should not be covered by the definition,
including those processes that have short heating.
3. Do you agree that electricity used in stationary motors and auxiliary activities is not included in
the wording of Article 2(4)(b), third indent? Same as first bullet; as long as it is clear that motors
used (either directly or indirectly) for enabling metallurgical / mineralogical processes are
covered by the definition. It would help to explicitly include these in the definition and/or
preamble.
4. Do you believe that there are cases where the metallurgical processes or facilities do not allow
distinguishing between the use of energy products and electricity in the furnaces and in
stationary motors? Could you provide examples? Yes, such as (for example) producing oxygen in
order to produce steel on location, producing coking coal on the same location as making iron. A
direct link should be possible between e.g. the piping network, the conveyors et cetera in order to
qualify for the exemption.
8. Questions from the working document
(continued)
5. Do you consider that metal working processes (e.g. forging, metal strengthening with quenching)
should be covered by the definition of metallurgical processes? Yes, but only on the condition
that the crystalline structure of the metal is irreversibly changed.
6. What metal working processes would you include in the definition of metallurgical processes?
Would you consider it necessary to introduce restricting conditions (e.g. forging is included only if
it leads to changes in the physical properties of the metal) and what would these conditions be?
See answer to question number 2 for definition.
7. Do you agree that, with the exception of propellant use, energy products and electricity used in
mineralogical processes include uses only in the core production activities which involve
furnaces, kilns but also, where necessary, uses in stationary motors such as compressors, cutting
machines and in general all the equipment necessary to perform the processes, as defined by
NACE codes? Yes, provided that all the steps of the core process are identified. See example glass:
There is an integrated whole of core production steps that are considered as one installation:
example: mixing, weighing, melting, fining, forming, annealing and (depending on products)
coating, winding, cutting etc
8. Do you believe it is necessary to further consider the delineation between core and auxiliary
production activities in the case of mineralogical processes? Can you provide practical examples
in case you exempt from taxation the production processes which are outside the scope of the
ETD? Yes, example cooling system and cooling fans, transport between process steps, ventilation
10. Fair and Reasonable
- Recital 22: “Energy products should essentially be subject to
a Community framework when used as heating fuel or
motor fuel. To that extent, it is in the nature and the logic of
the tax system to exclude from the scope of the framework
dual uses and non-fuel uses of energy products as well as
mineralogical processes. Electricity used in similar ways
should be treated on an equal footing”
- Art 2.4b 2nd indent: An energy product has a dual use when
it is used both as heating fuel and for purposes other than
as motor fuel and heating fuel. The use of energy products
for chemical reduction and in electrolytic and metallurgical
processes shall be regarded as dual use
11. Dutch case law
• LJN: BL0646, Court of Arnhem, AWB 08/3457
(published 26-1-2010)
12. Examples of mineralogical production that
should be covered by the definition
• Various products
– Flatglass, packaging glass, table ware, glass wool, fibre glass, special glass
– Bricks, tiles
– Limestones
– Rockwool
– Cement
• Highly automated processes
– 24/7 online production
– There is an integrated whole of core production steps that are considered as
one installation: for example mixing, weighing, melting, fining, forming,
annealing and (depending on products) coating, winding, cutting etc.