This document discusses video modeling as a visually based intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It contains the following key points:
1. Video modeling involves using video to model targeted skills for children with ASD. It has been shown to effectively teach social, communication, play, academic, and daily living skills.
2. There are three basic steps to implementing video modeling: identifying the target skills, producing videos modeling those skills, and implementing the intervention.
3. When identifying skills, educators assess the student's strengths and needs, prioritize target skills, and collect baseline data. Target skills should be objectively defined.
4. Videos are then produced modeling the target skills. Multiple
This article discusses strategies for students' ability to use vision, as well as how much they use other senses for low vision, functionally blind, and blind impaired acuity can still use their vision for learning review of the literature.
This document discusses challenges faced by children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities (PIMD), their parents, teachers, and interventions. It notes that providing quality of life and necessary support is the greatest challenge parents face. Teachers play an important role in students' learning, and quality education requires collaboration between special education and general education teachers to implement individualized plans. Goals for students with PIMD include learning to receive support flexibly and generalize skills across settings with the help of their community.
The documents provide background information on special education laws and programs, common disabilities, and accommodations for students with disabilities. Some key points include:
- Laws like IDEA, ADA, and Section 504 protect students with disabilities and require accommodations. IEPs outline specialized instruction and goals.
- Common disabilities discussed include autism, deaf-blindness, developmental delay, and emotional/behavioral disorders. Problems vary but may include language, social, or behavioral challenges.
- Accommodations aim to improve access through strategies like visual aids, quiet spaces, interpreters, and modified assignments. General education teachers have responsibilities to identify needs and implement IEPs.
This lesson plan teaches students how to start a conversation. The lesson will:
1) Model appropriate greetings like "Hi" or "Hello" and questions to ask like about interests, past experiences, or present situations.
2) Have students practice greeting peers and asking 1-2 follow up questions on video.
3) Conclude with students evaluating each other's videos and summarizing what they learned about greetings and conversation starters.
Ben Hammond created a professional development plan focusing on improving instruction for students with low incidence disabilities. The plan includes using research-based instructional strategies and assessments to monitor student learning. Hammond will create a positive learning environment and accommodate each student's individual needs. He will also integrate technology and keep families informed as partners in the educational process. To develop professionally, Hammond will evaluate his teaching, attend trainings, and get feedback from supervisors. He advocates for a functional curriculum and community-based instruction to meet diverse student needs. Hammond plans to participate in school improvement activities and support inclusion of students.
1) The document outlines a lesson plan for teaching a student how to fill out a bank deposit slip.
2) It includes the student's name, classroom mentor, date, learning targets, materials needed, and assessment strategies.
3) The instruction section describes modeling the 13 step process of properly completing a deposit slip, including asking comprehension questions and having the student practice independently.
This lesson plan teaches students how to self-direct their learning using the online leveled book library Raz-Kids and an Excel spreadsheet to track progress. Students will choose books, read independently, take quizzes, and document their progress. The goal is for students to improve reading skills while learning self-monitoring and assessment to develop life skills. Students will work independently on classroom computers with teacher monitoring and peer mentors providing support as needed.
This article discusses strategies for students' ability to use vision, as well as how much they use other senses for low vision, functionally blind, and blind impaired acuity can still use their vision for learning review of the literature.
This document discusses challenges faced by children with severe and profound intellectual disabilities (PIMD), their parents, teachers, and interventions. It notes that providing quality of life and necessary support is the greatest challenge parents face. Teachers play an important role in students' learning, and quality education requires collaboration between special education and general education teachers to implement individualized plans. Goals for students with PIMD include learning to receive support flexibly and generalize skills across settings with the help of their community.
The documents provide background information on special education laws and programs, common disabilities, and accommodations for students with disabilities. Some key points include:
- Laws like IDEA, ADA, and Section 504 protect students with disabilities and require accommodations. IEPs outline specialized instruction and goals.
- Common disabilities discussed include autism, deaf-blindness, developmental delay, and emotional/behavioral disorders. Problems vary but may include language, social, or behavioral challenges.
- Accommodations aim to improve access through strategies like visual aids, quiet spaces, interpreters, and modified assignments. General education teachers have responsibilities to identify needs and implement IEPs.
This lesson plan teaches students how to start a conversation. The lesson will:
1) Model appropriate greetings like "Hi" or "Hello" and questions to ask like about interests, past experiences, or present situations.
2) Have students practice greeting peers and asking 1-2 follow up questions on video.
3) Conclude with students evaluating each other's videos and summarizing what they learned about greetings and conversation starters.
Ben Hammond created a professional development plan focusing on improving instruction for students with low incidence disabilities. The plan includes using research-based instructional strategies and assessments to monitor student learning. Hammond will create a positive learning environment and accommodate each student's individual needs. He will also integrate technology and keep families informed as partners in the educational process. To develop professionally, Hammond will evaluate his teaching, attend trainings, and get feedback from supervisors. He advocates for a functional curriculum and community-based instruction to meet diverse student needs. Hammond plans to participate in school improvement activities and support inclusion of students.
1) The document outlines a lesson plan for teaching a student how to fill out a bank deposit slip.
2) It includes the student's name, classroom mentor, date, learning targets, materials needed, and assessment strategies.
3) The instruction section describes modeling the 13 step process of properly completing a deposit slip, including asking comprehension questions and having the student practice independently.
This lesson plan teaches students how to self-direct their learning using the online leveled book library Raz-Kids and an Excel spreadsheet to track progress. Students will choose books, read independently, take quizzes, and document their progress. The goal is for students to improve reading skills while learning self-monitoring and assessment to develop life skills. Students will work independently on classroom computers with teacher monitoring and peer mentors providing support as needed.
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 38, No. 3, 2015Pa.docxSALU18
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 38, No. 3, 2015
Pages 403–420
Video Modeling and Children With Autism
Spectrum Disorder: A Survey of Caregiver
Perspectives
Teresa A. Cardon, PhD, CCC-SLP
Utah Valley University
Amy Guimond, PhD
InVision Analytics, LLC
Amanda M. Smith-Treadwell, MA CCC-SLP
Washington State University
Abstract
Video modeling (VM) has shown promise as an effective intervention for indi-
viduals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, little is known about
what may promote or prevent caregivers’ use of this intervention. While
VM is an effective tool to support skill development among a wide range
of children in research and clinical settings, VM is still not used routinely by
caregivers of individuals with ASD. In the current study, we examined the
extent to which caregivers of children with ASD have experience with VM
and explored their beliefs about using a newly developed scale, the Video
Modeling Perceptions Scale (VMPS). In addition, we conducted exploratory
psychometric analyses of the scale to determine its feasibility for use in as-
sessing caregivers’ perceptions of VM. In general, the VMPS appears to be an
informative tool for analyzing caregivers’ perceptions of VM. Caregivers held
positive perceptions of VM and viewed it as something that could be helpful
for their children.
Keywords: autism, video modeling, caregiver perspectives, factor analysis
Currently 1 in 68 children is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with some locations in the United States report-
ing rates as high as 1 in 47 children (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2014). To receive a diagnosis of ASD, children must
exhibit deficits in social communication and demonstrate repetitive
behavior or interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). To
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Teresa A. Cardon, PhD,
CCC-SLP, 800 W. University Parkway, Orem, UT 84058; e-mail: [email protected]
etc_38.3_07_Cardon.indd 403 8/13/15 2:40 PM
404 CARDON et al.
address the needs of children with ASD, numerous interventions
have been created to develop their cognitive, behavioral, communi-
cative, and interpersonal skills. One such approach, video modeling
(VM), appears to be growing in relevance, practicality, and popu-
larity among those (i.e., caregivers and practitioners) who work
with individuals with ASD. VM’s promise as an effective, efficient,
and socially acceptable practice may be impeded, however, if care-
givers are unaware of or fail to use this technology. Presently, little
is known about caregivers’ knowledge or use of VM with children
with ASD and/or what factors may promote or impede their ap-
plication. This article (a) summarizes briefly research on VM with
a particular emphasis on caregivers and children with ASD; (b) de-
scribes a scale for assessing caregivers’ perceptions of VM, the Vid-
eo Modeling Perceptions Scale (VMPS), and provides ...
The document discusses using video modeling to teach skills to individuals with autism. Video modeling involves demonstrating behaviors on video for learners to imitate. There are four main types of video modeling techniques: video priming, error correction procedures, video prompting, and simultaneous video modeling. Video modeling has been used effectively to teach a wide variety of daily living, academic, communication, and social skills to individuals with autism.
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017Pa.docxgidmanmary
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017
Pages 327–352
Using a Multicomponent Multimedia Shared
Story Intervention with an iPad to Teach Content
Picture Vocabulary to Students with
Developmental Disabilities
Christopher!J. Rivera
Melissa!E. Hudson
Stacy!L. Weiss
Alana Zambone
East Carolina University
Abstract
With the increased use of iPads in classrooms, special education teachers
need methods for preparing students with developmental disabilities to ac-
cess and use this technology for a variety of academic purposes. This study
used a multiple probe design to examine a multicomponent multimedia
shared story (MSS) intervention via an iPad to teach science vocabulary to
three elementary students with developmental disabilities. The shared sto-
ries, delivered via an iPad, included photo graphs, text, and videos to pur-
posefully support generalization of vocabulary. Furthermore, pre and post
mea sures were taken to determine student gains in digital literacy skills
through modeling without explicit instructions. Results demonstrated that
all three students met the criterion for identifying picture vocabulary and
maintained and generalized their vocabulary knowledge across other stim-
uli. Students also showed mastery of digital literacy skills. Implications for
future research are discussed.
Keywords: developmental disability, technology, iPad, vocabulary, multimedia
shared story
Mobile devices such as iPads are often used to enhance instruction for students with developmental disabilities. Researchers have
reported that these devices can be highly engaging, promote atten-
tiveness, and are easily adapted to differentiate instruction. In addi-
tion, mobile devices are less stigmatizing compared to other forms of
Author Note: No research funding was involved and there was no con"ict of
interest. Address correspondence to: Christopher! J. Rivera, Department of
Special Education, Foundations and Research East Carolina University, 104
Rivers Building East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. E- mail: riv
[email protected] . edu.
328 RIVERA et al.
assistive technology, and provide easy access due to their portability
and features (Doenyas, Simdi, Ozcan, Cataltepe, & Birkan, 2014; Kago-
hara et!al., 2013, O’Malley, Lewis, & Donehower, 2013). The increased
use of mobile devices for both instruction and assessment highlights
the need for all students to attain digital literacy skills. Standards set
forth by the Partnership for 21st! Century Skills (2014) suggest that stu-
dents should be able to use technology to collaborate with peers, solve
prob lems, and select appropriate technologies for suitable applications.
In addition, many students with developmental disabilities who par-
ticipate in national alternate assessments (e.g., Dynamic Learning Maps,
2014; National Center and State Collaborative, 2014) will need to be
competent with technology to demonstrate their knowledge an ...
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017Pa.docxtoltonkendal
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017
Pages 327–352
Using a Multicomponent Multimedia Shared
Story Intervention with an iPad to Teach Content
Picture Vocabulary to Students with
Developmental Disabilities
Christopher!J. Rivera
Melissa!E. Hudson
Stacy!L. Weiss
Alana Zambone
East Carolina University
Abstract
With the increased use of iPads in classrooms, special education teachers
need methods for preparing students with developmental disabilities to ac-
cess and use this technology for a variety of academic purposes. This study
used a multiple probe design to examine a multicomponent multimedia
shared story (MSS) intervention via an iPad to teach science vocabulary to
three elementary students with developmental disabilities. The shared sto-
ries, delivered via an iPad, included photo graphs, text, and videos to pur-
posefully support generalization of vocabulary. Furthermore, pre and post
mea sures were taken to determine student gains in digital literacy skills
through modeling without explicit instructions. Results demonstrated that
all three students met the criterion for identifying picture vocabulary and
maintained and generalized their vocabulary knowledge across other stim-
uli. Students also showed mastery of digital literacy skills. Implications for
future research are discussed.
Keywords: developmental disability, technology, iPad, vocabulary, multimedia
shared story
Mobile devices such as iPads are often used to enhance instruction for students with developmental disabilities. Researchers have
reported that these devices can be highly engaging, promote atten-
tiveness, and are easily adapted to differentiate instruction. In addi-
tion, mobile devices are less stigmatizing compared to other forms of
Author Note: No research funding was involved and there was no con"ict of
interest. Address correspondence to: Christopher! J. Rivera, Department of
Special Education, Foundations and Research East Carolina University, 104
Rivers Building East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. E- mail: riv
[email protected] . edu.
328 RIVERA et al.
assistive technology, and provide easy access due to their portability
and features (Doenyas, Simdi, Ozcan, Cataltepe, & Birkan, 2014; Kago-
hara et!al., 2013, O’Malley, Lewis, & Donehower, 2013). The increased
use of mobile devices for both instruction and assessment highlights
the need for all students to attain digital literacy skills. Standards set
forth by the Partnership for 21st! Century Skills (2014) suggest that stu-
dents should be able to use technology to collaborate with peers, solve
prob lems, and select appropriate technologies for suitable applications.
In addition, many students with developmental disabilities who par-
ticipate in national alternate assessments (e.g., Dynamic Learning Maps,
2014; National Center and State Collaborative, 2014) will need to be
competent with technology to demonstrate their knowledge an.
Vision impairment can significantly impact a student's development and learning due to reduced ability to learn incidentally. Hearing impairment can cause delays in communication skills development. Students with multisensory impairment have even greater difficulties accessing the environment and curriculum due to combined vision and hearing loss. Appropriate support includes specialized instructional techniques, materials, and assistive devices.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Developmental Dance Movement Programme as OT ...Claudia Boes
This research evaluates a Developmental Dance Movement (DDM) programme as an occupational therapy intervention for children with autism. The study found that DDM improved participation, focus, and cognitive and motor skills for children with autism. One student described as severely autistic was able to independently participate in activities, which teachers had never observed before. DDM shows potential as an example of interprofessional practice between occupational therapy and education to support development and achieve occupational goals for children with autism.
The document discusses the importance and benefits of assistive technology, particularly video modeling, for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It notes that as the number of students with ASD is significant, teachers need training on assistive tools to help these students reach their potential. Video modeling in particular allows students with ASD to learn appropriate social behaviors by observing peer models and can help develop emotional understanding. While this technology is beneficial, it also risks students merely copying behaviors without fully understanding their meaning.
Running Head AUTISM AND HOW TO HELP STUDENT TO DEAL WITH IT 1.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: AUTISM AND HOW TO HELP STUDENT TO DEAL WITH IT 1
Autism and How to Help Student to Deal with It
Elizabeth Collins-Bray
EDU 694 Capstone 1: Educational Research
Instructor: Newton Miller
September 10, 2019
Introduction
Engagement concept is one of the most considered aspects when it comes to improving outcomes be it in schools or workplaces. When the concept of engagement is directed to the educational context, it becomes a very vital element when it comes to students' academic excellence, dropout rates as well as motivation. Students engagement is one of the most determinants of the positive student's outcomes as put across by student engagement literature. When it comes to comes children in their early year’s children engage with the environment plays a key role in improving their outcomes (Haroon, 2019). When it comes to students with disabilities their engagement is much less especially with other peers and adults, they are also less engaged with other materials as compared with other children without disability. Children with autism have been identified to be more passive as well as having increased levels of non-engagement even when compared to other children with other types of disabilities (Corsello, 2005, Kishida & Kemp, 2006). If at all these children are engaged, chances are that they are more engaged to other objects and not with people. Due to this reduced social engagement especially with the social world, children with Autism are not able to learn new skills which arise particularly from engagement and this adversely affect their development.
Special needs for children with autism
The prevalence of students with autism today have increased with more than ten-fold in the past two decades with estimate indicating that for every 88 children 1 child is believed to have autism (CDC,2012). This means there is an overall increase in the number of school-going children with autism and thus calling for more research and additional information on how to meets their educational needs (USDOE, 2010).
Students with autism have special needs which are attributed to affecting their success in multiple ways. Autism children have a lot of challenges engaging in the classroom, which is associated with filtering unnecessary information, difficulties in attending to important aspects as well as focus shifting (Keen, 2009). Children with autism are also faced with the challenge of lacking motivation which is most evident in disruptive behaviors and task avoidance e.g. running away or even crying (Barbera, 2007). Another challenge faced by these children is when it comes to learning new materials. To be specific children and individuals with ASD have a lot of challenges in learning strategies and rules as well as information breakdown (Goldstein et al., 2001).
Measures to address specials need for students with autism
Use of Universal Design Learning (UDL)
One of the ways which can be employed to deal with autism issu ...
The article discusses strategies for including students with visual impairments in general education classrooms. It provides information on categories of visual impairments, the importance of orientation and mobility training, and designing effective learning environments through collaboration between general educators and vision specialists. Teachers need to ensure students with visual impairments can safely navigate the classroom, participate in activities, and build relationships with peers.
The document discusses strategies for including students with visual impairments in general education classrooms. It outlines categories of visual impairments and their implications for learning. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between general educators and vision specialists to design effective learning environments and appropriate adaptations. Adaptations may include ensuring orientation and mobility within the classroom and school, using tactile and auditory methods to supplement limited visual learning, and developing students' visual skills through training and assistive devices when possible. The goal is to capitalize on students' abilities and provide equal access to instruction and incidental learning opportunities.
Running Head UDL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIAL EDUCATION LEARNE.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: UDL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIAL EDUCATION LEARNERS 1
UDL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIAL EDUCATION LEARNERS 9
UDL and Its Relationship to Special Education Learners
Name
Institution
UDL and Its Relationship to Special Education Learners
Universal Design for Learning aids all the children and it is not limited to only those with learning attention issues. This teaching technique provides more than one way for the learners to have access to the same material alongside letting students apply different methods to demonstrate what they understand (Rose & Meyer, 2002). The primary objective of Universal Design for learning is to make use of a variety of teaching methods to remove any hindrances to learning and provide equal opportunities to all the students to achieve success. This teaching approach is not limited to only children with learning and attention issues as it is all about building in flexibility that can be adjusted or tweaked for every strengths and needs of the students. Examples of universal design include automatic doors, closed captions and accessibility features on a smartphones. Such design elements help persons with disabilities together with those who are not disabled but would love to use them.
UDL provides similar kind of flexibility within the learning environment with its main aim being to present the subjects in school to make it possible for all the learners to have access to the information and to provide learners with distinct ways of demonstrating their knowledge.
UDL is based on three major dogmas which include the following; Representation- UDL provides information in more than one single format for instance textbooks are basically visual. However, providing audio, text, video and hands-on learning provides a chance to all the children to access the material in whichever method is ideal for their learning strengths. Action and expression -UDL offers all the children more than one single manner of interaction with the material and to demonstrate what they have learnt (Edyburn, 2005). For instance, the instructors are able to assess the understanding of the kids through the administration of pencil-and paper tests, group projects and oral presentations. Engagement- Universal Design for Learning looks at distinct ways to inspire the learners. Permitting the children to make choices and giving them assignments that feel relevant to their lives are some of the classic instances of how the instructors can sustain the interests of the learners. Other commonly applied strategies include making skill building feel like a game and creating opportunities for the kids to get up and move all around the classroom. This essay responds to the manner in which the instructor can inculcate the Universal Design for Learning while dealing with children of mixed disabilities which include those who are intellectually challenged, emotionally disturbed and others with other health related issues. ...
This document describes the FAB (Functionally Alert Behavior) Strategies approach to improving behavior in children and adolescents with complex behavioral challenges. FAB Strategies include environmental adaptations, sensory modulation techniques, positive behavioral support, and physical self-regulation strategies. They can be used by teachers, parents, and therapists to improve behavior in students with developmental, sensory processing, and mental health disorders. The strategies are individualized and aim to develop skills like attention, self-control, and functional communication to reduce aggression and interference with learning.
Analyzing The Students Behavior With Down Syndrome In A Gamified Learning Env...Brandi Gonzales
This study analyzed the behavior of students with Down syndrome in a gamified learning environment at a special education school in Baguio City, Philippines. Researchers developed a gamified learning system using multimedia to make lessons more engaging for students with Down syndrome. Observations and teacher interviews found that the gamified learning system positively impacted student behavior and engagement. It increased student participation in activities and persistence in learning. The system provides teachers a new tool to improve on traditional teaching methods for analyzing student behavior and academic performance.
This study aimed to describe the functional performance of 5-year-old children with Down syndrome. The researchers assessed 43 children with Down syndrome in Norway using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. They found that the children showed a wide range of functional abilities. Self-care skills requiring fine motor skills were most delayed. Basic mobility skills were less affected. Parents were most concerned about language skills and bladder/bowel control as children approached school age. The results provide baseline information on typical functional levels in 5-year-olds with Down syndrome but caution is needed in generalizing to individuals due to variability.
1. A visual scene display (VSD) is a picture or photograph that depicts a situation, place, or experience with integrated elements like people and objects.
2. Research shows VSDs are easier for beginning communicators and those with cognitive limitations to use compared to traditional grid displays.
3. Studies found VSDs improved social communication and language outcomes for people with aphasia and autism as well as young children when customized with relevant photos and contexts.
Effective use of video modelling to teach individuals with reading difficultiesSaud990443
Research and Evaluation: Effective use of video modelling to teach individuals with reading difficulties
EDGI900: Assessment 3 Research and Evaluation
Name: Saud Falah ALjohani 6418922
Tutor: Dr Sarah Howard
1
4
Discrete Trial Training (DTT) effect on children with ASD
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects the development of an individual affecting their behaviour and the ability to communicate (Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). In most cases, this disorder exhibits its symptoms within the initial two years of an individual, despite its diagnosis being plausible for individuals of all ages. Persons diagnosed with this disorder often have repetitive behaviours and restricted interests, find it difficult to partake in social interactions and communication with others, and show other symptoms that may impede the individual's ability to perform well in school, work and several other aspects of life ("Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). The individuals diagnosed with the disorder will, in some cases, be reliant on their families and individuals close to them for help and support. Despite the disorder's potency as a life-long condition, some services and treatments are provided, helping an individual diagnosed with the condition improve the quality of their life. It is also important to note that the disorder has several different variations; hence, the spectrum of different characteristics, unique to every diagnosed individual.
According to studies conducted, one in fifty-four children is diagnosed with the disorder in the United States, occurring in children of all racial backgrounds and socioeconomic groups ("Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021). According to the same report, the disease is four times more likely to occur in boys than in girls. Between 2009 to 2017, the number of children aged between 3-17 years diagnosed with development disorders, inclusive of ASD, increased from 16.2% to 17.8%. (Ünlü et al., 2018). In the use of discrete trial training (DTT), children are taught a plethora of skills, which include academic, language, and social skills, necessary to facilitate their development. In the treatment of ASD, options are limited. However, early diagnosis, coupled with behaviour interventions, is considered to have the best outcomes in managing the disorder's symptoms (Masi et al., 2017).
The prevalence of ASD in children has been noted to rise significantly in the population (Masi et al., 2017; "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021), affecting a larger portion of the population. This number of affected individuals is projected to rise even higher in the coming years, a problem in society that needs to be addressed. In the treatment of the disorder, drug interventions, while widely used, have failed to prove their efficiency in improving or managing symptoms in most cases (Masi et al., 2017). The treatment options for the disorder are also very limited. The use of drug interventions, early diagnosis, and early behavioural interventions is very expensive and inaccessible to many individuals affected by the condition. Identifying the disorder i ...
The document reviews research on using video modeling and video self modeling to teach social skills to individuals with disabilities. It examines studies that show video modeling can increase social communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Additional studies demonstrate video modeling helped increase scripted verbalizations for children with ASD and their ability to respond appropriately to bullying scenarios. While video modeling shows promise, the research also notes limitations like difficulties replicating treatment packages and a need for more studies on variables like intervention duration.
This study examined the effects of a professional development package including real-time feedback and video analysis on preschool teachers' use of naturalistic instruction targeting children's communication skills. The package was provided to three preschool teachers. Results found that the package was effective in increasing teachers' use of naturalistic instruction targeting communication and improving the quality of instruction. It also increased children's responsive communication during instruction. When the intervention was removed, teachers maintained their use of the instructional strategies, suggesting the professional development package was effective.
This document provides information about an unnamed word or term by listing examples and key facts or characteristics to define what it is, as well as noting what it is not in order to clearly describe the concept. While no word or term is explicitly named, the document aims to concisely outline the essential qualities and limitations of the topic through examples and descriptive details.
A bubble map is a type of chart that displays data points as bubbles of different sizes, with the bubble size corresponding to a third data dimension. It allows data with three variables to be visualized together on a two-dimensional plane, conveying patterns and relationships between the variables in an intuitive format. The bubble size enables an additional layer of information beyond what traditional scatter plots can provide.
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 38, No. 3, 2015Pa.docxSALU18
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 38, No. 3, 2015
Pages 403–420
Video Modeling and Children With Autism
Spectrum Disorder: A Survey of Caregiver
Perspectives
Teresa A. Cardon, PhD, CCC-SLP
Utah Valley University
Amy Guimond, PhD
InVision Analytics, LLC
Amanda M. Smith-Treadwell, MA CCC-SLP
Washington State University
Abstract
Video modeling (VM) has shown promise as an effective intervention for indi-
viduals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, little is known about
what may promote or prevent caregivers’ use of this intervention. While
VM is an effective tool to support skill development among a wide range
of children in research and clinical settings, VM is still not used routinely by
caregivers of individuals with ASD. In the current study, we examined the
extent to which caregivers of children with ASD have experience with VM
and explored their beliefs about using a newly developed scale, the Video
Modeling Perceptions Scale (VMPS). In addition, we conducted exploratory
psychometric analyses of the scale to determine its feasibility for use in as-
sessing caregivers’ perceptions of VM. In general, the VMPS appears to be an
informative tool for analyzing caregivers’ perceptions of VM. Caregivers held
positive perceptions of VM and viewed it as something that could be helpful
for their children.
Keywords: autism, video modeling, caregiver perspectives, factor analysis
Currently 1 in 68 children is diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with some locations in the United States report-
ing rates as high as 1 in 47 children (Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 2014). To receive a diagnosis of ASD, children must
exhibit deficits in social communication and demonstrate repetitive
behavior or interests (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). To
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Teresa A. Cardon, PhD,
CCC-SLP, 800 W. University Parkway, Orem, UT 84058; e-mail: [email protected]
etc_38.3_07_Cardon.indd 403 8/13/15 2:40 PM
404 CARDON et al.
address the needs of children with ASD, numerous interventions
have been created to develop their cognitive, behavioral, communi-
cative, and interpersonal skills. One such approach, video modeling
(VM), appears to be growing in relevance, practicality, and popu-
larity among those (i.e., caregivers and practitioners) who work
with individuals with ASD. VM’s promise as an effective, efficient,
and socially acceptable practice may be impeded, however, if care-
givers are unaware of or fail to use this technology. Presently, little
is known about caregivers’ knowledge or use of VM with children
with ASD and/or what factors may promote or impede their ap-
plication. This article (a) summarizes briefly research on VM with
a particular emphasis on caregivers and children with ASD; (b) de-
scribes a scale for assessing caregivers’ perceptions of VM, the Vid-
eo Modeling Perceptions Scale (VMPS), and provides ...
The document discusses using video modeling to teach skills to individuals with autism. Video modeling involves demonstrating behaviors on video for learners to imitate. There are four main types of video modeling techniques: video priming, error correction procedures, video prompting, and simultaneous video modeling. Video modeling has been used effectively to teach a wide variety of daily living, academic, communication, and social skills to individuals with autism.
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017Pa.docxgidmanmary
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017
Pages 327–352
Using a Multicomponent Multimedia Shared
Story Intervention with an iPad to Teach Content
Picture Vocabulary to Students with
Developmental Disabilities
Christopher!J. Rivera
Melissa!E. Hudson
Stacy!L. Weiss
Alana Zambone
East Carolina University
Abstract
With the increased use of iPads in classrooms, special education teachers
need methods for preparing students with developmental disabilities to ac-
cess and use this technology for a variety of academic purposes. This study
used a multiple probe design to examine a multicomponent multimedia
shared story (MSS) intervention via an iPad to teach science vocabulary to
three elementary students with developmental disabilities. The shared sto-
ries, delivered via an iPad, included photo graphs, text, and videos to pur-
posefully support generalization of vocabulary. Furthermore, pre and post
mea sures were taken to determine student gains in digital literacy skills
through modeling without explicit instructions. Results demonstrated that
all three students met the criterion for identifying picture vocabulary and
maintained and generalized their vocabulary knowledge across other stim-
uli. Students also showed mastery of digital literacy skills. Implications for
future research are discussed.
Keywords: developmental disability, technology, iPad, vocabulary, multimedia
shared story
Mobile devices such as iPads are often used to enhance instruction for students with developmental disabilities. Researchers have
reported that these devices can be highly engaging, promote atten-
tiveness, and are easily adapted to differentiate instruction. In addi-
tion, mobile devices are less stigmatizing compared to other forms of
Author Note: No research funding was involved and there was no con"ict of
interest. Address correspondence to: Christopher! J. Rivera, Department of
Special Education, Foundations and Research East Carolina University, 104
Rivers Building East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. E- mail: riv
[email protected] . edu.
328 RIVERA et al.
assistive technology, and provide easy access due to their portability
and features (Doenyas, Simdi, Ozcan, Cataltepe, & Birkan, 2014; Kago-
hara et!al., 2013, O’Malley, Lewis, & Donehower, 2013). The increased
use of mobile devices for both instruction and assessment highlights
the need for all students to attain digital literacy skills. Standards set
forth by the Partnership for 21st! Century Skills (2014) suggest that stu-
dents should be able to use technology to collaborate with peers, solve
prob lems, and select appropriate technologies for suitable applications.
In addition, many students with developmental disabilities who par-
ticipate in national alternate assessments (e.g., Dynamic Learning Maps,
2014; National Center and State Collaborative, 2014) will need to be
competent with technology to demonstrate their knowledge an ...
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017Pa.docxtoltonkendal
EDUCATION AND TREATMENT OF CHILDREN Vol. 40, No. 3, 2017
Pages 327–352
Using a Multicomponent Multimedia Shared
Story Intervention with an iPad to Teach Content
Picture Vocabulary to Students with
Developmental Disabilities
Christopher!J. Rivera
Melissa!E. Hudson
Stacy!L. Weiss
Alana Zambone
East Carolina University
Abstract
With the increased use of iPads in classrooms, special education teachers
need methods for preparing students with developmental disabilities to ac-
cess and use this technology for a variety of academic purposes. This study
used a multiple probe design to examine a multicomponent multimedia
shared story (MSS) intervention via an iPad to teach science vocabulary to
three elementary students with developmental disabilities. The shared sto-
ries, delivered via an iPad, included photo graphs, text, and videos to pur-
posefully support generalization of vocabulary. Furthermore, pre and post
mea sures were taken to determine student gains in digital literacy skills
through modeling without explicit instructions. Results demonstrated that
all three students met the criterion for identifying picture vocabulary and
maintained and generalized their vocabulary knowledge across other stim-
uli. Students also showed mastery of digital literacy skills. Implications for
future research are discussed.
Keywords: developmental disability, technology, iPad, vocabulary, multimedia
shared story
Mobile devices such as iPads are often used to enhance instruction for students with developmental disabilities. Researchers have
reported that these devices can be highly engaging, promote atten-
tiveness, and are easily adapted to differentiate instruction. In addi-
tion, mobile devices are less stigmatizing compared to other forms of
Author Note: No research funding was involved and there was no con"ict of
interest. Address correspondence to: Christopher! J. Rivera, Department of
Special Education, Foundations and Research East Carolina University, 104
Rivers Building East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858. E- mail: riv
[email protected] . edu.
328 RIVERA et al.
assistive technology, and provide easy access due to their portability
and features (Doenyas, Simdi, Ozcan, Cataltepe, & Birkan, 2014; Kago-
hara et!al., 2013, O’Malley, Lewis, & Donehower, 2013). The increased
use of mobile devices for both instruction and assessment highlights
the need for all students to attain digital literacy skills. Standards set
forth by the Partnership for 21st! Century Skills (2014) suggest that stu-
dents should be able to use technology to collaborate with peers, solve
prob lems, and select appropriate technologies for suitable applications.
In addition, many students with developmental disabilities who par-
ticipate in national alternate assessments (e.g., Dynamic Learning Maps,
2014; National Center and State Collaborative, 2014) will need to be
competent with technology to demonstrate their knowledge an.
Vision impairment can significantly impact a student's development and learning due to reduced ability to learn incidentally. Hearing impairment can cause delays in communication skills development. Students with multisensory impairment have even greater difficulties accessing the environment and curriculum due to combined vision and hearing loss. Appropriate support includes specialized instructional techniques, materials, and assistive devices.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of a Developmental Dance Movement Programme as OT ...Claudia Boes
This research evaluates a Developmental Dance Movement (DDM) programme as an occupational therapy intervention for children with autism. The study found that DDM improved participation, focus, and cognitive and motor skills for children with autism. One student described as severely autistic was able to independently participate in activities, which teachers had never observed before. DDM shows potential as an example of interprofessional practice between occupational therapy and education to support development and achieve occupational goals for children with autism.
The document discusses the importance and benefits of assistive technology, particularly video modeling, for students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It notes that as the number of students with ASD is significant, teachers need training on assistive tools to help these students reach their potential. Video modeling in particular allows students with ASD to learn appropriate social behaviors by observing peer models and can help develop emotional understanding. While this technology is beneficial, it also risks students merely copying behaviors without fully understanding their meaning.
Running Head AUTISM AND HOW TO HELP STUDENT TO DEAL WITH IT 1.docxhealdkathaleen
Running Head: AUTISM AND HOW TO HELP STUDENT TO DEAL WITH IT 1
Autism and How to Help Student to Deal with It
Elizabeth Collins-Bray
EDU 694 Capstone 1: Educational Research
Instructor: Newton Miller
September 10, 2019
Introduction
Engagement concept is one of the most considered aspects when it comes to improving outcomes be it in schools or workplaces. When the concept of engagement is directed to the educational context, it becomes a very vital element when it comes to students' academic excellence, dropout rates as well as motivation. Students engagement is one of the most determinants of the positive student's outcomes as put across by student engagement literature. When it comes to comes children in their early year’s children engage with the environment plays a key role in improving their outcomes (Haroon, 2019). When it comes to students with disabilities their engagement is much less especially with other peers and adults, they are also less engaged with other materials as compared with other children without disability. Children with autism have been identified to be more passive as well as having increased levels of non-engagement even when compared to other children with other types of disabilities (Corsello, 2005, Kishida & Kemp, 2006). If at all these children are engaged, chances are that they are more engaged to other objects and not with people. Due to this reduced social engagement especially with the social world, children with Autism are not able to learn new skills which arise particularly from engagement and this adversely affect their development.
Special needs for children with autism
The prevalence of students with autism today have increased with more than ten-fold in the past two decades with estimate indicating that for every 88 children 1 child is believed to have autism (CDC,2012). This means there is an overall increase in the number of school-going children with autism and thus calling for more research and additional information on how to meets their educational needs (USDOE, 2010).
Students with autism have special needs which are attributed to affecting their success in multiple ways. Autism children have a lot of challenges engaging in the classroom, which is associated with filtering unnecessary information, difficulties in attending to important aspects as well as focus shifting (Keen, 2009). Children with autism are also faced with the challenge of lacking motivation which is most evident in disruptive behaviors and task avoidance e.g. running away or even crying (Barbera, 2007). Another challenge faced by these children is when it comes to learning new materials. To be specific children and individuals with ASD have a lot of challenges in learning strategies and rules as well as information breakdown (Goldstein et al., 2001).
Measures to address specials need for students with autism
Use of Universal Design Learning (UDL)
One of the ways which can be employed to deal with autism issu ...
The article discusses strategies for including students with visual impairments in general education classrooms. It provides information on categories of visual impairments, the importance of orientation and mobility training, and designing effective learning environments through collaboration between general educators and vision specialists. Teachers need to ensure students with visual impairments can safely navigate the classroom, participate in activities, and build relationships with peers.
The document discusses strategies for including students with visual impairments in general education classrooms. It outlines categories of visual impairments and their implications for learning. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration between general educators and vision specialists to design effective learning environments and appropriate adaptations. Adaptations may include ensuring orientation and mobility within the classroom and school, using tactile and auditory methods to supplement limited visual learning, and developing students' visual skills through training and assistive devices when possible. The goal is to capitalize on students' abilities and provide equal access to instruction and incidental learning opportunities.
Running Head UDL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIAL EDUCATION LEARNE.docxtoltonkendal
Running Head: UDL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIAL EDUCATION LEARNERS 1
UDL AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO SPECIAL EDUCATION LEARNERS 9
UDL and Its Relationship to Special Education Learners
Name
Institution
UDL and Its Relationship to Special Education Learners
Universal Design for Learning aids all the children and it is not limited to only those with learning attention issues. This teaching technique provides more than one way for the learners to have access to the same material alongside letting students apply different methods to demonstrate what they understand (Rose & Meyer, 2002). The primary objective of Universal Design for learning is to make use of a variety of teaching methods to remove any hindrances to learning and provide equal opportunities to all the students to achieve success. This teaching approach is not limited to only children with learning and attention issues as it is all about building in flexibility that can be adjusted or tweaked for every strengths and needs of the students. Examples of universal design include automatic doors, closed captions and accessibility features on a smartphones. Such design elements help persons with disabilities together with those who are not disabled but would love to use them.
UDL provides similar kind of flexibility within the learning environment with its main aim being to present the subjects in school to make it possible for all the learners to have access to the information and to provide learners with distinct ways of demonstrating their knowledge.
UDL is based on three major dogmas which include the following; Representation- UDL provides information in more than one single format for instance textbooks are basically visual. However, providing audio, text, video and hands-on learning provides a chance to all the children to access the material in whichever method is ideal for their learning strengths. Action and expression -UDL offers all the children more than one single manner of interaction with the material and to demonstrate what they have learnt (Edyburn, 2005). For instance, the instructors are able to assess the understanding of the kids through the administration of pencil-and paper tests, group projects and oral presentations. Engagement- Universal Design for Learning looks at distinct ways to inspire the learners. Permitting the children to make choices and giving them assignments that feel relevant to their lives are some of the classic instances of how the instructors can sustain the interests of the learners. Other commonly applied strategies include making skill building feel like a game and creating opportunities for the kids to get up and move all around the classroom. This essay responds to the manner in which the instructor can inculcate the Universal Design for Learning while dealing with children of mixed disabilities which include those who are intellectually challenged, emotionally disturbed and others with other health related issues. ...
This document describes the FAB (Functionally Alert Behavior) Strategies approach to improving behavior in children and adolescents with complex behavioral challenges. FAB Strategies include environmental adaptations, sensory modulation techniques, positive behavioral support, and physical self-regulation strategies. They can be used by teachers, parents, and therapists to improve behavior in students with developmental, sensory processing, and mental health disorders. The strategies are individualized and aim to develop skills like attention, self-control, and functional communication to reduce aggression and interference with learning.
Analyzing The Students Behavior With Down Syndrome In A Gamified Learning Env...Brandi Gonzales
This study analyzed the behavior of students with Down syndrome in a gamified learning environment at a special education school in Baguio City, Philippines. Researchers developed a gamified learning system using multimedia to make lessons more engaging for students with Down syndrome. Observations and teacher interviews found that the gamified learning system positively impacted student behavior and engagement. It increased student participation in activities and persistence in learning. The system provides teachers a new tool to improve on traditional teaching methods for analyzing student behavior and academic performance.
This study aimed to describe the functional performance of 5-year-old children with Down syndrome. The researchers assessed 43 children with Down syndrome in Norway using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. They found that the children showed a wide range of functional abilities. Self-care skills requiring fine motor skills were most delayed. Basic mobility skills were less affected. Parents were most concerned about language skills and bladder/bowel control as children approached school age. The results provide baseline information on typical functional levels in 5-year-olds with Down syndrome but caution is needed in generalizing to individuals due to variability.
1. A visual scene display (VSD) is a picture or photograph that depicts a situation, place, or experience with integrated elements like people and objects.
2. Research shows VSDs are easier for beginning communicators and those with cognitive limitations to use compared to traditional grid displays.
3. Studies found VSDs improved social communication and language outcomes for people with aphasia and autism as well as young children when customized with relevant photos and contexts.
Effective use of video modelling to teach individuals with reading difficultiesSaud990443
Research and Evaluation: Effective use of video modelling to teach individuals with reading difficulties
EDGI900: Assessment 3 Research and Evaluation
Name: Saud Falah ALjohani 6418922
Tutor: Dr Sarah Howard
1
4
Discrete Trial Training (DTT) effect on children with ASD
Introduction
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition that affects the development of an individual affecting their behaviour and the ability to communicate (Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). In most cases, this disorder exhibits its symptoms within the initial two years of an individual, despite its diagnosis being plausible for individuals of all ages. Persons diagnosed with this disorder often have repetitive behaviours and restricted interests, find it difficult to partake in social interactions and communication with others, and show other symptoms that may impede the individual's ability to perform well in school, work and several other aspects of life ("Autism Spectrum Disorder, 2021). The individuals diagnosed with the disorder will, in some cases, be reliant on their families and individuals close to them for help and support. Despite the disorder's potency as a life-long condition, some services and treatments are provided, helping an individual diagnosed with the condition improve the quality of their life. It is also important to note that the disorder has several different variations; hence, the spectrum of different characteristics, unique to every diagnosed individual.
According to studies conducted, one in fifty-four children is diagnosed with the disorder in the United States, occurring in children of all racial backgrounds and socioeconomic groups ("Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021). According to the same report, the disease is four times more likely to occur in boys than in girls. Between 2009 to 2017, the number of children aged between 3-17 years diagnosed with development disorders, inclusive of ASD, increased from 16.2% to 17.8%. (Ünlü et al., 2018). In the use of discrete trial training (DTT), children are taught a plethora of skills, which include academic, language, and social skills, necessary to facilitate their development. In the treatment of ASD, options are limited. However, early diagnosis, coupled with behaviour interventions, is considered to have the best outcomes in managing the disorder's symptoms (Masi et al., 2017).
The prevalence of ASD in children has been noted to rise significantly in the population (Masi et al., 2017; "Data and Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC," 2021), affecting a larger portion of the population. This number of affected individuals is projected to rise even higher in the coming years, a problem in society that needs to be addressed. In the treatment of the disorder, drug interventions, while widely used, have failed to prove their efficiency in improving or managing symptoms in most cases (Masi et al., 2017). The treatment options for the disorder are also very limited. The use of drug interventions, early diagnosis, and early behavioural interventions is very expensive and inaccessible to many individuals affected by the condition. Identifying the disorder i ...
The document reviews research on using video modeling and video self modeling to teach social skills to individuals with disabilities. It examines studies that show video modeling can increase social communication skills in children with autism spectrum disorder. Additional studies demonstrate video modeling helped increase scripted verbalizations for children with ASD and their ability to respond appropriately to bullying scenarios. While video modeling shows promise, the research also notes limitations like difficulties replicating treatment packages and a need for more studies on variables like intervention duration.
This study examined the effects of a professional development package including real-time feedback and video analysis on preschool teachers' use of naturalistic instruction targeting children's communication skills. The package was provided to three preschool teachers. Results found that the package was effective in increasing teachers' use of naturalistic instruction targeting communication and improving the quality of instruction. It also increased children's responsive communication during instruction. When the intervention was removed, teachers maintained their use of the instructional strategies, suggesting the professional development package was effective.
This document provides information about an unnamed word or term by listing examples and key facts or characteristics to define what it is, as well as noting what it is not in order to clearly describe the concept. While no word or term is explicitly named, the document aims to concisely outline the essential qualities and limitations of the topic through examples and descriptive details.
A bubble map is a type of chart that displays data points as bubbles of different sizes, with the bubble size corresponding to a third data dimension. It allows data with three variables to be visualized together on a two-dimensional plane, conveying patterns and relationships between the variables in an intuitive format. The bubble size enables an additional layer of information beyond what traditional scatter plots can provide.
1. The document provides instructions for using an Excel calculator to determine profitability from online advertising offers.
2. Users are directed to search for an offer paying between $1.99-$19.99 and input that information into the calculator.
3. The calculator uses cells for targeted clicks, cost per click, conversion rate, and payout per sale to calculate advertising cost, number of sales, gross sales, and profit.
The CPC Profit Calculator allows a user to input the targeted number of clicks, cost per click, conversion rate, and commission per sale to calculate the advertising cost, number of expected sales, gross sales, and profit. It determined that for 25 targeted clicks at $0.15 per click, with a 1% conversion rate and $19 commission per sale, the advertising cost would be $3.75, 0.25 sales would be generated, grossing $5 in sales and yielding a $1 profit.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow and levels of neurotransmitters and endorphins which elevate and stabilize mood.
The document provides information on coping skills for emotions like happy, sad, frustrated and bored. It lists coping skills such as coloring, walking, writing a letter and listening to music. It also includes work cards for a student named Josh that track behaviors and allow rewards from a menu for good behavior.
The document appears to be a survey that assessed individuals on their social skills. It rated 14 individuals on 7 social skills using a 1 to 5 scale, with 1 being "Almost never uses skill" and 5 being "Almost always uses skill". The skills assessed included physical distance, tone of voice, greetings, staying on topic, maintaining conversation, starting a conversation, and facial feeling. Individuals' ratings varied across skills, with some rated higher in some skills and lower in others.
This lesson plan teaches students how to maintain a conversation. The teacher will use a Prezi presentation to model greeting someone, asking an open-ended question, asking a follow-up question, and making a comment. Students will then practice these skills by filming themselves greeting a peer, asking two follow-up questions using prompt cards, and making a comment in small groups. Finally, students will evaluate videos of each other's conversations. The goal is for students to learn conversation skills like greeting, questioning, and commenting to interact with others.
The document appears to be a survey that assessed individuals on their social skills. It rated 14 individuals on 7 social skills using a 1 to 5 scale, with 1 being "Almost never uses skill" and 5 being "Almost always uses skill". The skills assessed included physical distance, tone of voice, greetings, staying on topic, maintaining conversation, starting a conversation, and facial feeling. Individuals' ratings varied across skills, with some rated higher in some skills and lower in others.
This document tracks a student's reading progress over 9 weeks. It lists the story "James and the Giant Peach" that the student read in the first week and marked as completed with X's in columns B through E and dated 1/7/2012. It also includes columns to track the reading goals and actual stories read each week.
The teacher provided feedback to students after teaching a lesson on personal space that did not go as planned due to technical issues. About half the class understood the concepts of "arm's length" and giving others space, while others struggled. Formative assessments showed some students understood "arm's length" but others missed steps. The teacher reflected that adaptations were needed for students with different abilities. They learned to have backup plans and consider the classroom layout before improvising. Future goals are to arrange the room efficiently and create smooth transitions between activities.
Ben Hammond is having a lesson on respecting personal boundaries with his mentor Donna Spencer. The lesson goals are for students to display or reiterate in their own words two of the four main ideas around respecting personal boundaries, which are to give people their physical space, alone time, acceptance, and to walk away. Students will watch a video called "Model Me" that demonstrates respecting boundaries. They will then discuss in small groups the four points about respecting boundaries: giving people their physical space, giving people time alone, respecting privacy, and letting people talk and do things with others without being pushy.
This document outlines a lesson plan on identifying emotions and facial expressions. The lesson will have students watch a video identifying different emotions, such as happy, sad, and angry, and the facial cues that indicate each emotion. Students will then work in groups to identify emotions in images and explain why they believe the person is feeling that way. The lesson aims to help students recognize emotions to develop social skills for making and keeping friends.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
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1. Autism
Video Modeling
A Visually Based Intervention
for Children With Autism
Spectrum Disorder
Jennifer B. Ganz
Theresa L. Earles-Vollrath
Katherine E. Cook
Visually based interventions such as moderate or severe autism, often co- Grandin described her thought proces-
video modeling have been demon- occurs with developmental delays, ses as "completely visual" (Grandin &.
strated to be effective witli students emotional and behavioral disorders, Scariano, 1986, p. 131], noting that
with autism spectrum disorder. Tfiis and attention deficits (Kogan et al., she remembered information by visu-
approach has wide utility, is appropri- 2009]. alizing a page in a book with the
ate for use witii students of a range of According to current legislation (i.e.. information and that she had difficulty
ages and abilities, promotes indepen- No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, remembering auditory information
dent functioning, and can be used to Individuals With Disabilities Education unless she was able to pair it with a
address numerous learner objectives, Act], instructional strategies used in visual image. Likewise, Liane HoUiday
including beiiavioral, self-help, commu- classrooms must be scientifically Willey (1999] recalled relying on visu-
nication, and social objectives. What research-based (Simpson, Myles, & al landmarks to find her way to col-
are the components of video modeling? Ganz, 2008]. Visually based instruction lege classes and finding herself drawn
What's the best way to implement such as video modeling, a research- to visually based subjects, such as
video modeling with students? Do the supported intervention, may be more architecture.
techniques differ for students of differ- appropriate and effective than other Visually based approaches may help
ent ages and abilities? approaches for students with ASD for a address pervasive difficulties in stu-
number of reasons (Bellini & AkuUian, dents viiith ASD. These strategies
Recently, the number of people diag- 2007; Delano, 2007b]. respond to stimulus overselectivity by
nosed with autism spectrum disorder assisting students in focusing and
(ASD) has increased drastically, most Sfudenls WiHi ASD as maintaining attention to relevant stim-
recently as common as 1 in 91 [Kogan Visual Learners uli (Shipley-Benamou, Lutzker, &
et a l , 2009], although impacts range Students with ASD learn best through Taubman, 2002], and can enhance
from severe to mild impairment (Rice visual means (Hodgdon, 1995; Mesi- children's abilities to independently
et al., 2007]. ASD is common across bov & Shea, 2008; Mesibov, Shea, & complete unfamiliar or complex direc-
races, ethnicities, and social groups Schopler, 2004; Quill, 1997; Simpson tions by condensing the content to
and is four times more common in et al., 2008]. In addition, adults with only essential information (Williams,
boys than in girls (Rice et al., 2007]. ASD have attested to their reliance on Goldstein, & Minshew, 2006]. The per-
Further, ASD, particularly in those with visually based information. Temple manent nature of visually based strate-
8 COUNCIL FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN
2. gies allows students to review cues, (Dettmer, Simpson, Myles, & Ganz, ing problem behaviors in children ages
decreasing reliance on teacher prompts 2000; MacDuff, Krantz, & McClanna- 7 to 14 (Sasso, Melloy, & Kavale,
and increasing independence (Hodg- han, 1993; Massey & Wheeler, 2000), 1990).
don, 1995). Additionally, visually (b) reduce problem behavior in a 3-
based interventions support students' year-old (Dooley, Wilczenski, & Torem, What Is Video Modeling?
ability to shift attention (Quill 1995, 2001), and (c) facilitate play in 4- to 6- Video modeling is a strategy involving
1997, 1998), make abstract concepts year-olds (Morrison, Sainato, Ben the use of videos to provide modeling
more concrete (Peeters, 1997), and Chaaban, & Endo, 2002). of targeted skills (Bellini & Akullian,
may be less socially stigmatizing than Visually based scripts are another 2007). Both videos that include the
verbal reminders by adults or compan- strategy used with students with ASD participants [video self-modeling, VSM)
ions when in the presence of peers. (Ganz & Flores, 2010; Ganz, Kaylor, and videos of others have been found
There is support in the literature for Bourgeois, & Hadden, 2008). Scripts effective in teaching new skills (Sherer
using visually based strategies with provide the exact words for participat- et a l , 2001). Video modeling including
"other" models may be easier to pro-
duce because these videos generally
Students with ASD learn best through visual means.
require less editing than VSM; typically
developing students may more readily
students with ASD of all ages (Simpson ing in social interactions and other cooperate, understand directions,
et al., 2008). When taught using visu- well-defined situations (Ganz, Gook & already demonstrate mastery of target
ally based strategies, many students Earles-Vollrath, 2006). Visually based skills, and require fewer prompts.
with ASD maintain and generalize scripts have been effective (Simpson et Poinc-of-view modeling, or placing the
newly learned skills (Krantz & McGlan- al., 2008) in (a) increasing social skills video camera at an angle that illus-
nahan, 1993, 1998). In particular, visu- in children ages 5 to 10 (Gonzalez- trates the target skill from the point of
ally based schedules, containing photo- Lopez & Kamps, 1997; Pierce & view of the target student (e.g., camera
graphs or line drawings of upcoming Schreibman, 1995, 1997), (b) improv- is placed at the shoulder of the model
activities or selected play schemes, ing communication skills in students to show the skill from eye level) also
have been used to (a) increase work ages 9 to 12 years old (Krantz & has been demonstrated to be effective
completion for students ages 5 to 14 McGlannahan, 1993], and (c) decreas- (Bellini & Akullian, 2007).
TEAGHING EXCEPTIONAL GHILDREN JULY/AUC 2011 9
3. Video modeling as a strategy has elementary-age students (e.g., Niko- baseline data regarding the student's
preliminary support to improve a vari- poulos & Keenan, 2003; Sherer et al., social strengths and deficits (Heflin &
ety of skills in students with ASD 2001). Alaimo, 2007). This might include eco-
(Ganz et a l , 2006; Ganz, Cook, & The flexibility of video modeling is logical assessments comparing a stu-
Earles-VoUrath, 2007). Video modeling an advantage: In addition to addressing dent's abilities to those of his peers
using videos of "others" has been a variety of skills for a continuum of within a target environment or activity;
demonstrated to age ranges, it can be implemented behavior sampling; observations in the
alone or in conjunction with other natural environment; questionnaires
• Increase appropriate social inter-
instructional strategies. In fact, much and interviews completed by school
actions (Apple, Billingsley, &
of the research involving video model- staff, parents, and peers; and student
Schwartz, 2005; Gena, Couloura, &
ing has been in combination with other self-reports (Heflin & Alaimo, 2007).
Kymissis, 2005; Maione & Mirenda,
strategies. For example, Baharav & Using the assessment results, develop a
2006; Nikopoulos & Keenan, 2003).
Darling (2008) used video modeling list of skills and prioritize them in
• Improve conversation skills (Char- with an auditory trainer, Scattone order of importance. Target skills
lop & Milstein, 1989; Charlop- (2008) combined it with social stories, should be objectively defined and
Christy, Le, & Freeman, 2000; Sherer and Keen and colleagues (2007) paired based on observational data.
et a l , 2001). video modeling with positive reinforce-
• Improve daily living skills (Haring, ment strategies. Although video model- Step 2: Produce the Videos
Kennedy, Adam, & Pitts-Conway, ing may be implemented alone or with- Prior to developing the videos, deter-
1987; Keen, Brannigan, & Cuskelly, out additional strategies, research sup- mine the type of media to use (i.e.,
2007). ports its use when combined with videotape vs. digital) and then gather
strategies such as social skills instruc- the necessary equipment (e.g., video
• Improve play skills [Charlop-Christy
tion (Bellini & AkuUian, 2007). camera, video player, monitor, video
et al., 2000; Dauphin, Kinney, &
Because video modeling can be editing software; Sigafoos, O'Reilly, &
Stromer, 2004; MacDonald, Clark,
used with students with ASD to de la Cruz, 2007). Plan on creating
Garrigan, & Vangala, 2005; Maione
& Mirenda, 2006; Nikopoulos & strengthen a variety of skills (see three to five videos for each skill, pro-
Keenan, 2003, 2007). Figure 1), it is a strategy that educators viding a variety of settings, models
should have in their toolboxes. It helps (i.e., the student, peers, or adults;
• Reduce problem behaviors [Luscre to understand the components and Buggey et a l , 1999; Sherer et a l .
& Center, 1996).
VSM, although studied less fre-
quently, has been demonstrated to be There are three basic steps for implementing video modeling
effective when used to improve com-
munication skills (Buggey, Toombs,
with students with ASD: identifying the skills to be targeted,
Gardener, & Cervetti, 1999; Sherer et the videos, and implemenliiíg the intervention.
al, 2001), increase social initiations,
decrease problem behaviors (Buggey,
2005), and improve academic and task- 2001), and scripts or task analyses to
oriented behaviors (Delano, 2007a; steps of video modeling, and how to ensure skill generalization (D'Ateno,
Hagiwara & Myles, 1999). Point-of- implement the intervention before Mangiapanello, & Taylor, 2003).
view modeling has some support as using this approach with students. For the strategy to be most effective,
well, having been shown to improve There are three basic steps for imple- there should be three to five scripts or
daily living skills (Shipley-Benamou et menting video modeling with students task analyses for each skill being
al., 2002) and play skills (Hine & with ASD: identifying the skills to be taught (Ganz et al., 2006). Scripts can
Wolery, 2006). targeted, producing the videos, and be used for skills that require verbal-
In most cases, newly learned skills implementing the intervention. izations (e.g., greeting others, initiating
taught via video modeling are main- conversations, asking to enter a game),
tained over time (MacDonald et al., Components of Video whereas task analyses can be used for
2005; Maione & Mirenda, 2006) and Modeling multistep tasks (e.g., loading the dish-
generalize to new settings or with new washer, using the microwave to cook
adults (Gena et al., 2005), particularly Step 1 : Identify the Target popcorn, performing household chores;
when using multiple videos showing Skill(s) Sigafoos et al., 2007). When writing
the same skill across activities, set- The first step contains several sub- scripts, consider seeking input from the
tings, and people. Video modeling has steps: assessment, listing and prioritiz- student's typically developing peers,
been used effectively with young chil- ing skills, defining the skill, and col- who may be better judges of typical
dren with ASD, including preschoolers lecting baseline data. Prior to imple- activities, nonverbal communication,
(e.g., Maione & Mirenda, 2006) and menting video modeling, document and speech patterns than adults. Task
10 COUNCIL FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN
4. Figure 1 . Possible Siciiis lo Improve Via Video Modeling
Social initiation - "How do you get to school?"
- "Can I sit with you?" - "What did you eat for breakfast?"
- "Look at this/that." - "What do you like to do after school?"
- Asking a peer to have lunch - "What's your favorite TV show?"
Greetings - "What's your favorite video game?"
- Giving greetings - "What's your phone number?"
- Responding to/greetings - "Wiiere do you live?"
- "What do you like to do on the weekends?"
Appropriate nonverbal communication
- Showing interest in what someone Making requests
is saying [eye contact, nodding) - Asking permission
- Smiling - "i want [food, preferred item, activity]."
- Identifying others' nonverbal cues - Asking for a turn or to borrow something
- Expressing sensory needs
Conversational skills
- Asking/offering to do a new activity
- Maintaining conversation on-topic
- Asking for help
- Comments regarding previous
- Requesting personal space
activities
- Responding to others' comments
- Making jokes
- Sharing attention or enjoyment with another
child or adult
- Telling stories
- Using manners, appropriate language [please thank
you)
- Saying something only once or twice
Play
- initiating game play
- Statements appropriate for games
- Comments appropriate within the context of
specific games
- Sports behaviors
Appropriate behavior in the school building
- Cafeteria
- Waiting in the hall before school starts
Comments Community outings
What to do/say in case of emergency - Appropriate restaurant behavior
- Ordering at a fast-food restaurant
Appropriately demonstrating
- Purchasing items
disagreement/dislike
- Using public transportation
Complimenting others and - Medical/dental visits
reciprocating compliments - Appropriate social behavior at special events
Daily living skills [e.g., [e.g., weddings, birthday parties, holidays, family
cooking, cleaning, get- events, funerals)
ting dressed) - Haircuts
Answering/asking infor- - Travel [plane, car)
mational questions - Waiting in line
- "What's your name?" - Table manners
- "What school do you go Responding appropriately to an adult's requests/
to?" demands
- "How old are you?" Responding to teasing
- "What sports do you like to
Excusing self politely for hygiene purposes
play?"
TEACHING EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN JULY/AUG 2011 11
5. analyses can be developed by watching there are not enough natural opportu- To address a lack of reinforcement,
a typically developing peer or adult nities for the student to practice the it may be necessary to identify rein-
perform the skill. skill, plan on role-playing or practicing forcing stimuli that can be delivered
Be sure to obtain parental permis- the skill in the classroom—or arrange immediately and consistently following
sion for any video participants and situations within the school or therapy the demonstration of the target behav-
models who are minors. The models setting where the student is required to ior. Poor video content can also affect
should be taught each script or step in use the target skill. the impact of the intervention. If video
the task analysis, practice it, and then Collect Intervention Data. Collect content seems to be an issue, reshoot
perform while being videotaped (Ganz data on the student's performance. To and/or rewrite and reshoot the video.
et al., 2006). Buggey (2005) recom- determine the effectiveness of video When filming the video, it is important
mends that the models be similar (e.g., modeling, the same type of data to restrict extraneous stimuli (i.e.,
age, gender) to the target student. Plan should be collected for both baseline excess noise and visual distractions)
on editing each video to be approxi- and intervention phases (Sigafoos et and ensure that the target behavior(s)
mately 3 to 5 minutes long (Buggey, a l , 2007). are modeled slowly and clearly. If it
2005), although research has demon- Program for Generalization. Stu- appears that the student does not have
strated the effectiveness of videos as dents with ASD often have difficulties the prerequisite skills of imitation and
short as 30 seconds and as long as 13 generalizing newly acquired skills. observational learning, consider adding
minutes (Bellini & AkuUian, 2007). Programming for generalization, there- adult-directed instruction to the
fore, is an important component of any process.
Step 3: Implement the Video social skills instruction (Bellini, Peters,
Modeling Intervention Benner, & Hopf, 2007; Gresham, 2001). CASE EXAMPU: Chad
Prepare for Teaching. Sigafoos and Teaching skills via video modeling Chad was a fifth-grader who qualified
colleagues (2007) recommend designat- should include teaching multiple stim- for special education and related serv-
ing a time of day for viewing the ulus and response exemplars. For ices under the category of autism. He
videos. Videos focusing on a particular example, when teaching a student how had average cognitive functioning,
skill should be viewed daily and at the to enter a group game, include varying could speak, and participated in gener-
same time each day. In addition, the settings (e.g., playground, gym, neigh- al education for most of the school
videos should be viewed immediately borhood), peers, and scripts (e.g., "Can day, although his day was fairly struc-
prior to the time of day the student is I play?" "Looks like fun, can I have a tured. In sixth grade, Chad would be
expected to demonstrate the skill. For turn?" "What position can I play?") in required to transition from his current
example, if the video and script the different videos. Other generaliza- elementary school to a middle school
describe how to enter a game, show tion strategies include teaching the stu- setting. Chad demonstrated difficulties
the video just before the class has dent to self-monitor or self-record the with major transitions. When he was
recess. use of the target skill, and teaching the not prepared for change, he screamed,
For best results, the video should be social skill in the natural environment pulled his hair, and cried. These behav-
viewed in a consistent setting. To whenever possible (Gresham, 2001). iors were related to new situations in
increase the relevance of the instruc- Videos may need be viewed numerous which he did not understand the
tion, this setting should be the place in times. It's helpful to make arrange- expectations, did not know whom to
which the child is expected to demon- ments so that the student can access ask for help, or was not familiar with
strate the skill. Materials used in the the video for independent viewing as the location.
video should be the same materials the needed.
students will be expected to use when Step 1 : Identify the Torget Skill(s)
demonstrating the target behavior. nvubleshooting Chad's team, which included his ele-
View the Videos. Videos may be Don't be inclined to abandon video mentary and middle school special
watched as a whole group or inde- modeling too quickly if initial data education teachers and general educa-
pendently depending on the needs of indicate limited progress toward the tion homeroom teachers, selected a list
the students and the instructional set- target behavior (s). Although it may of skills from those identified by his
ting (Buggey, 2005). Plan on having appear that this strategy is an easy, individualized education program (IEP)
students view each of the three to five no-fail intervention, as with other and from consultation with the school
videos developed for the targeted skill teaching techniques issues may arise counselor. The team focused on skills
prior to engaging in the selected skill during implementation. Sigafoos et al. that would assist Chad in successfully
or activity (Sigafoos et al., 2007). (2007) described several problems that making the transition to middle school
Engage in the Target Skill. Immedi- may occur, as well as solutions for and in dealing with new situations.
ately after viewing the video, provide each of these problems. Lack of They prioritized the skills and decided
the student with the opportunity to progress can be due to a lack of rein- that "requesting help" when he was
practice the skill, in the natural setting forcement, poor video content, or a feeling anxious would be the first tar-
if possible. If this is not possible or if lack of prerequisites. get skill. Additional target behaviors
12 COUNCIL FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN
6. Figure 2 . Chad's Video Modeling Script: Requesting Help he demonstrated any of the relaxation
and self-monitoring strategies modeled
in the videos. Although not directly
addressing generalization, this substep
permitted assessing his generalization
of the skill once he was in middle
g to ask school; Chad's middle school special
todo.Vmgoirt
n-m not sure what education teacher observed him and
[sotto voice!
, word problem collected frequency data on his
{or help-" eed help with thi requesting of help, seeing an improve-
C ment over the first few weeks of
'«,*»"*'"]
. varin 1 don V ,,u""—
how you wa"^
us to
school. His mother also sent periodic
written updates to his special educa-
tion teacher, reporting how anxious he
"Mr iNaiii'i
organize this paper- thanks." seemed each school day, and the spe-
cial education teacher would check
with him at the end of the school day
{or your help- to ask him how it went. Although he
reported some anxiety and avoided
crowded hallways, he appeared to han-
dle the transition periods well.
included understanding environmental created videos to teach Chad other
expectations and the orientation of the social skills, such as greetings and initi- CASE EXAMPLE: Sarak
middle school building. ating and maintaining conversations, Sarah was a 16-year-old sophomore
for later use.] diagnosed with Asperger's syndrome.
Step 2: Produce the Videos She had average cognitive functioning
The team recorded digital videos in Step 3: Implement the Video and participated in general education
some of the middle school classrooms Modeling Intervention classes all day, with as-needed special
(i.e., Chad's future homeroom, special Chad's IEP team identified several education support. She appeared to
education resource room, and math times per day, for the remainder of his want to have friends but did not know
classroom] and settings (i.e., cafeteria, fifth-grade year, that he would view the how to establish friendships. Sarah
hallway, library]. Each of the class- videos. "Video watching" was added to would follow her peers between class
room videos included shots of Chad's his visual schedule at the same time periods, even if they were going in the
desk, where he would store his materi- every day. With input from his parents, opposite direction of her next class;
als, the pencil sharpener (an activity the team also established a schedule she would stand by a group of students
that calmed him], and the teacher's for video watching and practicing the who were talking but would not partic-
desk. Middle school teachers and staff skills over the summer ipate in the conversation; and she
were videotaped sharing rules and Chad first watched the video in its often brought her peers small gifts
expectations for the classroom or other entirety, and then specific video clips such as candy and CDs. Sarah had
setting. Chad's team chose to imple- (e.g., home room or math class], dur- recently found that using bodily func-
ment video modeling by peer "others" ing individual one-on-one lessons. tions (e.g., burps and passing gas]
to provide Chad with examples of how Prior to video watching, Chad's were an effective means for gaining her
to respond to signs of anxiety (e.g., teacher introduced the segment and peers' attention; When she passed gas
stiff, hunched shoulders, wide eyes]; the embedded lesson. After each ses- during class and especially during
after acting as if they were upset or sion, Chad was asked to summarize lunch, her peers smiled, laughed, and
anxious, these peer models modeled what he saw in the videos (what the usually interacted with her for a short
self-talk following written scripts models said and did], and then prac- period of time. Studetits also remem-
(Figure 2]. The completed video ticed the relaxation and self-monitoring bered the incident and made com-
included a menu listing each setting strategies demonstrated in the videos. ments when they saw her later in the
and educator/staff member, to enable The intervention continued over sever- day. Sarah expressed frustration to her
selective viewing of a specific environ- al weeks as Chad gained familiarity study hall teacher that she tried her
ment and interaction. The video could with teacher expectations, whom to hardest to make friends, but no one
also be viewed from beginning to the ask for help in each of the middle ever invited her to eat lunch with
end to famiharize Chad with the transi- school settings, and the orientation of them, to hang out after school or on
tions between the settings, and was the school building. the weekends, and they ignored her
recorded in the same order as Chad's During his fifth-grade year, Chad's "friend" requests on online social net-
schedule. (At the same time, the team team collected ongoing data whenever working sites.
TEACHING EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN JULY/AUG 2011 13
8. Step 1 : identify the Target Sklil(s) Figure 3. Sarah's Video Modeling Script: Social Interactions
Sarah's team, which included her gen-
eral education study hall teacher and
the school district's autism consultant,
selected a list of several social skills
from her IEP. They then conducted an
1
ecological assessment: After observing
Sarah in the cafeteria and in study hall .— _—
_ '
and conducting teacher and family
interviews, they compared her social "How 's it goi
do you have next.
initiations with those of her peers. The "What class
team felt that if Sarah could learn to
"See you la
interact with her peers in a more
socially acceptable way, she would be
able to make friends and this would
increase her quality of life. They
decided that "initiating social interac- video, she discussed the appropriate CASE EXAMPLE: Sam
tions" would be the first target behav- means for initiating conversations with Sam was a 21-year-old student with
ior, and they collected baseline obser- her peers. One of her assignments was autism and moderate to severe cogni-
vation data during lunch and study to develop a list of the initiation phras- tive impairments who was transition-
hall. es that were used in the videos and ing from a public school program to a
role-play them with the teacher or her part-time job at a local fast-food restau-
Step 2: Produce the Videos peers. Sarah was then asked to suggest rant. Although he had received job
Like Chad's team, Sarah's team chose other comments or phrases she could training through his special education
to implement the strategy using use to initiate conversations. program, this was the first job for
"other" models so she could observe The IEP team collected data by which Sam would receive a salary. A
students who were proficient with observing Sarah during study hall and job coach spent several hours a day on
social interaction. Although the team lunch, as well as in the hallway and the job site with Sam to assist him in
provided the peers with topics to talk selected classrooms. Although Sarah's learning the job requirements.
about, the scripts were open-ended to study hall teacher found it difflcult to
allow for natural conversation instead take real-time data because it was too Step 1 : Identify the Target Skill(s)
of contrived examples (see Figure 3). conspicuous to observe Sarah interact- Sam's job coach and employer brain-
The team asked several of Sarah's pre- ing with her peers in the hallways and stormed a list of job-related skills that
ferred peers to participate in the social at lunch, she noticed that Sarah began would assist Sam in being successful.
skills group. They informed parents of sitting with a group of girls at lunch Sam had difficulties in interacting with
the purpose of the group and obtained approximately three weeks after inter- customers and completing required
permission for the students to partici- vention began. Sarah also reported that tasks. In particular, some customers
pate. The team produced several digital two of the girls had sent her "friend" had complained that Sam was abrupt,
videos of Sarah's peers initiating social requests on online social networking cleared items from the table before
interactions in the hallway and differ- web sites. they were flnished, and appeared rude.
ent classrooms. His coach and employer decided that
To assess Sarah's ability to general-
"making light conversation with cus-
Step 3: Implement the Video ize the skill, the team also observed
tomers" and completing three job
Modeling Intervention Sarah in other school settings not tar-
requirements (i.e., mopping the floor,
geted for initial instruction. They devel-
The team identified several times a day wiping tables, cleaning the condiment
oped additional videos for settings in
and the locations (e.g., study hall, area) were priorities for him to be suc-
which Sarah did not demonstrate gen-
selected classes) where Sarah would cessful on the job. Conducting an eco-
eralization of the skill. They supple- logical assessment, Sam's job coach
view the videos. These times occurred
mented these videos with others show- and employer observed his co-workers
just prior to when Sarah was expected
ing Sarah's peers initiating social inter- to determine the steps for completing
to demonstrate the selected skill.
Although Sarah initially viewed each actions during school-related activities each of the three selected jobs. From
video by herself, some of her peers such as a school dance, a football these observations they developed a
who participated In the videos occa- game, and a pep rally. They later creat- task analysis for each targeted job.
sionally joined her to discuss the sce- ed additional videos to facilitate more They then observed and recorded
narios and to model the questions they advanced conversational exchanges Sam's performance of each of the three
asked themselves to determine what to (e.g., maintaining conversations, stay- jobs and each of the steps in the task
say and when. After Sarah viewed each ing on topic, ending conversations). analysis.
TEACHING EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN ¡ JULY/AUG 2011 15
9. Figure 4 . Sam's Video Modeling Script: Making Light Conversation did not meet the full psychological cri-
teria. He received approximately 66%
of his specialized instruction in a spe-
cial education classroom with the
assistance of a one-on-one paraprofes-
sional. Scott's educational program
consisted of structured, data-based pro-
reamr'
gramming that emphasized functional
' „HOW was your m Ê â l / ^ ï ^ ^ ^
academics as well as social and com-
"yi,re you donel" munication skills. In addition to this
O ••Mayl clear your tabler' specialized instruction, Scott also
received 120 minutes of speech therapy
..Haveagoodda^/mEi.^ and occupational therapy per week.
Step 1 : Identify the Torget
Slcill(s)
Scott's IEP team had tried a variety of
Step 2: Produce the Videos discuss the light conversation skill or
strategies to increase his ability to gen-
The "light conversation" digital videos job steps depicted in the video and
eralize academic skills and knowledge
featured several of Sam's co-workers clues for determining when a job had
he demonstrated at school to the home
interacting with customers. Although been completed [e.g., how to deter-
setting. They had used numerous fonts,
Sam could have completed the tasks mine if the tables were clean, how to
materials, and verbal antecedents, and
with prompting [VSM], the job coach's determine if the floors were complete-
incorporated opportunities for Scott to
time was limited and it was faster to ly mopped). Sam then role-played
practice what he learned across a vari-
record videos with "other" models to each job in the area in which it would
ety of settings within the school and in
save time in editing out prompts. naturally occur [e.g., role-playing the
the community. However, even with
While completing other tasks, the co- steps for cleaning the condiment at
the use of these strategies, Scott con-
workers modeled appropriate greet- one of the two condiment areas in the
tinued to demonstrate difficulty com-
ings, comments, and questions [see restaurant). During the role-playing,
pleting homework activities that
Figure 4). Sam's co-workers pretended to be cus-
required him to generalize skills he had
tomers and responded to his "light
A second set of videos designed to performed that day at school. To estab-
conversations. "
teach Sam the job requirements, devel- lish a baseline, sight words mastered at
oped over a 3-week period, showed A month following the beginning school were sent home as "home-
Sam appropriately completing the tar- of the intervention, Sam's employer work." Scott's mother, Alice, then pre-
get activities [VSM). Because Sam had sent his job coach an e-mail com- sented the sight words and collected
many of the subskills necessary for menting that he had not had any fur- data on his performance.
each task, little editing was required to ther complaints about Sam's rude
create a short [5- to 7-minute) video behavior, and that Sam was complet- Step 2: Produce the Videos
for each of the tliree target jobs. The ing most of the video-modeled tasks Because Scott could complete the tasks
video clips contained the verbal independently and correctly. After at school, the team decided to use
prompts provided by the job coach Sam had mastered the video-modeled VSM, which would require little edit-
during the completion of the task; in skills, his employer and job coach dis- ing. The second author videotaped
later viewings of the video, once Sam cussed with him variations in com- Scott accurately reading flash cards at
began to experience success, the vol- pleting each of his assigned jobs. school, edited the video to delete incor-
ume was lowered to remove the verbal Additional videos were produced for rect responses and prompts, then sent
prompts. other new job responsibilities such as the video home for him to watch prior
fining the condiment bar and asking to starting his homework each day.
Step 3: Implement the Video for help when needed [e.g., emptying
Modeling Intervention a heavy trash can, restocking items), Step 3: Implement the Video
The best time for Sam to view the job- and for new social skills [e.g., asking a Modeling Intervention
related videos and those demonstrat- customer if he/she is finished before
Alice collected data on Scott's level of
ing light conversation skills would be taking the plate).
performance with the flash cards with-
just prior to the restaurant opening out the video for a week. Because Scott
each day. Sam, his job coach, and his CASE STUDY: Scott liked watching himself on video, Alice
employer viewed the videos together, Scott was a seventh-grade student who let him watch the video every day for a
one at a time, across several weeks. qualified for special education under week, "just for fun. " Scott continued
After viewing the videos, they would the autism designation, although he reviewing the sight words at school
16 COUNCIL FOR EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN
10. during his maintenance programming Although Scott made progress in skills that too frequently undermine
but did not review the words at home reading the words on the flash cards, it their success across many contexts.
during this time. The following week, was unclear whether he would be able
Alice showed him the video every day to do so spontaneously and in different References
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10.1023/A: 1025806900162 Professor of Special Education, Department
Rice, C. E., Baio, J., Van Naarden Braun, K., of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M
Doernberg, N., Meaney, F. J., & Kirby, R. University, College Station. Theresa L.
S. (2007). A public health collaboration Earles-Vollrath (Missouri CEC), Associate
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with social skills training through struc- Correspondence concerning this article
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16, 9-22.
Scattone, D. (2008). Enhancing the conver-
Department of Educational Psychology,
Texas A&M University, College Station,
JfJJT
sations skills of a boy with Asperger's TX 77843 (e-mail: jeniganz@tamu.edu).
Disorder through Social Stories'" and
video modeling. Journal of Autism and "Chad, " "Sarah, " and "Sam " are composite
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doi: 10.1007/S10803-007-0392-2 authors wish to thank "Scott" and "Alice"
Schreibman, L., & Ingersoll, B. (2005). for their participation.
Behavioral interventions to promote
learning in individuals with autism. In
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Cohen (Eds.), Handbook of autism and
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Volume two: Assessment, interventions, Copyright 2011 CEC. Developed in collaboration with Michelle
Garcia Winner S Pamela Cfooice, based on
and policy (3rd ed., pp. 882-896). Sbook YouAmSociilDetectm
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
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cation, 25, 140-158. doi: 10.1177
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• Different complexity levels
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living skills to children with autism • Customizable lesson plans
through instructional video modeling. California University of
Journal of Positive Behavior Inter- • For preschoolers to young adults
Pennsylvania, 35
ventions, 4, 165-175. doi: 10.1177 • Over 350 video lessons each*
/10983007020040030501
Sigafoos, J.. Q'Reilly, M., & de la Cruz, CEC, 7, 44, 53, 63, cover 3 • Also includes motivating games
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(2008). Efficacious interventions and skill-building programs on our website:
treatments for learners with autism spec-
Social Skill Builder, 19
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Myles (Eds.), Educating children and
socialskillbuildet.com
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866-2Z8-1452
TX: PRO-ED.
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Social Skill Builder
Ä^^mg Tools
London, England: Jessica Kingsley.
TEACHING EXCEPTIONAL CHILDREN JULY/AUG 2011 19
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