Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms, L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydroascorbic acid. It acts as a cofactor for many enzymatic reactions in the body. Vitamin C is required for the post-translational hydroxylation of proline and lysine during collagen synthesis. It also acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in catecholamine synthesis, hydroxylation reactions in steroid hormone production, and reactions involved in connective tissue metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, delayed wound healing, swollen and bleeding gums, and fragile bones. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits,
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin also known as ascorbic acid. It exists in two forms, the reduced L-ascorbic acid and the oxidized L-dehydro ascorbic acid. Vitamin C plays an important role in many biochemical reactions in the body as a cofactor, including collagen synthesis, carnitine biosynthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. A deficiency in vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, delayed wound healing, and bone fractures. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, broccoli, and potatoes.
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms, L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydro ascorbic acid. It serves as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in the body, including collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, impaired wound healing, swollen gums, and loose teeth. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and peppers.
Vitamin C is ascorbic acid, which exists in reduced and oxidized forms. It is a water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by humans. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions involved in collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, and iron absorption. A deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, fragile blood vessels, and delayed wound healing due to impaired collagen synthesis. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and helps prevent various diseases. Food sources include citrus fruits, tomatoes, and peppers.
Metabolisme vitamin c asam askorbat (versi 2020)Muhammad Luthfan
Vitamin C exists as both ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid forms. It acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and neurotransmitter production. Deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, bruising, and delayed wound healing. Rich sources include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and peppers.
Vitamin C has many important biochemical functions in the body. It is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters. It also plays a role in immune function and antioxidant defenses as well as iron absorption. Vitamin C is absorbed in the stomach and small amounts are stored in tissues, with the highest concentrations found in the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and leukocytes. It is excreted primarily as ascorbate sulfate in urine.
The document discusses water soluble vitamins, focusing on vitamin C. It notes that vitamin C plays an important role in human health and disease. It is classified as a non-B complex vitamin and is important for collagen formation, bone formation, iron absorption, and immune function. A lack of vitamin C can lead to scurvy, characterized by symptoms like bleeding gums and loose teeth. Food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and potatoes.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through the diet since humans cannot synthesize it endogenously. It acts as a strong antioxidant and is important for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C can cause scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, bruising, and poor wound healing. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, bell peppers, broccoli, and strawberries.
Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin also known as ascorbic acid. It exists in two forms, the reduced L-ascorbic acid and the oxidized L-dehydro ascorbic acid. Vitamin C plays an important role in many biochemical reactions in the body as a cofactor, including collagen synthesis, carnitine biosynthesis, and neurotransmitter synthesis. A deficiency in vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, delayed wound healing, and bone fractures. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, broccoli, and potatoes.
Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms, L-ascorbic acid and L-dehydro ascorbic acid. It serves as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions in the body, including collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, and amino acid metabolism. Deficiency of vitamin C results in scurvy, characterized by hemorrhaging, impaired wound healing, swollen gums, and loose teeth. Good dietary sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and peppers.
Vitamin C is ascorbic acid, which exists in reduced and oxidized forms. It is a water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by humans. Vitamin C acts as a cofactor in many enzymatic reactions involved in collagen synthesis, catecholamine synthesis, and iron absorption. A deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, fragile blood vessels, and delayed wound healing due to impaired collagen synthesis. Vitamin C is an antioxidant and helps prevent various diseases. Food sources include citrus fruits, tomatoes, and peppers.
Metabolisme vitamin c asam askorbat (versi 2020)Muhammad Luthfan
Vitamin C exists as both ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid forms. It acts as a cofactor for many enzymes involved in collagen synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and neurotransmitter production. Deficiency results in scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, bruising, and delayed wound healing. Rich sources include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and peppers.
Vitamin C has many important biochemical functions in the body. It is necessary for the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters. It also plays a role in immune function and antioxidant defenses as well as iron absorption. Vitamin C is absorbed in the stomach and small amounts are stored in tissues, with the highest concentrations found in the adrenal glands, pituitary gland, and leukocytes. It is excreted primarily as ascorbate sulfate in urine.
The document discusses water soluble vitamins, focusing on vitamin C. It notes that vitamin C plays an important role in human health and disease. It is classified as a non-B complex vitamin and is important for collagen formation, bone formation, iron absorption, and immune function. A lack of vitamin C can lead to scurvy, characterized by symptoms like bleeding gums and loose teeth. Food sources of vitamin C include citrus fruits, berries, tomatoes, and potatoes.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient that must be obtained through the diet since humans cannot synthesize it endogenously. It acts as a strong antioxidant and is important for collagen synthesis, immune function, and iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C can cause scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, bruising, and poor wound healing. Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, bell peppers, broccoli, and strawberries.
Every individual needs to know some important things, especially about nutrition to our health.
Vitamin C is one of the important nutrient that helps in increasing immune response.
It also helps in growth and development of the body by acting as Co- enzymes in various metabolisms.
Even most of the cosmetic products containing Vitamin C.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
This document discusses vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. It provides information on the chemical and physical properties of vitamin C, its structure, production sources, functions in the body, recommended dietary intake, deficiency, excess intake, and references. Key functions of vitamin C include its role in collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and aiding iron absorption. Vitamin C helps support tissue growth and repair, immune function and cardiovascular health. Deficiency can result in scurvy while excess intake in the long term can potentially lead to oxalate or urate kidney stones.
Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid, or simply ascorbate (the anion of ascorbic acid), is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. Vitamin C refers to a number of vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals, including ascorbic acid and its salts, and some oxidized forms of the molecule like dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body when either of these is introduced into cells, since the forms inter convert according to pH.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. It serves many important functions in the body including aiding in collagen synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and enhancing iron absorption. Humans lack the ability to synthesize vitamin C and must obtain it through their diet. Deficiency can lead to scurvy, which causes symptoms like bleeding gums, bruising, and slowed wound healing.
Shubham Sharma presented on vitamins A, C, and E. The presentation covered the chemistry, classification, physiological significance, deficiencies, and daily requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and important for vision, immune function, and growth. Vitamin C is water-soluble and essential for collagen formation and acting as an antioxidant. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and prevents lipid peroxidation.
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by intestinal bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. All three forms are required for blood clotting as they allow the carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors in the liver. This carboxylation enables the factors to bind calcium and participate in the clotting cascade. In addition to its role in coagulation, vitamin K is also needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone mineralization. Deficiencies can result from poor intake, antibiotic use, or conditions affecting bile production needed for absorption of K1 and K2
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It was historically used to treat scurvy in sailors. The document discusses the history, chemistry, structure, functions, sources, deficiency, toxicity, and recommendations for vitamin C. It plays important roles as an antioxidant and in collagen synthesis, and sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, and leafy greens. A deficiency results in scurvy, while toxicity is rare but may cause gastrointestinal issues.
The document discusses vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) and its associated disorders. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended dietary allowances and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. Key points include:
- Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble antioxidant vitamin that helps form collagen and supports immune function. Deficiency can cause bleeding gums and fragile blood vessels.
- Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and leafy greens. Cooking can destroy up to 70% of vitamin C.
- Symptoms of deficiency include fatigue, joint pain and hemorrhaging of the skin and mucus membranes. Long term deficiency can lead to bone fractures and poor wound healing. Infants are at
The document discusses vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) and its associated disorders. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended dietary allowances and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. Key points include:
- Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble antioxidant vitamin that acts as an electron donor and is important for collagen synthesis, iron absorption and immune function.
- Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and potatoes. Cooking can destroy up to 70% of vitamin C.
- Symptoms of deficiency include bleeding gums, bruising, fatigue and bone pain. Long term deficiency can lead to hemorrhaging, poor wound healing and bone fractures. Infants may develop irritability and difficulty
Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by humans. It plays important roles in collagen formation, antioxidant activity, and iron absorption. The recommended daily allowance is 90 mg for adult men and 75 mg for women, though smokers may need an additional 35 mg. While deficiency can cause scurvy, too much vitamin C intake above 2000 mg daily can cause gastrointestinal issues.
Metabolisme Vitamin K 150207083423-conversion-gate01Muhammad Luthfan
Materi kiuliah tentang metabolisme Vitamin K.
Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung GAMBAR MAKHLUK BERNYAWA yang hanya untuk keperluan ILMU PENGETAHUAN saja.
Dimohon membaca hadits tentang menggambar makhluk bernyawa dibawah ini:
*If you do not understand please translate the Hadith below in English
من صوَّرَ صورةً في الدُّنيا كلِّفَ يومَ القيامةِ أن ينفخَ فيها الرُّوحَ ، وليسَ بنافخٍ
“barangsiapa yang di dunia pernah menggambar gambar (bernyawa), ia akan dituntut untuk meniupkan ruh pada gambar tersebut di hari kiamat, dan ia tidak akan bisa melakukannya” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
كلُّ مُصوِّرٍ في النَّارِ ، يُجْعَلُ له بكلِّ صورةٍ صوَّرها نفسٌ فتُعذِّبُه في جهنَّمَ
“semua tukang gambar (makhluk bernyawa) di neraka, setiap gambar yang ia buat akan diberikan jiwa dan akan mengadzabnya di neraka Jahannam” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
English:
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.
Hadith:
Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89:
Narrated Muslim:
We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'"
This document discusses vitamin C and scurvy. It provides details on the history and sources of vitamin C as well as its biochemical functions. These include collagen formation, bone formation, and roles in iron/hemoglobin metabolism and other processes. Scurvy, which is caused by vitamin C deficiency, results in symptoms like bleeding gums, limb pain, and wounds that do not heal. The document outlines dietary needs for vitamin C and treatments for deficiency. Radiographic signs of scurvy include changes to bone structure seen on x-rays.
This document provides information on fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the absorption, transport, functions and requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A plays a key role in vision through the visual cycle in rods and cones in the retina. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and bone mineralization through its active form, calcitriol. Both vitamins can cause toxicity if consumed in excess.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the chemical structure, absorption, transport, functions, sources, and requirements of each vitamin. The key roles of Vitamin A are in vision and tissue growth/differentiation. Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and phosphate to support bone mineralization. Vitamins E and K act as antioxidants and are necessary for blood clotting, respectively. A diet containing foods like fish liver, eggs, green vegetables, and plant oils can provide adequate amounts of these essential fat soluble vitamins.
This document discusses vitamin C and scurvy. It provides details on the history and sources of vitamin C as well as its biochemical functions. These include collagen formation, bone formation, and roles in iron/hemoglobin metabolism and hormone synthesis. A deficiency in vitamin C leads to scurvy, which is characterized by symptoms like bleeding gums, limb pain, and fractures. Scurvy results from defective collagen formation and is managed by vitamin C supplementation.
Vitamin C plays an essential role in many bodily functions. It acts as a reducing agent and antioxidant, helping to synthesize collagen and aid in iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C, known as scurvy, results in fragile blood vessels, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing due to a lack of collagen production. While most land animals can synthesize vitamin C, humans must obtain it through their diet by eating foods like citrus fruits, berries, peppers and leafy greens.
- A 4-year-old boy presented with hematuria, edema, bleeding gums, tooth loss, paleness, and signs of malnutrition. Blood tests revealed low vitamin C and iron levels and low red blood cell count. A skin biopsy showed increased hemosiderin deposits near hair follicles.
- The boy came from a low-income family that subsisted on a sparse diet of hard biscuits and milk.
- Based on the visual signs, history, and test results, the boy was diagnosed with scurvy, which is caused by a vitamin C deficiency and results in a failure to synthesize collagen. Intravenous vitamin C treatment was started and full recovery was expected within two weeks.
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. It is required for blood clotting by facilitating the carboxylation of clotting factors in the liver. Vitamin K deficiency can result in bleeding issues like hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. While vitamin K supports blood clotting, drugs like warfarin are used as oral anticoagulants by inhibiting the action of vitamin K.
Every individual needs to know some important things, especially about nutrition to our health.
Vitamin C is one of the important nutrient that helps in increasing immune response.
It also helps in growth and development of the body by acting as Co- enzymes in various metabolisms.
Even most of the cosmetic products containing Vitamin C.
Vitamin C introduction, Chemistry of Vitamin C, Biochemical Role of Vitamin C, (Collagen formation, Bone formation, Immunological response, Synthesis of Catacholamines, ), Recommended dietary Allowance of Vitamin C, Dietary Sources of Vitamin C, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin C, Food preparation to retain Vitamin C.
This document discusses vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid. It provides information on the chemical and physical properties of vitamin C, its structure, production sources, functions in the body, recommended dietary intake, deficiency, excess intake, and references. Key functions of vitamin C include its role in collagen synthesis, carnitine synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and aiding iron absorption. Vitamin C helps support tissue growth and repair, immune function and cardiovascular health. Deficiency can result in scurvy while excess intake in the long term can potentially lead to oxalate or urate kidney stones.
Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid, or simply ascorbate (the anion of ascorbic acid), is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. Vitamin C refers to a number of vitamers that have vitamin C activity in animals, including ascorbic acid and its salts, and some oxidized forms of the molecule like dehydroascorbic acid. Ascorbate and ascorbic acid are both naturally present in the body when either of these is introduced into cells, since the forms inter convert according to pH.
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species. It serves many important functions in the body including aiding in collagen synthesis, acting as an antioxidant, and enhancing iron absorption. Humans lack the ability to synthesize vitamin C and must obtain it through their diet. Deficiency can lead to scurvy, which causes symptoms like bleeding gums, bruising, and slowed wound healing.
Shubham Sharma presented on vitamins A, C, and E. The presentation covered the chemistry, classification, physiological significance, deficiencies, and daily requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A is fat-soluble and important for vision, immune function, and growth. Vitamin C is water-soluble and essential for collagen formation and acting as an antioxidant. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes and prevents lipid peroxidation.
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. K1 is found in plants, K2 is produced by intestinal bacteria, and K3 is synthetic. All three forms are required for blood clotting as they allow the carboxylation of glutamate residues in clotting factors in the liver. This carboxylation enables the factors to bind calcium and participate in the clotting cascade. In addition to its role in coagulation, vitamin K is also needed for carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in bone mineralization. Deficiencies can result from poor intake, antibiotic use, or conditions affecting bile production needed for absorption of K1 and K2
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It was historically used to treat scurvy in sailors. The document discusses the history, chemistry, structure, functions, sources, deficiency, toxicity, and recommendations for vitamin C. It plays important roles as an antioxidant and in collagen synthesis, and sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers, and leafy greens. A deficiency results in scurvy, while toxicity is rare but may cause gastrointestinal issues.
The document discusses vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) and its associated disorders. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended dietary allowances and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. Key points include:
- Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble antioxidant vitamin that helps form collagen and supports immune function. Deficiency can cause bleeding gums and fragile blood vessels.
- Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and leafy greens. Cooking can destroy up to 70% of vitamin C.
- Symptoms of deficiency include fatigue, joint pain and hemorrhaging of the skin and mucus membranes. Long term deficiency can lead to bone fractures and poor wound healing. Infants are at
The document discusses vitamin C deficiency (scurvy) and its associated disorders. It provides information on the functions, sources, recommended dietary allowances and symptoms of vitamin C deficiency. Key points include:
- Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble antioxidant vitamin that acts as an electron donor and is important for collagen synthesis, iron absorption and immune function.
- Good dietary sources include citrus fruits, berries, peppers and potatoes. Cooking can destroy up to 70% of vitamin C.
- Symptoms of deficiency include bleeding gums, bruising, fatigue and bone pain. Long term deficiency can lead to hemorrhaging, poor wound healing and bone fractures. Infants may develop irritability and difficulty
Vitamin C is an essential water-soluble vitamin that cannot be synthesized by humans. It plays important roles in collagen formation, antioxidant activity, and iron absorption. The recommended daily allowance is 90 mg for adult men and 75 mg for women, though smokers may need an additional 35 mg. While deficiency can cause scurvy, too much vitamin C intake above 2000 mg daily can cause gastrointestinal issues.
Metabolisme Vitamin K 150207083423-conversion-gate01Muhammad Luthfan
Materi kiuliah tentang metabolisme Vitamin K.
Perhatian: Slide ini mengandung GAMBAR MAKHLUK BERNYAWA yang hanya untuk keperluan ILMU PENGETAHUAN saja.
Dimohon membaca hadits tentang menggambar makhluk bernyawa dibawah ini:
*If you do not understand please translate the Hadith below in English
من صوَّرَ صورةً في الدُّنيا كلِّفَ يومَ القيامةِ أن ينفخَ فيها الرُّوحَ ، وليسَ بنافخٍ
“barangsiapa yang di dunia pernah menggambar gambar (bernyawa), ia akan dituntut untuk meniupkan ruh pada gambar tersebut di hari kiamat, dan ia tidak akan bisa melakukannya” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
كلُّ مُصوِّرٍ في النَّارِ ، يُجْعَلُ له بكلِّ صورةٍ صوَّرها نفسٌ فتُعذِّبُه في جهنَّمَ
“semua tukang gambar (makhluk bernyawa) di neraka, setiap gambar yang ia buat akan diberikan jiwa dan akan mengadzabnya di neraka Jahannam” (HR. Bukhari dan Muslim).
English:
Caution: This slide contains images of animate beings which are used for scientific purposes only.
Hadith:
Sahih Al Bukhari Chapter 89:
Narrated Muslim:
We were with Masruq at the house of Yasar bin Numair. Masruq saw pictures on his terrace and said, "I heard `Abdullah saying that he heard the Prophet (ﷺ) saying, "The people who will receive the severest punishment from Allah will be the picture makers.'"
This document discusses vitamin C and scurvy. It provides details on the history and sources of vitamin C as well as its biochemical functions. These include collagen formation, bone formation, and roles in iron/hemoglobin metabolism and other processes. Scurvy, which is caused by vitamin C deficiency, results in symptoms like bleeding gums, limb pain, and wounds that do not heal. The document outlines dietary needs for vitamin C and treatments for deficiency. Radiographic signs of scurvy include changes to bone structure seen on x-rays.
This document provides information on fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It discusses the absorption, transport, functions and requirements of each vitamin. Vitamin A plays a key role in vision through the visual cycle in rods and cones in the retina. Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphorus absorption in the intestine and bone mineralization through its active form, calcitriol. Both vitamins can cause toxicity if consumed in excess.
This document provides information about Akash Mahadev Iyer, who is an S2 M.Sc Biochemistry student at the University of Kerala in Kariyavattom. It then discusses vitamins in general and provides details on the 13 essential vitamins for humans, including fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K, and water-soluble B complex vitamins and vitamin C. For each vitamin, the document outlines their chemical structure, food sources, functions in the body, deficiency and toxicity symptoms, and recommended dietary allowances.
This document discusses fat soluble vitamins, including Vitamins A, D, E, and K. It provides details on the chemical structure, absorption, transport, functions, sources, and requirements of each vitamin. The key roles of Vitamin A are in vision and tissue growth/differentiation. Vitamin D helps absorb calcium and phosphate to support bone mineralization. Vitamins E and K act as antioxidants and are necessary for blood clotting, respectively. A diet containing foods like fish liver, eggs, green vegetables, and plant oils can provide adequate amounts of these essential fat soluble vitamins.
This document discusses vitamin C and scurvy. It provides details on the history and sources of vitamin C as well as its biochemical functions. These include collagen formation, bone formation, and roles in iron/hemoglobin metabolism and hormone synthesis. A deficiency in vitamin C leads to scurvy, which is characterized by symptoms like bleeding gums, limb pain, and fractures. Scurvy results from defective collagen formation and is managed by vitamin C supplementation.
Vitamin C plays an essential role in many bodily functions. It acts as a reducing agent and antioxidant, helping to synthesize collagen and aid in iron absorption. A deficiency of vitamin C, known as scurvy, results in fragile blood vessels, bleeding gums, and poor wound healing due to a lack of collagen production. While most land animals can synthesize vitamin C, humans must obtain it through their diet by eating foods like citrus fruits, berries, peppers and leafy greens.
- A 4-year-old boy presented with hematuria, edema, bleeding gums, tooth loss, paleness, and signs of malnutrition. Blood tests revealed low vitamin C and iron levels and low red blood cell count. A skin biopsy showed increased hemosiderin deposits near hair follicles.
- The boy came from a low-income family that subsisted on a sparse diet of hard biscuits and milk.
- Based on the visual signs, history, and test results, the boy was diagnosed with scurvy, which is caused by a vitamin C deficiency and results in a failure to synthesize collagen. Intravenous vitamin C treatment was started and full recovery was expected within two weeks.
Vitamin K exists in three forms - K1, K2, and K3. It is required for blood clotting by facilitating the carboxylation of clotting factors in the liver. Vitamin K deficiency can result in bleeding issues like hemorrhagic disease of the newborn. While vitamin K supports blood clotting, drugs like warfarin are used as oral anticoagulants by inhibiting the action of vitamin K.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
1. VITAMIN C
Gandham. Rajeev
Department of Biochemistry,
Akash Institute of Medical Sciences
& Research Centre,
Devanahalli, Bangalore,
Karnataka, India.
E-Mail: gandhamrajeev33@gmail.com
2.
3. o Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin
o The use of vitamin C in megadoses to cure
everything from common cold to cancer
o Chemically it is known as ascorbic acid
o Ascorbic acid is a hexose derivative & closely
resembles monosaccharide's in structure
o Vitamin C exists in two forms
o L – ascorbic acid (reduces form)
o L – Dehydro ascorbic acid (oxidized form)
4. o The acidic property of vitamin C is due to the
enolic hydroxyl group
o Vitamin C is strong reducing agent
o L – ascorbic acid undergoes oxidation to form
dehydro ascorbic acid & it is reversible reaction
5. o Ascorbic acid & dehydro ascorbic acid are
biologically active
o D – ascorbic acid is biologically inactive
o Ascorbic acid is present in all tissue & plasma as
reduced form
o Oxidation of ascorbic acid is rapid in the presence
of copper
6.
7. o Vitamin C is heat labile
o In the process of cooking about 50% of vitamin
passes to water & 20% is oxidized
o Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid:
o Many animals can synthesize ascorbic acid from
glucose via uronic acid pathway
o Man, other primates, guinea pigs and bats cannot
synthesize ascorbic acid due to deficiency of the
enzyme L – gulonolactone oxidase
8. o It is readily absorbed from stomach & small
intestine
o Storage:
o Only small amounts of vitamin C are stored in the
body (1 gm)
o It is present in the tissues as ascorbic acid &
dehydro ascorbic acid
o Mainly found in retina, adrenal gland, pituitary &
thymus
9. o Ascorbate 2-sulfate is urinary excretary form of
ascorbic acid
o Oxalate is another metabolite & is excreted in
urine
10. o Coenzyme Forms
o Ascorbic acid ( reduced form)
o Dehydro ascorbic acid (oxidized form)
o Involves reversible oxidation – reduction reactions
o Interconversion of ascorbic acid to dehydro
ascorbic acid
11. o Proline hydroxylase:
o Proline hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of
proline on collagen
o Ascorbic acid & ferrous iron are cofactors
o Ascorbic acid is essential to keep the iron in
ferrous form
o It essential for maturation &cross-linking of
collagen
13. o Lysine hydroxylase catalyzes the hydroxylation of
(free
lysine residues present on collagen
lysine is not hydroxylated)
o Ascorbic acid & ferrous iron are cofactors
o Ascorbic acid is essential to keep the iron in ferrous
form
o It essential for maturation &cross-linking of collagen
14. o It is administered after surgery to enhance wound
healing
Lysine
Lysine hydroxylase
Ascorbic acid
(Fe++)
O2
H2O
Succinate
α- Ketoglutarate
Hydroxy lysine
o Hydroxylation occurs after the peptide chain synthesis (post-
translational modifications)
o In vitamin C deficiency, collagen synthesis is defective, delayed
wound healing
15. o In tyrosine catabolism Parahydroxy phenyl-
pyruvate hydroxylase catalyzes the formation of
homogentisic acid form parahydroxy phenyl
pyruvate
o Ascorbic acid is required for this reaction
Parahydroxyphenyl pyruvate
Homogentisic acid
Parahydroxy phenylpyruvate
hydroxylase
Ascorbic acid
(Cu ++)
O2
16. o In catecholamine synthesis Dopamine β oxidase
catalyzes the formation of norepinephrine from
dopamine
o This is essential for synthesis of catecholamines
o Adrenal medulla is rich in vitamin C
Dopamine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine β oxidase
Ascorbic acid
17. o Ferrochelatase catalyzes the formation of heme
from protoporphyrin IX
o Vitamin C is necessary for the incorporation of
Fe++ into protoporphyrin IX to form heme
o Vitamin C keeps the iron in ferrous form
Protoporphyrin IX
Heme
Ferrochelatase
Ascorbic acid , Fe++
18. o In the biosynthesis of bile acids Cholesterol 7 α
– hydroxylase catalyzes the formation of 7 α –
hydroxycholesterol from cholesterol
o In this vitamin C is a cofactor
o It is a rate limiting step in bile acid synthesis
Cholesterol
Cholesterol 7 α
hydroxylase
NADPH + H+
NADP
7 α - hydroxy Cholesterol
Ascorbic acid
19. o Bone tissues possess an organic matrix,
collagen & inorganic calcium & phosphate
o Vitamin C is required for bone formation
o Tryptophan metabolism:
o Ascorbic acid is necessary for the hydroxylation
of tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan
o It is required for the formation of serotonin
20. o Iron metabolism:
o Ascorbic acid increases the iron absorption from
the intestine
o Ascorbic acid reduces ferric iron to ferrous state,
which is commonly absorbed
o Folic acid metabolism:
o Vitamin C needed for the formation of FH4
o In association with FH4, it is involved in
maturation of RBC
21. o Peptide hormone synthesis:
o Hydroxylation of glycine is carried out by
peptidyl glycine hydroxylase which requires
vitamin C
o Steroid synthesis:
o Adrenal gland possesses high levels of ascorbic
acid
o Ascorbic acid is necessary for hydroxylation
reactions in the synthesis of corticosteroid
hormones
22. o Sparing action of other vitamins:
o Ascorbic acid is a strong antioxidant
o It spares vitamin A, E and some B-complex
vitamins from oxidation
o Immunological function:
o Vitamin C increases the synthesis of
immunoglobulins & increases the phagocytic
action of leucocytes
23. o Cataract:
o Vitamin C is concentrated in the lens of eye
o Regular intake of ascorbic acid reduces the risk
of cataract formation
o Anti-oxidant property:
o Vitamin C is an antioxidant
o It reduces the risk of cancer, coronary heart
diseases
24. o Rich sources are fruits & vegetables such as
lemon,oranges, grapes, spinach and tomatoes
o Milk is a poor source of vitamin
60 mg/day
60 mg/day
80 mg/day
o Men
o Women
o Pregnancy
o Lactation 100 mg/day
RDA
25.
26. o Inadequate intake mainly caused by dietary
deficiency
o Impaired absorption is due to intestinal diseases
o Increased demand of vitamin C is seen in
pregnancy, lactation, surgery and burns
o Features:
o The deficiency of ascorbic acid results in scurvy
27. o Infantile scurvy (Barlow’s disease)
o In infants between 6 to 12 months of age, diet
should be supplemented with vitamin C sources
o Hemorrhagic tendency:
o In ascorbic acid deficiency, collagen is abnormal
& the intracellular cement substance is bretile
o So capillaries are fragile, leading to the
tendency to bleed even under minor pressure
28. o Petechial hemorrhages:
o Due to rupture of capillaries, resulting from lack
of intracellular substances
o Ecchymoses or even hematoma in severe
conditions
o Internal bleeding:
o In severe cases, hemorrhage may occur in the
conjunctiva & retina
29.
30. o Oral cavity:
o In severe cases of scurvy, the gums becomes
painful, swollen & spongy
o The pulp is separated from the dentine and
finally teeth are lost
o Wound healing may be delayed
o Bones:
o In the bones, the deficiency results in the failure
of the osteoblasts to form the intracellular
substance, osteoid
31. o Without the normal ground substance, the
deposition of bone is arrested
o The bones become weak and fractures easily
o Hemorrhage into joint cavities
o Vitamin C & vitamin B are essential nutrients to
maintain bone density & bone quality
32. o Anemia
o In vitamin C deficiency deficiency,
normochromic, normocytic (due to bleeding),
megaloblastic ( due to reduced erythropoiesis)
and microcytic hypochromic anemia (due to
impaired iron absorption & impaired heme
synthesis) are seen
o Fatigue, depression, & susceptibility to
infections are associated with vitamin C
deficiency
33. o The beneficial effect of vitamin C is used in the
treatment of TB
o Clinical dose is 500 mg/day
o Vitamin C is recommended for treatment of ulcer,
trauma and burns
o Toxicity of vitamin C:
o Excess vitamin C is excreted, and is not
accumulated in the body
o More than 2000 mg may cause iron over load
36. Harper’s Biochemistry 25th Edition.
Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry by Tietz.
Text Book of Medical Biochemistry-A R Aroor.
Text Book of Biochemistry-DM Vasudevan
Text Book of Biochemistry-MN Chatterjea
Text Book of Biochemistry-Dr.U.Satyanarana