Visual Apparatus
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The visual apparatus contains several anatomical structures that work together to enable sight. These include the orbit, which houses the eyeball and extraocular muscles that control eye movement. The eyeball itself contains the retina, lens, and other structures surrounded by protective layers like the sclera. Nerves like the optic nerve carry visual signals from the eyes to the brain for processing.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune Disease
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Visual Apparatus
- 1. Visual Apparatus By: Maryam Bahrami PhD Student of Anatomical Sciences ,shahid beheshti university August, 2018
- 3. orbit
- 12. levator palpebral superiorus muscle
- 14. Rectus muscle
- 16. Fascial sheath of the eyeball
- 17. Check ligaments
- 18. Eyelids
- 21. conjuctiva
- 23. Lacrimal gland
- 30. Vessels
- 31. veins
- 32. Optic nerve
- 33. Oculomotor nerve
- 36. Trochlear nerve
- 37. Abducent nerve
- 39. Ophtalmic nerve
- 43. Ciliary ganglion