Virtualization abstracts the hardware of a single computer allowing multiple "guest" virtual machines to run simultaneously on a single physical machine. A virtual machine manager (VMM) or hypervisor creates and manages these virtual machines, providing each with a virtual copy of the underlying hardware and isolating them from each other for security. There are four main types of hypervisors - Type 0 and 1 are tightly integrated with hardware while Type 2 runs on a conventional operating system. Paravirtualization modifies guest operating systems to optimize performance. Benefits of virtualization include increased hardware utilization, isolation of virtual machines for security, and live migration between physical servers.

1. Virtualization
 fundamental idea behind a virtual
machine. abstract the hardware of a
single computer.
 CPU, memory, disk drives, network
interface cards.
 “Virtual machine implementations
involve several components.”
Virtual machine manager (VMM) or
hypervisor
 creates and runs virtual machines by
providing interface that is identical to the
host
 (Except in the case of
PARAVIRTUALIZATION)
Guest
 process provided with virtual copy of the
host
Implementation of VMMS
Type 0 hypervisors
 Hardware-based solutions that provide
support for virtual machine creation and
management via firmware
 (Including VMware ESX, Joyent
SmartOS, and Citrix XenServer)
Type 1 hypervisors
 Operating-system-like software built to
provide virtualization
 (Including VMware ESX, Joyent
SmartOS, and Citrix XenServer)
Type 1 hypervisor
 operating systems that provide standard
functions as well as VMM functions
 Microsoft Windows Server with HyperV
and RedHat Linux with KVM
Type 2 hypervisors
 Applications that run on standard
operating systems but provide VMM
features to guest operating systems
 VMware Workstation and Fusion,
Parallels Desktop, and Oracle
VirtualBox
Paravirtualization
 guest operating system is modified to
work in cooperation with the VMM to
optimize performance
Programming-environment virtualization
 VMMs do not virtualize real hardware
but instead create an optimized virtual
system(Used by Oracle Java and
Microsoft.Net)
Emulators
 Allow applications written for one
hardware environment
 hardware environment, such as a
different type of CPU.
Application containment
 Not virtualization at all but rather
provides virtualization
 like features by segregating applications
from the operating system, making them
more secure, manageable (Including
Oracle Solaris Zones, BSD Jails, and
IBM AIX WPARs)
Benefits and Features
 the host system is protected from the
virtual machines, just as the virtual
machines are protected from each other
 virus inside a guest operating system
might damage that operating system but
is unlikely to affect the host or the other
guests
 implementations are the ability to freeze,
or suspend, a running virtual machine.
 VMMs go one step further and allow
copies and snapshots to be made of the
guest
 The guest can then resume where it
was, as if on its original machine,
creating a clone.
 virtual machine system is a perfect
vehicle for operating-system research
and development.
 multiple operating systems can run
concurrently on the developer’s
workstation
 multiple versions of a program can run,
each in its own isolated operating
system, within one system.
 One of the tools that make this possible
is templating, in which one standard
virtual machine image, including an
installed and configured guest operating
system and applications, is saved and
used as a source for multiple running
VMs
 VMMs include a live migration feature
that moves a running guest from one
physical server to another without

2. interrupting its operation or active
network connections