The document explains the instruction set architecture (ISA) as a collection of instructions executed by the CPU, acting as a boundary between software and hardware, with a focus on MIPS instructions types: R-type, I-type, and J-type. It highlights the importance of standardized ISA for software and efficient design in computer systems, particularly through RISC. Additionally, it outlines the five classic components of a computer—input unit, output unit, memory, ALU, and control unit—along with the distinctions between RAM and ROM memory.

1. VI) Instruction set Architecture:-
Instruction set is a collection of the instructions that are executed by the CPU or various
different type of operations are performed in CPU according to this instructions. and it is the part
of the processor that is visible to the compiler writer. It acts as boundary between software and
hardware.And it includes a specification of the set of opcodes, and the native commands.
Instruction set Architecture as Abstract interface:-
The hierarchy of the layers is consisted by the both software and hardware.From the above
layer each lower layer hide the details. The main theme for the abstraction is used for both
hardware and software is complexity of computer systems. One key interface between the levels
of abstraction is the instruction set architrecture. That means the interface between hardware and
low-level software. This abstract interface enables many implementations of varying cost and
performance to run identical software.
MIPS instructions:-
1.R-type instructions
2.I-type instructions
3.J-type instructions
These are the 3-types of MIPS instructions.
R-type instructions means register type instructions. We are using various type of registers to
perform this type of instruction. It is a complex one.
Ex:-R[d]=R[s]+R[t]
I-type instructions are immediate type instructions.
EX:-R[t]=R[s]+(IR15)16 IR15-0.
J-type instructions are jump type instructions.
Ex:-PC<-PC31-28 IR25-0 00
Importance of Standardized ISA:-
Standardized ISA are very important for software. why because it has a high chance to use in
open architecture for industry implementations.and also the main theme is this type ISA provides
modular and simpler instruction set architecture. For example if you take RISC. It is also a
instruction set architecture that was designed to support computer architecture research but it
become a standardized architecture for computer software. because it is simpler and modular. so
more organizations are happy by using this instruction set architrecture.
VII)The computer mainly consists of the five classic components
1.Input unit.
2.Output unit.
3.Memory.

2. 4.ALU
5.Control unit.
1.Input unit:- It is an interaction between the user and the computer which accepts the input
from the user and give it to the computer.
Ex:-Mouse.
2.Output unit:-It is an interaction between the computer and the user which takes the value from
the computer and present it to the user.
Ex:-Monitor
3. Memory:-Memory is used to store the programms.
Ex:-RAM
4.ALU:-All arithmetic and logical operations are performed on the programs by using
Arithmetic and logic unit.
5.Control unit:-Which transfers the control signals to perform the required operations.
VIII. Memory:- The memory is used to store the programs.
They are two types of memorys are there 1.RAM
2.ROM
RAM is temporary memory which are used to store the temporary program.
ROM is a permanent memory which are used to store the permanent program.
RAM memory can be divided into two types 1.Static RAM
2.Dynamic RAM.
Solution
VI) Instruction set Architecture:-
Instruction set is a collection of the instructions that are executed by the CPU or various
different type of operations are performed in CPU according to this instructions. and it is the part
of the processor that is visible to the compiler writer. It acts as boundary between software and
hardware.And it includes a specification of the set of opcodes, and the native commands.
Instruction set Architecture as Abstract interface:-
The hierarchy of the layers is consisted by the both software and hardware.From the above
layer each lower layer hide the details. The main theme for the abstraction is used for both
hardware and software is complexity of computer systems. One key interface between the levels
of abstraction is the instruction set architrecture. That means the interface between hardware and
low-level software. This abstract interface enables many implementations of varying cost and
performance to run identical software.

3. MIPS instructions:-
1.R-type instructions
2.I-type instructions
3.J-type instructions
These are the 3-types of MIPS instructions.
R-type instructions means register type instructions. We are using various type of registers to
perform this type of instruction. It is a complex one.
Ex:-R[d]=R[s]+R[t]
I-type instructions are immediate type instructions.
EX:-R[t]=R[s]+(IR15)16 IR15-0.
J-type instructions are jump type instructions.
Ex:-PC<-PC31-28 IR25-0 00
Importance of Standardized ISA:-
Standardized ISA are very important for software. why because it has a high chance to use in
open architecture for industry implementations.and also the main theme is this type ISA provides
modular and simpler instruction set architecture. For example if you take RISC. It is also a
instruction set architecture that was designed to support computer architecture research but it
become a standardized architecture for computer software. because it is simpler and modular. so
more organizations are happy by using this instruction set architrecture.
VII)The computer mainly consists of the five classic components
1.Input unit.
2.Output unit.
3.Memory.
4.ALU
5.Control unit.
1.Input unit:- It is an interaction between the user and the computer which accepts the input
from the user and give it to the computer.
Ex:-Mouse.
2.Output unit:-It is an interaction between the computer and the user which takes the value from
the computer and present it to the user.
Ex:-Monitor
3. Memory:-Memory is used to store the programms.
Ex:-RAM
4.ALU:-All arithmetic and logical operations are performed on the programs by using
Arithmetic and logic unit.
5.Control unit:-Which transfers the control signals to perform the required operations.

4. VIII. Memory:- The memory is used to store the programs.
They are two types of memorys are there 1.RAM
2.ROM
RAM is temporary memory which are used to store the temporary program.
ROM is a permanent memory which are used to store the permanent program.
RAM memory can be divided into two types 1.Static RAM
2.Dynamic RAM.