Vantech CCTV handbook- Vol.1- ENG.pdf

Technical Handbook
November 2012
Van ech's Copyright reserved
t
Volume 1

CCTV HANDBOOK
Volume 1
Vantech’s Copyright reserved
Nov 2012

Vantech CCTV Handbook
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Volume 1 Page 2
Introduction
CCTV system has become popular today. It has been applied in many
areas, such as ordinary activities like a business of a cloth shop or military where
requires very high security. Besides surveillance function, some highly advanced
techniques are used to make CCTV system become a perfect tool. It can analyse the
images and respond due to circumstances by itself with a very minimum human
assistance.
This handbook is written to provide some basic information about CCTV
systems for the CCTV users as well as some technical issues for technicians. The
information is referred from different sources: articles on the internet, surveillance
books and our experience on doing our projects.
I would like to say many thanks to the authors who shared their knowledge
online, the technicians from our distributors and the Vantech’s R&D team who have
put a lot of effort on writing these handbooks.
Please contact us via emails: nguyenvo@vantech.pro or info@vantech.pro
for more technical support.
Vantech’s Technical Director
Nguyen Vo

Vantech’s R&D [CCTV HANDBOOK]
Volume 1 Page 3
Table of Contents
I. Overview ................................................................................................................................................5
A. Camera........................................................................................................................................5
1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................5
2. Categories.............................................................................................................................5
3. Basic features .......................................................................................................................6
4. How to choose cameras........................................................................................................9
5. Image processing technologies...........................................................................................12
6. FAQs ..................................................................................................................................17
B. Digital Video Recorder (DVR).................................................................................................19
1. Basic information ...............................................................................................................19
2. Important functions ............................................................................................................19
3. Image encoding ..................................................................................................................19
C. CCTV systems ..........................................................................................................................20
1. Analog CCTV system.........................................................................................................20
2. IP CCTV systems. ..............................................................................................................24
3. Hybrid CCTV system.........................................................................................................26
II. How to set up a CCTV system .............................................................................................................27
III. Common problems ...............................................................................................................................28

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Pictures
Picture 1: Dome camera and IR-Dome camera ......................................................................................9
Picture 2: IR-Dome cameras in offices.................................................................................................10
Picture 3: Dome cameras in typical houses ..........................................................................................10
Picture 4: Box camera...........................................................................................................................11
Picture 5: Box camera at hallways, factories........................................................................................11
Picture 6: WeatherProof IR Camera .....................................................................................................11
Picture 7: a speed dome camera............................................................................................................12
Picture 8: speed dome cameras for traffic systems...............................................................................12
Picture 9: BLC Off................................................................................................................................13
Picture 10: BLC On ..............................................................................................................................13
Picture 11: WDR On.............................................................................................................................14
Picture 12: a comparison of different modes. .......................................................................................14
Picture 13: HLC Off..............................................................................................................................15
Picture 14: HLC On ..............................................................................................................................15
Picture 15: ICR operation. ....................................................................................................................16
Picture 16: night view of not true day/night cameras. ..........................................................................16
Picture 17: IR LEDs at night.................................................................................................................17
Picture 18: image compression standards comparison..........................................................................20
Picture 19: simple analog CCTV system. .............................................................................................22
Picture 20: analog CCTV system with VGA card ................................................................................22
Picture 21: analog CCTV system consists of different types of cameras .............................................23
Picture 22: integrated analog CCTV system.........................................................................................24
Picture 23: a typical CCTV system.......................................................................................................25
Picture 24: IP CCTV system with PoE.................................................................................................26
Picture 25: Hybrid CCTV system model ..............................................................................................27

Vantech’s R&D
Volume 1
I. Overview
A. Camera
1. Introduction
Simply cameras are like eyes which can receive images and transfer them to monitors
or storages. A camera is consisted of an optical sensor (which converts light signal to
electrical signal), a DSP (digital signa
2. Categories
a) Types of
This is an old technique of image sensing.
This type of sensor contains many
digital electrical
will result
DSP.
CCD size
give a better image quali
are two popular brands for CCDs
CMOS stands for
CMOS technique is
from 500 to 50000 USD
Generally
analog camera
b) Signal Transmission T
The advantage of this technique is
coaxial cable
when the distance
This type
inconvenient
Introduction
electrical signal), a DSP (digital signal processor) and power supply.
Types of Sensor:
(1) Analog:
is an old technique of image sensing. This type is rarely used nowaday.
(2) CCD (Charge Couple Device):
This type of sensor contains many optical cells to convert
electrical signals. Depends on the colors and light intensity,
will result different voltage levels which will be digitalized before sent to
size is measured by the diagonal length (inches). A larger CCD will
better image quality (Ex: the 1/3” CCD and ¼” CCD)
are two popular brands for CCDs.
(3) CMOS
CMOS stands for complementary metal oxide semiconductor.
technique is popular in megapixel cameras which
from 500 to 50000 USD.
Generally, CCD and CMOS cameras are much more advanced compared to
analog cameras in term of image quality.
Signal Transmission Techniques:
(1) Wired
The advantage of this technique is that signal will be transmitted safely via
l cable C5, 75 Ohm – 1 Vpp. Signal amplifying device
the distance between cameras and DVRs is more than 300 meters.
(2) Wireless
This type can be useful in places that installing cable
inconvenient job. Beside of this advantage, wireless cameras are easy to g
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l processor) and power supply.
arely used nowaday.
convert the light beams to
. Depends on the colors and light intensity, each cell
levels which will be digitalized before sent to
(inches). A larger CCD will
(Ex: the 1/3” CCD and ¼” CCD). Sony and Sharp
tary metal oxide semiconductor.
which are very high cost,
CD and CMOS cameras are much more advanced compared to
transmitted safely via
ying devices may be needed
than 300 meters.
cable is a difficult or
Beside of this advantage, wireless cameras are easy to get

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noise from other
they are using RF
IP camera
via the internet
c) Applications
Dome camera
They are less
which is matched with ceiling
Hidden
of shapes and sizes, and it is not easy to be
have permission to use this
New York,
Box camera
cheap and good in quality. This type of
environment
Pan/Tilt/Zoom camera is widely known under its commercial
camera. It is able
Besides, it can be manually set up to adapt to user needs or connected to a
sensing
An infrared (IR) camera can work well in an absolutely dark environment
the range from 10 to 10
ExView camera can amplify
image quality, but it
3. Basic features
a) Indoor and
Indoor camera
Outdoor camera
other factors
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from other wireless devices such as mobile phones or radio
they are using RF from 1.2 MHz to 2.4 MHz to communicate.
(3) Internet Protocol (IP)
IP cameras are connected directly to the internet that allows user
via the internet for monitoring or controlling.
Applications
(1) Dome Type.
Dome cameras are commonly used indoor with a variety of shapes and sizes.
They are less noticeable than other types by their round shape and the color
which is matched with ceilings.
(2) Hidden Type.
camera as its name is used for disguising purpose
of shapes and sizes, and it is not easy to be recognized. However, you must
permission to use this type of camera. In many places in the world, i.e.
New York, using hidden camera is illegal.
(3) Box Type.
Box cameras are popularly installed in offices or supermarket
cheap and good in quality. This type of camera is put ins
environment effects.
(4) PTZ
Pan/Tilt/Zoom camera is widely known under its commercial
camera. It is able to scan horizontally and vertically and also to zoom in/
system to detect object’s motion in its operation area
(5) IR camera and ExView camera
An infrared (IR) camera can work well in an absolutely dark environment
the range from 10 to 100 meters up to the power of IR LED
ExView camera can amplify the brightness in a dark environment to increase
image quality, but it cannot work in an environment that is absolutely dark
Basic features
Indoor and outdoor camera
Indoor cameras are for houses, apartments, offices or halls.
Outdoor cameras can stand enviroment effects such as humidity, water, dust or
therefore they can be installed in the gardens or on the streets etc
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devices such as mobile phones or radio because
to communicate.
allows users to access
commonly used indoor with a variety of shapes and sizes.
noticeable than other types by their round shape and the color
is used for disguising purposes with a large range
. However, you must
of camera. In many places in the world, i.e.
or supermarkets. They are
camera is put inside a box to avoid
Pan/Tilt/Zoom camera is widely known under its commercial name PTZ
vertically and also to zoom in/out.
’s motion in its operation area.
An infrared (IR) camera can work well in an absolutely dark environment in
LEDs.
in a dark environment to increase
that is absolutely dark.
ffects such as humidity, water, dust or
on the streets etc.

Vantech’s R&D
Volume 1
b) Infrared (IR)
In daytime, IR camera
time when light is weak, IR
start working in IR mode. The image in IR m
LEDs consume some power
types.
IR specification
- IR LED:
- VISIBLE DISTANCE
dark in IR mo
- POWER COMSUMPTION: the maximum power that IR LEDs consume
when they are on.
- LED ANGLE:
and 60 degrees.
When using LEDs, the compatibility of LED angle and lens focus should be
noticed. Ther
that can reduce the
There are 3 types of LED:
- Round LED: typical type, high power consumption, low efficiency, short
distance.
- High Power LED: high power consumption and lon
- 3rd
generation LED: energy saving and long distance IR emission.
c) Image quality
Here are some factors that affect directly to image quality
Image quality depends very much on sensor size. For instance,
sensor gives the better quality images than the ¼
Currently, Sony chipsets ar
than others and give better quality images.
A higher resolution
TV Lines is acc
In digital cameras, a larger number of total pixels will result
image. Higher quality of the image requires a larger image size, and occupies
more in st
508 (V) while the number of total pixels in PAL is often 795
Infrared (IR)
In daytime, IR cameras work exactly the same as typical cameras, and in the night
time when light is weak, IR LEDs are automatically turned on and the camera
start working in IR mode. The image in IR mode is always black and white.
consume some power, IR cameras need higher supplying power than other
IR specifications:
IR LED: The number of infrared LED
VISIBLE DISTANCE AT: The distance range that the camera can “see” in
IR mode.
POWER COMSUMPTION: the maximum power that IR LEDs consume
when they are on.
LED ANGLE: The radiation angles of LEDs, there are two types: 45 degrees
and 60 degrees.
There are some cases such as the LEDs are not far or wide enough as lens
that can reduce the camera view.
There are 3 types of LED:
Round LED: typical type, high power consumption, low efficiency, short
distance.
High Power LED: high power consumption and long distance IR emission.
ration LED: energy saving and long distance IR emission.
Image quality
Here are some factors that affect directly to image quality.
(1) Image Sensor
Image quality depends very much on sensor size. For instance,
sor gives the better quality images than the ¼ inche one.
Currently, Sony chipsets are considered as the best. They are more expensive
than others and give better quality images.
(2) Resolution
higher resolution will result a better image quality. The resol
TV Lines is acceptable in most of typical applications.
(3) CCD Total Pixels
In digital cameras, a larger number of total pixels will result
more in storage as well as data bandwidth. For NTSC it is usually 811
(V) while the number of total pixels in PAL is often 795
Page 7
exactly the same as typical cameras, and in the night
s are automatically turned on and the cameras
ode is always black and white. As IR
need higher supplying power than other
t the camera can “see” in
POWER COMSUMPTION: the maximum power that IR LEDs consume
The radiation angles of LEDs, there are two types: 45 degrees
e are some cases such as the LEDs are not far or wide enough as lens
Round LED: typical type, high power consumption, low efficiency, short
g distance IR emission.
ration LED: energy saving and long distance IR emission.
Image quality depends very much on sensor size. For instance, the 1/3 inch
inche one.
. They are more expensive
better image quality. The resolution at 480
In digital cameras, a larger number of total pixels will result a better quality
. For NTSC it is usually 811 (H) x
(V) while the number of total pixels in PAL is often 795 (H) x 596 (V).

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Volume 1
d) Operation conditions
It is measured by Lux.
illumination
+
+
+
+
+
To adjust the amount of light to the sens
This type of lens can be applied in the environment that light varies in a large
range.
Most of cameras are using 12
VAC, they need adaptors 220 VAC
supply should be able to supply a higher power than what cameras require.
For example, if a camera withdraws a power as 1000 mA, its adaptors should
be 1000 mA or
the capac
inviduals. There are some designs that the adaptors already put inside
cameras, therefore they are able to connect directly to 220 VAC source.
Typical types
temperature varies
special conditions such as high temperature or hazard environment
The operating
designed to operate properly in
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Operation conditions
(1) Minimum Illumination
easured by Lux. A camera cannot work properly
llumination without IR LEDs. The following are some reference values
Sunlight: 32000 Lux – 130000 Lux
Cloudy day: 1000 Lux
Office lamps: 320 Lux – 500 Lux
Hallway lamps: 80 Lux
Moonless night: 0.0001 Lux
To adjust the amount of light to the sensor, cameras can use Auto Iris
(2) Power Supply
of cameras are using 12 VDC power source. To connect directly to 220
VAC, they need adaptors 220 VAC – 12 VDC. Besides voltage, the power
be 1000 mA or higher. If there are many cameras connected to
the capacity of this adaptor should be equal or higher than total currents of
(3) Operating Temperature
Typical types of cameras can operate properly in environment
rature varies from -10o
C – 50o
C. Specialized cameras
special conditions such as high temperature or hazard environment
(4) Operating Humidity
The operating humidity will affect on chipset operation. Cameras are usually
designed to operate properly in 85% RH (Relative Humidity)
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Page 8
properly under the minimum
. The following are some reference values:
can use Auto Iris lens.
To connect directly to 220
ides voltage, the power
connected to one adaptor,
than total currents of
in environment that
. Specialized cameras are designed for
special conditions such as high temperature or hazard environment.
affect on chipset operation. Cameras are usually
Relative Humidity).

Vantech’s R&D
Volume 1
e) Viewing lens
Viewing lens
focus (f). The below table could be used
4. How to choose
a) Dome camera
Dome cameras are
etc. Dome camera
space savings.
Dome Camera
2.8
3.6
16 mm
Viewing lens angles
Viewing lens angles are not usually mentioned in technical specification
. The below table could be used for conversion.
How to choose cameras
Dome cameras
are suitable for indoor use such installing at houses
etc. Dome cameras are usually chosen because of its aesthetics, convenience and
Dome Camera IR Dome Camera
Picture 1: Dome camera and IR-Dome camera
Focus Horizontal Angle Vertical Angle
2.8 mm 81o
12 65o
28
3.6 mm 61o
55 48o
25
4 mm 43o
36 33o
23
6 mm 33o
23 25o
21
8 mm 21o
04 16o
23
16 mm 17o
03 12o
50
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specifications but the
indoor use such installing at houses, offices, hallways,
aesthetics, convenience and
IR Dome Camera
Vertical Angle

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Volume 1 Page 10
Picture 2: IR-Dome cameras in offices
Picture 3: Dome cameras in typical houses
b) Box cameras
Box cameras are suitable for indoor and outdoor uses such as houses, offices,
factories, etc.

Vantech’s R&D
Volume 1
c) PTZ camera
PTZ cameras are
parks, streets, airports or receptionist areas in buildings. The advantages of PTZ
cameras are they can view in very large angles in different scales. Furthermore, they
can be programmed to operate automatically or can combine with some h
processing techniques to track or analyse suspicious objects.
Picture 4: Box camera
Picture 5: Box camera at hallways, factories.
Picture 6: WeatherProof IR Camera
PTZ cameras
are suitable for monitoring for large areas such as har
can be programmed to operate automatically or can combine with some h
techniques to track or analyse suspicious objects.
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monitoring for large areas such as harbours, factories,
can be programmed to operate automatically or can combine with some high image

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Volume 1
5. Image processing
When you design a sur
important thing is you need to know how to choose the suitable cameras through their
features. Some image processing technologies are introduced below:
a) Light compensation
Automatic gain control
cameras
appropriate level for a range of input signal levels. For example, without
AGC the
extent from a weak to a strong si
strong and raises it
an unreal image therefore it should be used wisely.
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Picture 7: a speed dome camera
Picture 8: speed dome cameras for traffic systems
Image processing technologies
When you design a surveillance system following with a monitoring purpose, the
Light compensation
(1) Automatic gain control (AGC)
Automatic gain control (AGC) is an adaptive system used
s. The average output signal level is fed back to a
AGC the light illumination received by cameras would vary an extreme
extent from a weak to a strong signal; the AGC will reduces
strong and raises it if it is weak. In some cases, using this feature will result
an unreal image therefore it should be used wisely.
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veillance system following with a monitoring purpose, the
used in many CCTV
to adjust the gain to an
would vary an extreme
reduces the signal if it is
In some cases, using this feature will result

Volume 1 Page 13
(2) Backlight Compensation (BLC)
When a light source is behind the monitored objects, they would normally
appear in silhouette. BLC allows the camera to adjust the exposure of the
entire image to properly expose the subject in the foreground.
Picture 9: BLC Off
Picture 10: BLC On
(3) Wide Dynamic Range (WDR)
BLC feature cannot work well in conditions where bright and dark areas
appear simultaneously. In this case, if dark areas are adjusted to be brighter,

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Volume 1 Page 14
the bright areas will get exceeded. WDR feature should be used in this case.
It will adjust dark areas to be brighter and also bring too bright areas to be
more comfortable to see. This feature should be turned on when a camera is
installed to point out the windows or doors etc.
Picture 11: WDR On.
Picture 12: a comparison of different modes.
The BLC and WDR functions are usually used to monitor entrance area or
too bright places that cluster significant bright and dark areas.
b) Highlight Compensation (HLC)
Highlight Compensation (HLC) feature is used when the monitored objects
are next to or behind very strong light sources. For example, a car number
plate is next to the car lamps. The light sources are covered partly or fully
when this feature is turn on. So the details will be seen more clearly. Picture
13 and Picture 14 are examples of HLC off and on respectively. The number
plate can be seeing clearly when HLC is on.

Volume 1 Page 15
Picture 13: HLC Off
Picture 14: HLC On
c) Day/Night cameras
(1) Camera True Day/Night:
Day/Night Cameras are able to observe in daylight and at night time. This
type can use an ICR (Infrared Cut Removal) to improve camera performance
in daytime. When light condition turns poor, the ICR automatically removes
and the camera can receive the IR (infrared) beam therefore it is able to see in
the dark.

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Volume 1 Page 16
Picture 15: ICR operation.
(2) NOT True Day/Night Cameras:
Not like True Day/Night cameras, Not True Day / Night Minimum
Illuminations in color mode (Color) and in black/white (B / W) are similar.
Not True Day/Night type has fixed IR Filter which cannot be removed in any
light conditions. Therefore the image quality of this type in day time is very
good, but at night time, without IR support, the image is not so clean (see
picture 16).
Picture 16: night view of not true day/night cameras.
(3) IR Cameras:
This type of cameras is popular in surveillance systems. To be able to see at
night time, IR LEDs will be used as light sources (picture 17) and the images
received are in black and white. The numbers of LEDs or types of LEDs
define how bright and how far the LEDs can be. Depends on distance of
LEDs, IR cameras can be categorized into 3 types: near IR, medium IR and
far IR which are defined as 0-30m, 40-60m and over 80m respectively.

Vantech’s R&D
Volume 1
There are some techniques for controlling IR LEDs. The new
control tends to save energy
compensation technique in which illumination of LEDs is depended on
brightness of the environment.
6. FAQs
a) IP or Analog
Currently, analog CCTV system is
consisted of at least 4 cameras. An analog c
whilst price of an IP camera with the same image quality ranges from 120
160 USD.
Besides, an analog camera has feartures such
usually much cheaper than an IP one
solution is intergrating an ana
analog signal to digital signal.
Although you may not need to monitor remotely via the internet, you should equip
a DVR to view, record, and replay image recorded by cameras.
If the internet is alrea
somewhat lower cost
analog system.
Bandwidth is an important factor to be considered
CCTV system. Usually
high-quality images but cost
CCTV system with DVR also needs a correlative bandwit
There are some techniques for controlling IR LEDs. The new
tends to save energy consumption and extent the life time of LEDs
htness of the environment.
Picture 17: IR LEDs at night
IP or Analog?
Currently, analog CCTV system is still less costly than an IP CCTV system
onsisted of at least 4 cameras. An analog camera is about 40
price of an IP camera with the same image quality ranges from 120
Besides, an analog camera has feartures such as varifocal, HLC, IR
much cheaper than an IP one which has the same features
ution is intergrating an analog camera with a Video Server device
analog signal to digital signal.
the internet is already available in your place, setting up an
somewhat lower cost because you do not need to set up a cable system
analog system.
Bandwidth is an important factor to be considered seriously when
TV system. Usually IP cameras with high resolution (several megapixels) give
quality images but cost plenty of bandwidth and HDD space.
CCTV system with DVR also needs a correlative bandwitdth; however, all data is
Page 17
There are some techniques for controlling IR LEDs. The newest intelligent IR
and extent the life time of LEDs by
than an IP CCTV system if it is
amera is about 40 USD - 70 USD
price of an IP camera with the same image quality ranges from 120 USD to
s varifocal, HLC, IR or ICR etc is
which has the same features. An alternative
log camera with a Video Server device to convert
an IP camera system is
set up a cable system like in
seriously when installing a
IP cameras with high resolution (several megapixels) give
plenty of bandwidth and HDD space. An analog
h; however, all data is

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Volume 1 Page 18
transmitted on the same connection. For example, CIF resolution, MPEG 4
algorithm and 30 fps require a bandwidth of 720 Kbps. Therefore for 100 cameras,
the required bandwidth should be more than 72 Mbps. It is not recommended if
computer systems use the same LAN with cameras’.
b) Which type of camera provides better quality?
IP cameras are much better analog cameras in term of image quality. An analog
camera provides a resolution about 0.4 megapixels while an IP camera can have
an up-to 5 megapixel resolution. Usually IP cameras are installed in banks,
government buildings, casinos etc where demand high security and precise
analysis.
IP cameras are also better when using wirelessly because they are already high
security and not interfered by other signals.
c) Which type of camera is easier to set up?
An analog system may be easier to config while an IP system requires some IT
knowledge to assign IP address for each camera, open router port, etc. For
accessing remotely via the internet, it is simpler for analog systems when users
just need to access the DVR instead of accessing each camera separately.
d) About wireless application
Wireless analog cameras transmit data via RF which is easy to get disturbance by
mobile phones wave or electrical devices. IP cameras are better in this application
because digital signals are protected from others electronic devices.
e) When should an IP camera be used?
An IP camera system is recommended in places that already have IT infrastructure
and users want to monitor remotely in many places, or places is difficult to set up
a cable system rather than a wireless system.
For a large system, you can also install an analog system with several DVRs to
save the money. However, some advanced feartures are not available as in IP
system.
Another solution is to combine analog and IP cameras in the same system to make
use of full advantages of each type. This kind of system is known as hybrid
systems.

Vantech’s R&D
Volume 1
B. Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
1. Basic information
DVRs are used in CCTV systems mainly for image recording and storing. Beside
can do some other functions.
2. Important functions
- Remote access: allow users to access DVRs via internet.
- Audio: allow users to use DVRs as audio transmission system.
- RS 485 protocol: allow users to control PTZ cameras.
- Alarm system: allow users to s
3. Image encoding
Most of current DVRs
quality video but
H.264 are M-JPEG
Experts Group)
a) M-
M-JPEG collects
compress the
resolution without
used popularly
- Advantages:
quality
- Disadvantages:
requi
the internet.
b) MPEG
MPEG-4 uses
compressing
storage, MPEG
images to record
Digital Video Recorder (DVR)
Basic information
DVRs are used in CCTV systems mainly for image recording and storing. Beside
can do some other functions.
Important functions
Remote access: allow users to access DVRs via internet.
Audio: allow users to use DVRs as audio transmission system.
RS 485 protocol: allow users to control PTZ cameras.
Alarm system: allow users to set up a simple alarm system.
Image encoding
DVRs support H.264 image compressing standard.
does not take too much space of storage. Prior to
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) and MPEG
-JPEG:
collects JPEG images to create image series then appl
the image series into video files. M-JPEG focuses on
without concerning about number of images per second;
ly in most of high resolution IP cameras.
Advantages: support to uncompress on computer; suppo
quality image.
Disadvantages: does not support image and sound
requires large amount of storage and high bandwidth
internet.
MPEG-4:
uses the same technique as M-JPEG, collecting MPEG
into video file by several algorithms. In order
MPEG-4 reduce the number of images by comparing
record the different parts only.
Page 19
DVRs are used in CCTV systems mainly for image recording and storing. Besides they
Remote access: allow users to access DVRs via internet.
Audio: allow users to use DVRs as audio transmission system.
et up a simple alarm system.
standard. It can record high
to the development of
MPEG-4 (Moving Picture
applies algorithms to
on image quality and
second; therefore it is
supports realtime high
sound synchronization;
bandwidth to transmit data in
MPEG-4 images and
to reduce amount of
comparing 2 consecutive

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- Advantages: compresses images better than M-JPEG; supports image and
sound synchronization; supports monitoring in realtime; able to design for
using in low bandwidth conditions.
- Disadvantages: the image quality is significantly lower than that of M-
JPEG; supports several types of camera.
c) H.264:
H.264 is another name of MPEG-10 Part-4, as known as AVC (Advanced Video
Coding). Similar to MPEG-4, H.264 just record the changes on images but more
flexibly. It compresses images and reduces space of storage while still keeps
images in high quality by using a modern algorithm. H.264 supports image and
quality synchronization and effectively supports realtime monitoring.
The below picture is a comparision of using M-JPEG, MPEG-4 and H.264
respectively.
Picture 18: image compression standards comparison.
C. CCTV systems
1. Analog CCTV system
a) Components
Cameras are basic devices in a CCTV system. There is a variety of analog camera
types such as fixed cameras, day/night cameras, or PTZ cameras etc.
Monitor is a device that is similar to a television but higher resolution. A monitor
can display images from one or multi cameras simultaneously.
Coaxial cable is used to transmit video signal.
DVRs are used to take full advantages of system set up via the internet. DVRs
convert analog signals to digital for storing, retrieving and monitoring remotely.

Volume 1 Page 21
b) Operating principle
The analog video signal is transmitted from the camera to the DVR by coaxial
cable. The DVR can convert analog to digital signal in order to compress and
storage in HDDs.
Modern DVRs are intergrated several advanced feartures such as schedule
recording time, motion detect, digital zoom etc. Users can see the images on the
DVR via a monitor connected directly to the DVR or by accessing to the DVR IP
on the internet if the DVR is being connected to the internet. While transmitting
data on the internet, the video signal of all cameras is transmitted via the same
connection (one IP address). This can save a lot of bandwidth.
c) Advantages of Analog to IP solution
Low initial cost: an analog CCTV system is cheaper than an IP CCTV system in
most cases.
High compability: easy to connect different cameras and monitoring devices
brands.
Analog cameras are better than IP cameras in cases of low illumination of light.
d) Disadvantages of Analog to IP solution
High cabling cost when setting up a wide area system, leading to the high cost of
entire system.
Limited application functions: difficult to integrate advanced feartures which are
quite popular in IP camera system such as megapixel resolution, digital zoom or
data analysis.
e) Analog CCTV system structures.
(1) Analog CCTV system with DVR
The system consists of a camera, a DVR (with HDDs), power supply and a
monitor (Picture 19)
Image signal is transmitted from the camera to the DVR for storing and
displaying on the monitor via AV port or computer via VGA port.

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Volume 1 Page 22
Picture 19: simple analog CCTV system.
(2) Analog CCTV system with VGA card.
The system consists of a camera, a VGA card, power supply and a computer
(Picture. 20).
Image signal is transmitted from camera to VGA card installed in computer.
Software is set up in the computer to display the image and store data.
Picture 20: analog CCTV system with VGA card
DVR
ADAPTOR
Electrical
Wire
Coaxial
Cable
VIDEO CARD
ADAPTOR
Electrical
Wire
Coaxial
Cable

Volume 1 Page 23
(3) Multi-camera system.
The system consists of many type of cameras (box camera, dome camera, IR
camera, etc.) connected to a control center using DVR or VGA (Picture. 21)
There are many types of DVR such as 4-channel, 8-channel, 16-channel and
32-channel’s.
There are many types of VGA card too such as 1, 4, 8 and 16 channels’ or
they can combine to each other to be 24 channels or 32 channels.
Picture 21: analog CCTV system consists of different types of cameras
(4) Integrated analog CCTV system.
The system consists of not only typical cameras but also specialized one
(such as PTZ cameras) and other devices (such as scanners) connected to a
keyboard. Besides, alarms devices such as solenoid contacts, IR sensors,
alarm lights, sirens, etc. are also integrated.
The system uses DVRs or VGA cards to connect to the internet that users can
monitor in realtime via computers or smartphones.
Coaxial Cable
Electrical Wire
ADAPTOR
Electrical Wire
Electrical Wire
Electrical Wire
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable
Coaxial Cable
DVR

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Volume 1 Page 24
Picture 22: integrated analog CCTV system.
2. IP CCTV systems.
a) Components
An IP camera system can include many types of devices such as IP cameras, video
encoders and management software or other network devices such as servers,
storage devices and all standard IT devices.
b) Operation principle
In the network, each IP camera converts images into digital signal by itself. Image
processes such as data compression, motion detection etc. are also completed
inside the DSP of the camera. Digital output signal is transmitted over IP network
with Ethernet standard via Cat 5 cable. The power for IP cameras is supplied
directly or via PoE (Power over Ethernet). IP cameras are connected to Hubs,
Switches or Routers of the LAN network in which parameters such as IP, gateway
are appropriately configured.
IP cameras are usually accompanied with software to process and manage images
from IP cameras such as reviewing, recording or replaying.
An IP camera transmits data over the internet in the same way as a DVR does.
However, each IP camera has its own data connection and IP. Users can choose to
view image from one camera by accessing to its IP or from several cameras on a
monitor screen via software. This is a flexible feature of IP cameras and the
difference between IP cameras and analog cameras in term of remote monitoring.
ADAPTOR
Electrical Wire
Coaxial Cable
DVR

Volume 1 Page 25
c) Advantages
− Motion detect function allows the system to notify users, capture
images besides other functions such as scheduling record time or
searching recorded videos.
− IP cameras can view in the absolutely dark area with IR LED
support.
− Input/output ports with integrated RS-485 standard allow the
system to connect with alarm devices.
− A simple cable system, with only one Cat 5 or Cat 6 cable via a
PoE (Power over Ethernet) to connect to the DVR.
− Image display can be in different standards: SD, HD or Full HD
(720P, 1080P).
d) Disadvantages
- Too expensive compared to an analog system
- Complicated to set up and IT skill is required.
e) IP CCTV system samples
(1) Typical IP CCTV system.
The system uses a Network Video Recorder (NVR) to storage images from
IP cameras. Users can control cameras, set up recording mode or save
recorded images remotely by using computers.
The system allows user to monitor via IP addresses. Each user will be
allocated a username and a password.
Picture 23: a typical CCTV system

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Volume 1 Page 26
(2) IP CCTV system with PoE (Power over Ethernet)
The system uses RJ45 cable to provide electricity power so that a separate
power supply is not required.
The system is neat and cheap but requires Switch or Hub that supports PoE.
(Picture 24)
Picture 24: IP CCTV system with PoE
3. Hybrid CCTV system
This is a combination of IP and Analog CCTV systems.
Advantages
+ Easy to expand
+ Easy to set up a large system
+ Able to use wireless devices.
The system uses Hybrid DVRs (Picture 25).

Volume 1 Page 27
Picture 25: Hybrid CCTV system model
II. How to set up a CCTV system
There are many factors affecting on the design for a CCTV system. Basically, it
depends on:
- Budgets.
- New or upgrading system.
- Technical requirements.
In this section, we would like to discuss about the most common and basic solution
for designing and implementing a CCTV system.
Step 1: getting general knowledge about designing a CCTV system.
Understand CCTV device features and how they corporate in a
system.
Understand how to use and operate each device.
Step 2: designing a CCTV system
Implementing condition review:
- Enviroment factors (temperature, humidity, dust conditions,
electromagnetic, light condition etc), installing location
(indoor/outdoor, ceilings/wall etc), new system/upgrading
system.
- System requirements: mostly from the customer’s side, the
designers need to interpret to technical requirements.

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Volume 1 Page 28
- Analysis and evaluation: to choose the suitable devices
within budget.
- Problem anticipation: to prevent unexpected situations that
may happen.
Project designing:
- Type of systems: choose appropriate structure based on
budget, technical requirements, installing locations and
existing system.
- Cabling system: design video cabling system, power supply
and control wiring system.
- Select types of camera based on surveillance purposes
(indoor/outdoor, zooming/fixed, PTZ/non PTZ etc).
- Choose type of cable, type of electrical and signal wires to
be suitable with distance and environment.
- Calculate the cost.
- Compare and make decisions on several options.
- Design auxiliary systems: lighting protection, power backup
system.
Step 3: implementation planning
Prepare all the devices for the system and control room.
Run video cables and power supply lines.
Install devices and connect them to control room.
Set up, configure and operate the system.
Step 4: system testing
Normal operation check.
Operation Stability checks.
Hand over with operation handbook.
Step 5: system maintaining scheduling
System maintaining plan.
Errors occurring when system operates.
Sytem Upgrading.
III.Common problems
During setting up the system, there are some troubles may happen. Some technical
issues are listed below with the suggested solutions.
A. Signal Loss
1. Phenomenon: cannot see images on monitor after connecting the cameras, black
screen or discontinuous image streams.
2. Possibilities:
- Camera adaptor failed on or some problems may occur on power supply.
- Signal wires are broken so cannot send video back to monitors.

Vantech’s RD [CCTV HANDBOOK]
Volume 1 Page 29
- Weak contact on terminals between transmission lines and signal wires can
make images flicker.
- Camera hardware failure or DVRs’ problems.
3. Solutions:
- Recheck power supply by VOM.
- Recheck signal wires by testing with new cameras or measure by VOM.
- Make sure that connection is proper, test with good cameras to find out
whether the contact or wire gets problem.
- After checking all and there is still no signal or images on the monitor, the
errors will be on the camera, DVR or monitor. In this case, cameras, DVRs or
monitors need to be checked carefully.
B. Errors on DVRs and Internet Problems.
1. Phenomenon: cannot see images from DVR, not enough channels, cannot record,
cannot connect to the network…
2. Possibilities:
- DVR’s adaptor is failed.
- Connection between cameras and channel connector is not proper.
- Failed HDDs can hang DVRs.
- Mainboard may be covered by dust or water; DVRs work with unstable
power sources or in high temperature environment or get affected by other
devices.
- Problem can occur in network or hub, or router.
- User settings are not correct or firmware is error.
3. Solutions:
- Measure power source by VOM to make sure its output is correct and stable.
- Check the connection to DVRs and from DVRs to monitors.
- Notice the compatibility of HDDs used with the DVRs. Make sure that the
HDDs have been formatted before used and the connection is correct.
- Locate the DVR on a dry, clean and airy place without any electromagnetic
effects.
- Check carefully whether the internet is good.
- Read the manual carefully, check the firmware by checking other DVRs
whether they get the same problem.
These errors are complicated to check out the reasons. To avoid or reduce them, you
should follow exactly user’s manuals or installation guides. In some cases, you
should get support from your manufacturers.
C. Signal Disturbance (Noise)

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Volume 1 Page 30
1. Phenomenon: blur images, black/white spots, overbright images, wavy (rolling)
screen.
2. Possibilities:
- Too far distance between cameras and monitors, low quality cables, non
magnetic shield cables, too many connectors.
- Running video cables in the same trunking with power lines.
- Running cables though or near power stations.
- Unstable power supply or voltage drop when using the same power source
with motors, welding machines…
- Some other factors such as noise (sound), vibration, weather conditions
(wind, rain), weak connection etc…
3. Solutions:
- The longest distance for running cable should be less than 300 m. Some
signal amplifying devices such as baluns or orther signal converters should be
used for further distance.
- Video cables, control wires or low voltage signal lines should be run
separately with power lines.
- Supply high quality power sources to ensure lifetime of products.
- Reduce the effects from environment to your surveillance system by using
the right products at right places, connecting properly and installing firmly.

Vantech CCTV handbook- Vol.1- ENG.pdf

Vantech CCTV handbook- Vol.1- ENG.pdf

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Vantech CCTV handbook- Vol.1- ENG.pdf