This document summarizes research on the value premium - the tendency for stocks with value characteristics like low price-to-book ratios to outperform growth stocks over the long run. It discusses several potential explanations for the value premium proposed in academic literature, including that investors extrapolate past growth too far into the future for growth stocks and are surprised by mean reversion for value stocks. The document also reviews evidence that investors predict near-term earnings accurately but overestimate longer-term growth, and that value stocks experience positive earnings surprises while growth stocks see negative surprises.
The document discusses various technical, fundamental, and seasonal factors for measuring change in the stock market to identify investment opportunities. It outlines metrics for analyzing short-term momentum, long-term trends, earnings momentum, insider buying, short interest, price-earnings ratios, and seasonality to help portfolio managers save time, beat their peer group, and grow assets under management while improving investors' returns.
The document discusses strategies for creating an investment portfolio based on Nobel Prize-winning academic research. It recommends structuring portfolios to take advantage of factors like company size, relative price, and profitability that have been shown to increase returns. Specifically, it suggests investing more in small and value stocks, as both have higher returns than large or growth stocks over the long run. The document also provides examples of model portfolios that diversify across global stock and bond index funds targeting these factors.
We test whether and how equity overvaluation affects corporate financing decisions using an ex ante misvaluation measure that filters firm scale and growth prospects from market price. We find that equity issuance and total financing increase with equity overvaluation; but only among overvalued stocks; and that equity issuance is more sensitive than debt issuance to misvaluation. Consistent with managers catering to maintain overvaluation and with investment scale economy effects, the sensitivity of equity issuance and total financing to misvaluation is stronger among firms with potential growth opportunities (low book-to-market, high R&D, or small size) and high share turnover.
Avant garde wealth mgmt - Quarterly letter - 1306Gaurav Jalan
The document summarizes the analysis of a basket of 251 Indian consumer companies by Avant Garde Wealth Management. It finds that while consumer stocks have strong earnings growth and return on equity, their valuations are currently at historic highs relative to earnings. Historically, high valuations for consumer stocks have coincided with weaker future returns despite ongoing earnings growth. The document also discusses the impact of the US Federal Reserve's comments about tapering quantitative easing, which caused short-term turmoil in global asset markets. It questions whether the Fed will actually be able to normalize monetary policy and raise interest rates given its enormous balance sheet.
The document discusses various ways to estimate growth rates for earnings, revenues, and operating income. It explores using historical growth rates, analyst estimates, and fundamentals-based approaches. The fundamentals-based approaches estimate growth based on reinvestment rates and returns on capital/equity. They note growth rates depend upon changing returns over time and how negative earnings, changing margins, and size effects are incorporated into the estimates.
The document discusses market volatility and strategies for dealing with it. It defines volatility, looks at historical volatility levels, and discusses how volatility affects investors. It then outlines the wealth management group's strategies, which include repositioning portfolios to focus on quality income assets, employing strategies to dampen volatility, and ensuring portfolios align with clients' goals and risk tolerance.
The document discusses various topics related to financial markets and interest rates, including different types of financial markets and institutions, how capital is transferred between savers and borrowers, factors that affect interest rates such as production opportunities and inflation, and risks associated with investing overseas such as country risk and exchange rate risk.
The Cross Section of Realized Stock Returns: The Pre-COMPUSTAT EvidenceSudarshan Kadariya
This study analyzed the explanatory power of various financial variables on the cross-sectional variation in stock returns between 1940-1960 using data from Moody's Industrial Manuals and CRSP. The study found:
1) Book-to-market equity, earnings yield, and cash flow yield had significant explanatory power for predicting subsequent stock returns, especially in January.
2) There was a strong seasonal effect, with these variables exhibiting stronger predictive ability for returns in January than the rest of the year.
3) Other variables like historical beta, firm size, and sales growth had weaker or insignificant ability to explain cross-sectional differences in returns.
The document discusses various technical, fundamental, and seasonal factors for measuring change in the stock market to identify investment opportunities. It outlines metrics for analyzing short-term momentum, long-term trends, earnings momentum, insider buying, short interest, price-earnings ratios, and seasonality to help portfolio managers save time, beat their peer group, and grow assets under management while improving investors' returns.
The document discusses strategies for creating an investment portfolio based on Nobel Prize-winning academic research. It recommends structuring portfolios to take advantage of factors like company size, relative price, and profitability that have been shown to increase returns. Specifically, it suggests investing more in small and value stocks, as both have higher returns than large or growth stocks over the long run. The document also provides examples of model portfolios that diversify across global stock and bond index funds targeting these factors.
We test whether and how equity overvaluation affects corporate financing decisions using an ex ante misvaluation measure that filters firm scale and growth prospects from market price. We find that equity issuance and total financing increase with equity overvaluation; but only among overvalued stocks; and that equity issuance is more sensitive than debt issuance to misvaluation. Consistent with managers catering to maintain overvaluation and with investment scale economy effects, the sensitivity of equity issuance and total financing to misvaluation is stronger among firms with potential growth opportunities (low book-to-market, high R&D, or small size) and high share turnover.
Avant garde wealth mgmt - Quarterly letter - 1306Gaurav Jalan
The document summarizes the analysis of a basket of 251 Indian consumer companies by Avant Garde Wealth Management. It finds that while consumer stocks have strong earnings growth and return on equity, their valuations are currently at historic highs relative to earnings. Historically, high valuations for consumer stocks have coincided with weaker future returns despite ongoing earnings growth. The document also discusses the impact of the US Federal Reserve's comments about tapering quantitative easing, which caused short-term turmoil in global asset markets. It questions whether the Fed will actually be able to normalize monetary policy and raise interest rates given its enormous balance sheet.
The document discusses various ways to estimate growth rates for earnings, revenues, and operating income. It explores using historical growth rates, analyst estimates, and fundamentals-based approaches. The fundamentals-based approaches estimate growth based on reinvestment rates and returns on capital/equity. They note growth rates depend upon changing returns over time and how negative earnings, changing margins, and size effects are incorporated into the estimates.
The document discusses market volatility and strategies for dealing with it. It defines volatility, looks at historical volatility levels, and discusses how volatility affects investors. It then outlines the wealth management group's strategies, which include repositioning portfolios to focus on quality income assets, employing strategies to dampen volatility, and ensuring portfolios align with clients' goals and risk tolerance.
The document discusses various topics related to financial markets and interest rates, including different types of financial markets and institutions, how capital is transferred between savers and borrowers, factors that affect interest rates such as production opportunities and inflation, and risks associated with investing overseas such as country risk and exchange rate risk.
The Cross Section of Realized Stock Returns: The Pre-COMPUSTAT EvidenceSudarshan Kadariya
This study analyzed the explanatory power of various financial variables on the cross-sectional variation in stock returns between 1940-1960 using data from Moody's Industrial Manuals and CRSP. The study found:
1) Book-to-market equity, earnings yield, and cash flow yield had significant explanatory power for predicting subsequent stock returns, especially in January.
2) There was a strong seasonal effect, with these variables exhibiting stronger predictive ability for returns in January than the rest of the year.
3) Other variables like historical beta, firm size, and sales growth had weaker or insignificant ability to explain cross-sectional differences in returns.
The document discusses an investment strategy that focuses on companies in countries with low price-to-sales ratios and high real interest rates. The strategy screens for large, liquid companies trading above their previous year's high with high free cash flow. Applying this strategy from 2009-2014 to countries like South Korea, Japan, the US and Thailand outperformed the market by 50%. Ongoing rebalancing is key to maintain outperformance. Risks include increased volatility if central bank policies change.
This document discusses several key economic and market analysis ratios and indicators. It defines dividend yield as annual dividend per share divided by market price per share. It also explains that price-earnings ratio is calculated as market price per share divided by earnings per share. The document notes that composite economic indexes like leading, coincident, and lagging indicators are used to determine turning points in the business cycle. It also discusses the relationship between stock markets and the overall business cycle.
Style effects in the cross section of stock returnschinbast
This document summarizes a research paper that examines style effects in stock returns using mutual fund data. The paper finds evidence of reversals and persistence at the style level, consistent with a positive feedback trading model. Specifically, it finds that (1) styles that had the worst past returns generated higher future returns, and (2) there was a significant spread in returns between styles with the worst and best past returns. Additionally, it finds that style-level effects are stronger for value/growth styles than small/large styles, and that style flows help explain stock return variations beyond firm fundamentals and past returns. The study provides support for the existence of style-based momentum and value strategies.
Athens Stock Exchange 1996-2014: An alternative approachIlias Lekkos
We present a decomposition of the returns on the Athens Stock Exchange returns in 1996-2014. We are able to express stock market returns as the sum of dividend policy, Book Value and Price to Book. Finally we show that stock market returns vary substantially according to the phase of the business cycle.
The newsletter discusses volatility in investment portfolios and argues that it should be seen as an opportunity rather than a risk. It presents evidence that volatility decreases significantly with increased investment time horizons and that the primary risk for long-term investors is the permanent loss of capital rather than temporary price fluctuations. The newsletter advocates for focusing on economic fundamentals over 3-5 year periods and distinguishing noise from signals when identifying investment opportunities created by market volatility.
Capital Market Market Efficiency and Behavioral Challenges.pptxrahulkumarpgdav
1) Financing decisions can potentially create value by fooling investors, reducing costs/increasing subsidies, or creating new securities, though efficient markets limit opportunities to fool investors.
2) The efficient market hypothesis states that stock prices instantly reflect all available information, meaning investors cannot expect above-normal returns and firms receive fair value for securities.
3) Studies on event days and insider trading have found abnormal returns, questioning whether markets are truly semi-strong form efficient.
Pursuing a Better Investment Experience with Capital AssociatesRobUgiansky
This document outlines 10 key principles for improving the odds of investment success:
1) Embrace market pricing and the information incorporated into prices.
2) Don't try to outguess the market through stock picking or market timing as most funds do not outperform their benchmarks.
3) Resist chasing past performance as it does not predict future returns.
4) Let markets work for you through long-term investing as this has rewarded investors over time.
This document summarizes critiques of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and presents alternative models. It discusses empirical studies from the 1980s and 1990s that found variables other than beta help explain stock returns, contradicting CAPM. Fama and French's 1992 study found firm size and book-to-market ratio better predict returns than beta. Their three-factor model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory were proposed as alternatives to CAPM. Overall, the document outlines major empirical challenges to CAPM and influential models that improved on its ability to explain stock returns.
The document discusses the performance of various model investment portfolios from 1973-2010. It provides the annualized compound returns and annualized standard deviations for 5 model portfolios over this period. The model portfolios had varying allocations to US and international stocks, bonds, and emerging markets. Model portfolio 5, which had the most diversified allocation, achieved the highest annualized return of 11.65% and relatively low standard deviation of 11.26% compared to the other portfolios.
The document discusses various topics related to investing, including:
1) Compound interest and how it allows investments to grow exponentially over time through reinvestment of interest.
2) The three main asset classes - equities, fixed income, and cash equivalents - and how proper allocation between them can optimize returns while minimizing risk.
3) Different types of investments including stocks, bonds, mutual funds and their basic characteristics. Key factors like earnings, price-earnings ratios, and yields are discussed for evaluating investments.
This document discusses factors that influence stock prices of industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. It presents a literature review on debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, company size, and company value as independent variables that may predict stock price as the dependent variable. The document then describes the research methodology, which uses a quantitative multiple linear regression analysis of secondary data from 114 industrial companies to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the analysis show that all four independent variables (debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, size) have a significant influence on stock price both simultaneously and partially, with earnings per share having the strongest influence. Conclusions are that companies should manage these
The document discusses different forms of market efficiency according to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). It defines weak, semi-strong, and strong forms of efficiency based on what information is reflected in market prices. Weak-form tests whether past prices predict future prices, semi-strong tests whether public information is reflected, and strong tests whether insider information provides advantages. The document also discusses methods for testing each form of efficiency through analyses like event studies and anomalies. Overall, evidence supports weak and semi-strong forms but not strong form efficiency.
The document discusses different forms of market efficiency according to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). It defines weak, semi-strong, and strong forms of efficiency based on what information is reflected in market prices. Weak-form efficiency means prices reflect all historical price information, semi-strong means they reflect all public information, and strong form means they reflect all public and private information. The document summarizes various studies and evidence related to testing each form of efficiency through analyses of market anomalies, event studies, and performance of professional investors.
The document discusses different forms of market efficiency according to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). It defines weak, semi-strong, and strong forms of efficiency based on what information is reflected in market prices. Weak-form tests whether past prices predict the future, semi-strong tests if public information is reflected, and strong tests if insider information provides advantages. The document also summarizes various empirical studies that have tested different forms of market efficiency through approaches like event studies and analyzing returns.
The document discusses principles of behavioral finance and long-term investing. It notes that investors tend to be overconfident and influenced by short-term gains. Successful long-term investing requires discipline, focusing on asset allocation and diversification, and ignoring short-term noise and market hype. The key is developing a personalized investment policy and sticking to a plan through different market conditions.
The document discusses various techniques for analyzing stocks and selecting companies to invest in, including fundamental analysis and technical analysis. It describes Dow Theory, Elliott Wave Theory, and candlestick patterns as technical analysis methods. It also covers the types of stock market participants, online trading mechanisms, and order placing on stock exchanges.
This study analyzes the abilities of investors in Spanish domestic equity funds from January 1999 to December 2006. It finds:
1) New money/investors underperform old money/investors over 3-month and 12-month periods based on excess returns and alphas from single-factor, 3-factor, and 4-factor models.
2) However, portfolios weighted by actual inflows perform similarly to or outperform old money portfolios, suggesting evidence of "smart money". In contrast, outflow portfolios generally underperform.
3) Positive flow portfolios, whether weighted by money or investors, exhibit higher excess returns and alphas than negative flow portfolios over 12-month periods, and these
Competition and Bias by Harrison Hong and Marcin KacperczykMichael-Paul James
Competition and Bias
Paper by Harrison Hong and Marcin Kacperczyk
Presentation by Michael-Paul James
Treatment effect: a decrease in analyst covering increases optimism bias one year after the merger relative to control.
-Evidence for competition reduction bias
-Larger bias impact for stocks with less coverage
The document discusses fundamental analysis techniques for evaluating stocks. It begins with an overview of analyzing the economy, industries, and specific companies. It then covers various financial ratios for analyzing companies' performance, valuation methods like discounted cash flow models and relative valuation. The document concludes by discussing techniques for setting price targets and projections, and notes both strengths and weaknesses of fundamental analysis.
The Financial Review 40 (2005) 1--9Reflections on the Effi.docxtodd771
The document summarizes evidence that actively managed investment funds do not consistently outperform the market. Over periods of 10 years or more, over 80% of actively managed funds underperformed their benchmark indexes. This suggests that markets are generally efficient, as arbitrage opportunities are not being exploited by professional investors. While some active managers do beat the market in individual periods, there is no persistence in performance - past winners often underperform in future periods. Expenses and high portfolio turnover help explain why the average actively managed fund underperforms the market by over 200 basis points after fees. Overall, the evidence supports the efficient market hypothesis and suggests investors are best served by low-cost index funds.
This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the resilience of ESG, sharia compliant, and sin stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2007-08 financial crisis. It begins with an introduction that outlines the research questions, objectives and significance. The introduction discusses how previous literature has found these types of stocks to exhibit lower volatility, higher resilience and abnormal returns during economic downturns. Subsequent chapters will analyze the resilience, return volatility and abnormal returns of these stock types specifically after the two crises.
1) Behavioural economics concepts like heuristics, biases, and self-control problems often lead to suboptimal financial decisions related to saving for retirement.
2) Nudge theory proposes using "choice architecture" and defaults to influence behavior in a way that maintains freedom of choice. This has been applied to retirement savings through automatic enrollment and programs like Save More Tomorrow.
3) The UK Pensions Act of 2008 and the US Pension Protection Act introduced automatic enrollment and escalating contribution programs based on these behavioral insights to try and increase retirement savings rates.
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The document discusses an investment strategy that focuses on companies in countries with low price-to-sales ratios and high real interest rates. The strategy screens for large, liquid companies trading above their previous year's high with high free cash flow. Applying this strategy from 2009-2014 to countries like South Korea, Japan, the US and Thailand outperformed the market by 50%. Ongoing rebalancing is key to maintain outperformance. Risks include increased volatility if central bank policies change.
This document discusses several key economic and market analysis ratios and indicators. It defines dividend yield as annual dividend per share divided by market price per share. It also explains that price-earnings ratio is calculated as market price per share divided by earnings per share. The document notes that composite economic indexes like leading, coincident, and lagging indicators are used to determine turning points in the business cycle. It also discusses the relationship between stock markets and the overall business cycle.
Style effects in the cross section of stock returnschinbast
This document summarizes a research paper that examines style effects in stock returns using mutual fund data. The paper finds evidence of reversals and persistence at the style level, consistent with a positive feedback trading model. Specifically, it finds that (1) styles that had the worst past returns generated higher future returns, and (2) there was a significant spread in returns between styles with the worst and best past returns. Additionally, it finds that style-level effects are stronger for value/growth styles than small/large styles, and that style flows help explain stock return variations beyond firm fundamentals and past returns. The study provides support for the existence of style-based momentum and value strategies.
Athens Stock Exchange 1996-2014: An alternative approachIlias Lekkos
We present a decomposition of the returns on the Athens Stock Exchange returns in 1996-2014. We are able to express stock market returns as the sum of dividend policy, Book Value and Price to Book. Finally we show that stock market returns vary substantially according to the phase of the business cycle.
The newsletter discusses volatility in investment portfolios and argues that it should be seen as an opportunity rather than a risk. It presents evidence that volatility decreases significantly with increased investment time horizons and that the primary risk for long-term investors is the permanent loss of capital rather than temporary price fluctuations. The newsletter advocates for focusing on economic fundamentals over 3-5 year periods and distinguishing noise from signals when identifying investment opportunities created by market volatility.
Capital Market Market Efficiency and Behavioral Challenges.pptxrahulkumarpgdav
1) Financing decisions can potentially create value by fooling investors, reducing costs/increasing subsidies, or creating new securities, though efficient markets limit opportunities to fool investors.
2) The efficient market hypothesis states that stock prices instantly reflect all available information, meaning investors cannot expect above-normal returns and firms receive fair value for securities.
3) Studies on event days and insider trading have found abnormal returns, questioning whether markets are truly semi-strong form efficient.
Pursuing a Better Investment Experience with Capital AssociatesRobUgiansky
This document outlines 10 key principles for improving the odds of investment success:
1) Embrace market pricing and the information incorporated into prices.
2) Don't try to outguess the market through stock picking or market timing as most funds do not outperform their benchmarks.
3) Resist chasing past performance as it does not predict future returns.
4) Let markets work for you through long-term investing as this has rewarded investors over time.
This document summarizes critiques of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) and presents alternative models. It discusses empirical studies from the 1980s and 1990s that found variables other than beta help explain stock returns, contradicting CAPM. Fama and French's 1992 study found firm size and book-to-market ratio better predict returns than beta. Their three-factor model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory were proposed as alternatives to CAPM. Overall, the document outlines major empirical challenges to CAPM and influential models that improved on its ability to explain stock returns.
The document discusses the performance of various model investment portfolios from 1973-2010. It provides the annualized compound returns and annualized standard deviations for 5 model portfolios over this period. The model portfolios had varying allocations to US and international stocks, bonds, and emerging markets. Model portfolio 5, which had the most diversified allocation, achieved the highest annualized return of 11.65% and relatively low standard deviation of 11.26% compared to the other portfolios.
The document discusses various topics related to investing, including:
1) Compound interest and how it allows investments to grow exponentially over time through reinvestment of interest.
2) The three main asset classes - equities, fixed income, and cash equivalents - and how proper allocation between them can optimize returns while minimizing risk.
3) Different types of investments including stocks, bonds, mutual funds and their basic characteristics. Key factors like earnings, price-earnings ratios, and yields are discussed for evaluating investments.
This document discusses factors that influence stock prices of industrial companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. It presents a literature review on debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, company size, and company value as independent variables that may predict stock price as the dependent variable. The document then describes the research methodology, which uses a quantitative multiple linear regression analysis of secondary data from 114 industrial companies to determine the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The results of the analysis show that all four independent variables (debt ratio, price-earnings ratio, earnings per share, size) have a significant influence on stock price both simultaneously and partially, with earnings per share having the strongest influence. Conclusions are that companies should manage these
The document discusses different forms of market efficiency according to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). It defines weak, semi-strong, and strong forms of efficiency based on what information is reflected in market prices. Weak-form tests whether past prices predict future prices, semi-strong tests whether public information is reflected, and strong tests whether insider information provides advantages. The document also discusses methods for testing each form of efficiency through analyses like event studies and anomalies. Overall, evidence supports weak and semi-strong forms but not strong form efficiency.
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The document discusses different forms of market efficiency according to the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). It defines weak, semi-strong, and strong forms of efficiency based on what information is reflected in market prices. Weak-form tests whether past prices predict the future, semi-strong tests if public information is reflected, and strong tests if insider information provides advantages. The document also summarizes various empirical studies that have tested different forms of market efficiency through approaches like event studies and analyzing returns.
The document discusses principles of behavioral finance and long-term investing. It notes that investors tend to be overconfident and influenced by short-term gains. Successful long-term investing requires discipline, focusing on asset allocation and diversification, and ignoring short-term noise and market hype. The key is developing a personalized investment policy and sticking to a plan through different market conditions.
The document discusses various techniques for analyzing stocks and selecting companies to invest in, including fundamental analysis and technical analysis. It describes Dow Theory, Elliott Wave Theory, and candlestick patterns as technical analysis methods. It also covers the types of stock market participants, online trading mechanisms, and order placing on stock exchanges.
This study analyzes the abilities of investors in Spanish domestic equity funds from January 1999 to December 2006. It finds:
1) New money/investors underperform old money/investors over 3-month and 12-month periods based on excess returns and alphas from single-factor, 3-factor, and 4-factor models.
2) However, portfolios weighted by actual inflows perform similarly to or outperform old money portfolios, suggesting evidence of "smart money". In contrast, outflow portfolios generally underperform.
3) Positive flow portfolios, whether weighted by money or investors, exhibit higher excess returns and alphas than negative flow portfolios over 12-month periods, and these
Competition and Bias by Harrison Hong and Marcin KacperczykMichael-Paul James
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Treatment effect: a decrease in analyst covering increases optimism bias one year after the merger relative to control.
-Evidence for competition reduction bias
-Larger bias impact for stocks with less coverage
The document discusses fundamental analysis techniques for evaluating stocks. It begins with an overview of analyzing the economy, industries, and specific companies. It then covers various financial ratios for analyzing companies' performance, valuation methods like discounted cash flow models and relative valuation. The document concludes by discussing techniques for setting price targets and projections, and notes both strengths and weaknesses of fundamental analysis.
The Financial Review 40 (2005) 1--9Reflections on the Effi.docxtodd771
The document summarizes evidence that actively managed investment funds do not consistently outperform the market. Over periods of 10 years or more, over 80% of actively managed funds underperformed their benchmark indexes. This suggests that markets are generally efficient, as arbitrage opportunities are not being exploited by professional investors. While some active managers do beat the market in individual periods, there is no persistence in performance - past winners often underperform in future periods. Expenses and high portfolio turnover help explain why the average actively managed fund underperforms the market by over 200 basis points after fees. Overall, the evidence supports the efficient market hypothesis and suggests investors are best served by low-cost index funds.
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This document summarizes a research paper that analyzes the resilience of ESG, sharia compliant, and sin stocks during the COVID-19 pandemic and 2007-08 financial crisis. It begins with an introduction that outlines the research questions, objectives and significance. The introduction discusses how previous literature has found these types of stocks to exhibit lower volatility, higher resilience and abnormal returns during economic downturns. Subsequent chapters will analyze the resilience, return volatility and abnormal returns of these stock types specifically after the two crises.
1) Behavioural economics concepts like heuristics, biases, and self-control problems often lead to suboptimal financial decisions related to saving for retirement.
2) Nudge theory proposes using "choice architecture" and defaults to influence behavior in a way that maintains freedom of choice. This has been applied to retirement savings through automatic enrollment and programs like Save More Tomorrow.
3) The UK Pensions Act of 2008 and the US Pension Protection Act introduced automatic enrollment and escalating contribution programs based on these behavioral insights to try and increase retirement savings rates.
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- Evidence for Europe is mixed, with some studies finding no underperformance for certain markets or time periods. However, IPOs that occur during "hot markets" have been found to perform poorly long-term.
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This document discusses initial public offerings (IPOs) and the phenomenon of IPO underpricing. It provides three key points:
1) IPOs are commonly underpriced, meaning the first day closing stock price is higher than the offer price, with underpricing seen globally. Underpricing benefits initial shareholders and underwriters.
2) Theoretical explanations for underpricing include signaling quality to attract future financing, compensating underwriters for information, and avoiding adverse selection by attracting uninformed investors.
3) The Rock model shows that rationing favors informed over uninformed investors for underpriced IPOs, so underpricing is needed to keep uninformed investors participating in the market.
1) A study from 1993 found that strategies that bought stocks that performed well in the past 3-12 months and sold stocks that performed poorly generated positive returns over 3-12 month holding periods.
2) Further research confirmed the momentum effect held out of sample and in other markets, though not in Japan. Several potential explanations for the momentum effect were explored, including differences in stock drift rates and tax-related selling, but none fully explained it.
3) Behavioral factors like conservatism bias, overconfidence, and representativeness bias were also found to potentially contribute to the momentum effect by causing underreaction or overreaction to information among investors.
- The equity premium puzzle refers to the historically large difference between average returns on stocks versus short-term bonds, which standard economic models cannot fully explain.
- Mehra and Prescott found the average equity premium from 1889-1978 was 6% annually, much higher than models predicted.
- Benartzi and Thaler proposed that investors evaluate returns over short periods (myopic loss aversion) rather than long-term, which helps explain the high equity premium demanded for stocks.
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Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
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3. • La Porta, Lakonishok, Shleifer, Vishny (1997) ‘Good news for value
stocks: further evidence on market efficiency’, Journal of Finance, 859-
874.
• Lakonishok, Shleifer, Vishny (1994) ‘Contrarian investment, extrapolation
and risk’, Journal of Finance, 1541-1578.
• Piotroski, J.D. (2000) Value investing: The use of historical financial
statement information to separate winners from losers, Journal of
Accounting Research, 38, 1-41
• Bird and Casavecchia (2007) ‘Sentiment and financial health indicators
for value and growth stocks: The European experience’, European Journal
of Finance, 769-793
• Fama (1998) ‘Market efficiency, long term returns, and behavioural
finance’, Journal of Financial Economics, 283-306.
• Fama & French (1998) ‘Value versus growth: the international evidence’,
Journal of Finance, 1975-1999.
• Fama & French (2020) The Value Premium, Chicago Booth Paper No. 20-
01
• Arnott et al. (2020) Reports of Value’s Death May be Greatly Exaggerated
• Ackert and Deaves (2010), especially pp. 63-65, 219-221 and chapter 19
• Siegel, J.J (2014) Stocks for the long run, McGrawHill, chapter 12
A massive literature! Some suggested readings.
4. Ri – rF = a + b[rM – rF] + eit
a b t(a)
HB/M 0.41 0.94 4.29
HE/P 0.32 0.95 3.96
HC/P 0.31 0.93 3.59
HD/P 0.29 0.87 3.77
LB/M -0.21 1.03 -4.02 Value firm indicators:
HB/M = high book to market ratio
HE/P = high earnings to price ratio low P/E -- >
value
HC/P = high cash flow to price ratio value
HD/P = high dividend to price ratio value
Growth firm indicators:
LB/M = low book to market ratio
LE/P = low earnings to price ratio
LC/P = low cash flow to price ratio
LD/P = low dividend to price ratio
LE/P -0.23 1.04 -4.27
LC/P -0.28 1.01 -3.84
LD/P -0.22 1.07 -3.49
Source: Fama and French (1998)
Note the common link
between the four categories
based on B/M, E/P, C/P, D/P.
They are all ratios of
accounting magnitudes
relative to market values.
They are likely to be related!
5. Ri – rF = a + b[rM – rF] + eit
Ri – rF = a + b[rM – rF] + c[H – L/B] + eit
a b t(a) a b c t(a)
HB/M 0.41 0.94 4.29
HE/P 0.32 0.95 3.96 0.04 0.99 0.45 0.72
HC/P 0.31 0.93 3.59 -0.00 0.98 0.51 -0.02
HD/P 0.29 0.87 3.77 0.10 0.90 0.32 1.46
LB/M -0.21 1.03 -4.02
LE/P -0.23 1.04 -4.27 -0.07 1.02 -0.26 -1.63
LC/P -0.28 1.01 -3.84 -0.16 0.99 -0.19 -2.27
LD/P -0.22 1.07 -3.49 -0.03 1.04 -0.31 -0.64
Source: Fama and French (1998)
H – L/B is the difference between the returns on portfolios of high- and low-B/M stocks (above and below
the 0.7 and 0.3 fractiles of B/M). The returns are monthly.
Data consists of returns on market, value, and growth portfolios for the United States and twelve major
EAFE ~Europe, Australia, and the Far East countries.
6. • For Fama and French, high B/M, E/P CF/P are signals of
risk. The stocks are in distress (e.g. Fama and French
1992, 1998).
• Stocks in distress tend to move together so risk cannot be
diversified – it is systematic risk so it is priced
• On the other hand, stocks with low book-market ratios tend
to be associated with firm with high returns to capital.
These firms provide solid growth performances and
therefore require lower returns.
7. Alternative (behavioural) view
• The same indicators are indicators of cheapness (or
expensiveness). The idea of a cheap, or value, stock is that the
stock is underpriced relative to its fundamental value.
1) Expectational error hypothesis: investors extrapolate too far
into the future and are surprised when value stocks do well and
growth/glamour stocks disappoint
2) Representativeness: mistake good companies as good
investments
3) Institutional investors avoid out-of-favour (value) stocks so as
to appear being prudent and following fiduciary obligations
4) Institutional investors avoid value stocks for career reasons –
investing in value stocks often takes a long time to pay off,
time which some institutional investors don’t feel they have
8. Expectational error hypothesis (see especially Lakonishok, Shleifer
and Vishny (1994) and Haugen (2001) for nice summaries)
• Past earnings are not a good indicator of future earnings
• Investors have a limited ability of predicting earnings
into the ‘near’ future.
• Investors tend to correctly predict direction of future
earnings, but over-estimate the magnitude of change.
• When they are bullish they extrapolate long into the
future, a lot further than is justified.
• Investors are surprised by the recovery of past poor
performers.
• Suggests that investors have over-reacted to past news.
• There must follow a correction (mean reversion)
11. Investors have an ability to predict into
the near future
• How to test this given that we do not see investors’
predictions? We can use E/P ratios (EPS).
• If a firm has a low E/P ratio it suggests that the
market is predicting that this firm has a good future
– it indicates an expectation of future earnings
growth (It is a “growth” stock).
• The contrary is true for a high E/P stock.
12. • Fuller, Huberts and Levinson (1993) use data from
1973-1990. They rank each stock according to the
previous year’s E/P ratio and group them into 5
quintiles. They then monitor the performance of
earnings of each group relative to the middle
quintile over the subsequent 8 years.
13. Relative Subsequent Growth in Highest, High,
Low and Lowest Quintiles of E/P Ratio
1 Year ahead
2 Years ahead
3 Years ahead
4 Years ahead
5 Years ahead
6 Years ahead
7 Years ahead
8 Years ahead
Number of Years
After Ranking
-10% -8% -6% -4% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10%
Growth in Earnings per Share Relative to Middle Quintile
Lowest E/P(Growth)
Low E/P
High E/P
Highest E/P (Value)
14. Fuller et al.’s findings
• As predicted, high E/P stocks tend to perform worse
(in terms of earnings) than low E/P stocks.
• Greatest difference in performance is in the first year.
• The earnings growth of high E/P stocks have caught
up within 6 years.
• Fuller et. al. conclude that in general investors
correctly identify which stocks are going to have good
future earnings.
• But the question is whether the market expects
extreme performers to “mean revert” within 5-6
years?
15. Investors extrapolate from past performance
• Stocks can be categorised as growth or value
stocks by using P/E or B/M ratios.
Growth stocks High P/E low B/M
Value stocks Low P/E high B/M
Dechow and Sloan (1997) use US data for 1967-1990 to
rank stocks into deciles by their B/M ratios.
16. Expensive
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Decile
Cheap
Past and Future Growth for Cheap and Expensive Stocks
(Expensive = low B/M, Cheap = high B/M)
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25% Past earnings growth (6 years’ avg)
Future earnings growth (5 years’ avg)
High B/M stocks have had low past earnings
Low B/M stocks have had high past earnings
Not a clear relationship between B/M and future earnings
The market appears to value stocks according to past earnings
performance (extrapolating) on the assumption that this performance
will continue. This is not happening.
17. Are investors surprised at the speed of
the turnaround?
La Porta, Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny
(1997) use data from US for 1971-1992. They
look at the performance of stocks for the 3 days
around earning announcements.
• Low B/M (growth) stocks have tended to have
negative earnings surprises
• High B/M (value) stocks tend to have positive
earnings surprises.
18. Glamour Value Mean
difference
10-1
t-stat for
mean
difference
BM 1 2 9 10
Panel A: Event Returns (t-1, t+1)
Q1-Q4 -0.00472 0.00772 0.03200 0.03532 0.04004 5.65
Q5-Q8 -0.00428 0.00688 0.02828 0.03012 0.03440 7.14
Q9-Q12 0.00312 0.00796 0.02492 0.03136 0.02824 5.12
Q13-Q16 0.00804 0.00812 0.02176 0.02644 0.01840 3.67
Q17-Q20 0.00424 0.01024 0.01368 0.02432 0.02008 4.49
Panel C: Annual Returns (buy and hold)
Yr1 0.09254 0.14811 0.22534 0.21547 0.12292 3.84
Yr2 0.09284 0.14590 0.20085 0.21971 0.12686 3.88
Yr3 0.11979 0.14835 0.24195 0.24496 0.12517 4.27
Yr4 0.13063 0.16836 0.23149 0.25141 0.12078 3.82
Yr5 0.12274 0.17032 0.22329 0.23518 0.11244 3.11
Source: La Porta et al (1997), The Journal of Finance
Classified by Book-Market ratio
During first year there is a 12.3% difference between value and growth stock
performance. One-third of this occurs during the event windows
The earnings surprise for value stocks is positive, starting at 3.5% and declines slowly. The earnings
surprise for glamour stocks is negative and declines relatively quickly
Value stocks continue to outperform growth stocks throughout the 5 year post-formation period
19. Large firms (market cap > NYSE median)
Glamour Value
BM 1 2 9 10
Mean
difference
10-1
t-stat for
mean
difference
Panel A: Event Returns (t-1, t+1)
Q1-Q4 0.00315 0.00976 0.01840 0.01348 0.01033 0.80
Q5-Q8 0.00189 0.00662 0.01819 0.01717 0.01528 2.09
Q9-Q12 0.00265 0.00649 0.01341 0.01468 0.01203 1.55
Q13-Q16 0.00474 0.00633 0.00757 0.01172 0.00698 0.93
Q17-Q20 0.00230 0.00569 0.00498 0.00182 -0.00048 -0.08
Panel C: Annual Returns (buy and hold)
Yr1 0.11850 0.13855 0.17810 0.19898 0.08047 1.77
Yr2 0.09456 0.13442 0.18220 0.20341 0.10884 2.83
Yr3 0.11630 0.14040 0.19985 0.22462 0.10831 2.97
Yr4 0.12053 0.15511 0.18150 0.21296 0.09243 3.32
Yr5 0.10921 0.15368 0.20022 0.20082 0.09160 2.76
Source: La Porta et al (1997), The Journal of Finance
Smaller impact for larger firms. Attract greater attention of analysts
– hence smaller effect around earnings
20. • So investors who buy growth (glamour) stocks are
mistaken. They are extrapolating past
performances too far into the future. They are
neglecting the tendency for mean reversion (the
winners’ curse).
• The value strategy is a response to mean reversion
– it is taking a contrary investment strategy to that
suggested by past trends.
• Value investors can sometimes be seen as
contrarian investors. Contrarian investors go
against sentiment, value stocks are sometimes
cheap because of negative sentiment.
21. Is the premium to value stocks a risk
premium?
Risk premiums should change over time with risk and
risk aversion. But we have seen that
• The bulk of the value premium is earned around
earnings announcements
• There is a strong turn of the year effect. Why should
January be riskier than the other 11 months?
22. The expectational errors story
• Past earnings are not a good indicator of future earnings
• Investors do have a limited ability of predicting earnings
into the ‘near’ future.
• Investors tend to correctly predict direction of future
earnings, but over-estimate the magnitude of change.
• When they are bullish they extrapolate long into the
future, a lot further than is justified.
• Investors are surprised by the recovery of past poor
performers.
• Suggests that investors have over-reacted to past news.
• There must follow a correction (mean reversion)
23. A footnote to the debate
An interesting exchange between the author of a popular
book on investment gurus and Fama.
Fama: “The risk, in my terms, can’t be explained by the
market. It means that, because they move together,
there is something about these small stocks that creates
an undiversifiable risk. That undiversifiable risk is why
you get paid for holding them.”
Tanous: “What causes that risk?”
Fama: “You know that’s an embarrassing question because
I don’t know.”
24. Then when the same author interviews William
Sharpe, he observes:
Sharpe: “The Fama-French position is this kind of
bizarre metaphysics that says ‘value stocks do better;
but we know that in an efficient market things that do
better ought to, in some sense, be riskier, ergo, value
stocks are riskier! Now we don’t happen to have seen
the manifestation of the risk … but it must be so,
therefore the market is efficient.’ End of discussion”.
• Source: Tanous (1997)
25. Some more practical considerations
for value investing
• The literature discussed above uses very crude sorting strategies
• Piotroski (2000) Journal of Accounting Research (see also Bird
and Casavecchia 2007)
• Less than 44% of high B/M stocks earn positive abnormal returns
in first 2 years
• Implies that a crude value strategy based on high BM firms relies
on strong performance of a small number of firms while tolerating
the poor performance of “many deteriorating companies”.
• Raises two issues for the investor
– Separate the genuinely distressed from the under-valued
– Market timing
26. • Value investing: the use of historical financial
statement information to separate winners from
losers.
Characteristics of value stocks
• neglected. Thinly followed by analysts
• limited access to “’informal’ information
dissemination channels” and voluntary disclosures
may not be viewed as credible. So financial
statements are important
• Many are financially distressed. So fundamentals
from financial statements such as leverage, liquidity,
profitability trends and cash flow adequacy are
important to confirm their status.
27. • Firms with weak current signals are more likely to
have low future earnings and delist whereas firms
with strong current signals tend to have strong
future earnings – and performance around
earnings announcement windows indicates the
markets are systematically surprised by these
outcomes (similar to La Porta et al. 1997).
• Need to identify those signals…
• Piotroski claims to achieve this using a variety of
measures of Profitability, financial
leverage/liquidity, and operating efficiency
(yields an F-Score, from 0-9)
28. Future earnings performance based on fundamental signals of
high B/M firms
F_SCORE Mean ROA(t+1) % delisting within
2 years
N
0 -0.08 0.07 57
1 -0.08 0.11 339
2 -0.07 0.08 859
3 -0.05 0.06 1618
4 -0.03 0.05 2462
5 -0.01 0.04 2787
6 0.01 0.03 2579
7 0.0 0.03 1894
8 0.03 0.02 1115
9 0.03 0.02 333
Low -0.08 0.10 396
High 0.03 0.02 1448
H-L 0.11 -0.08
t-stat 15.02 7.88
29. -10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
Annual returns of long-short based on F-Score of 5
Long position, high B/M with F-Score ≥ 5, short position F-Score <5
Source: Piotroski (2002)
“the mean return earned by a high book-to-market investor can be increased by at
least 7.5% annually through the selection of financially strong high BM firms”
30. Piotroski F score calculation procedure
The score is calculated based on 9 criteria divided into 3 groups.
Profitability
Return on Assets (1 point if it is positive in the current year, 0 otherwise);
Operating Cash Flow (1 point if it is positive in the current year, 0 otherwise);
Change in Return of Assets (ROA) (1 point if ROA is higher in the current year compared to the previous
one, 0 otherwise);
Accruals (1 point if Operating Cash Flow/Total Assets is higher than ROA in the current year, 0
otherwise);
Leverage, Liquidity and Source of Funds
Change in Leverage (long-term) ratio (1 point if the ratio is lower this year compared to the previous one,
0 otherwise);
Change in Current ratio (1 point if it is higher in the current year compared to the previous one, 0
otherwise);
Change in the number of shares (1 point if no new shares were issued during the last year);
Operating Efficiency
Change in Gross Margin (1 point if it is higher in the current year compared to the previous one, 0
otherwise);
Change in Asset Turnover ratio (1 point if it is higher in the current year compared to the previous one, 0
otherwise);
Some adjustments that were done in calculation of the required financial ratios are discussed in the
original paper.