A single stage photo voltaic grid-connected inverter using spwmSHAIK AMANULLA
A Single-stage PhotoVoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter using SPWM. It was simulated and modeled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was simulated with constant and variable irradiation profiles. I got the results with variations in PV characteristics with different irradiation with SPWM technique.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
A single stage photo voltaic grid-connected inverter using spwmSHAIK AMANULLA
A Single-stage PhotoVoltaic Grid-Connected Inverter using SPWM. It was simulated and modeled with MATLAB/SIMULINK. It was simulated with constant and variable irradiation profiles. I got the results with variations in PV characteristics with different irradiation with SPWM technique.
Analysis of SRS Effects at Different Number of Channels and Power Levels and ...ijsrd.com
Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS) effect is one of the Nonlinear effects in Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexed (DWDM) Fiber Optic Communication System. The effect of Stimulated Raman Scattering causes power to be transferred from the lower wavelength channel to the higher wavelength channel. This will reduce the Optical Signal to Noise Ratio (OSNR) for the high frequency channel or low wavelength channel. SRS effect is studied for different input power and for different number of wavelengths. SRS effect could be reduced by setting optimum optical power in the fiber. Various channel (4,8,11) DWDM system for various power levels of individual channels is stimulated in the sample mode of OPTSIM software for getting the effects of SRS like Power Tilt in the optical spectrum, after the fiber.
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR CHARGING LOW POWER DEVICESJournal For Research
Finite electrical battery life is encouraging the companies and researchers to come up with new ideas and technologies to drive wireless mobile devices for an infinite or enhance period of time. Common resource constrained wireless devices when they run out of battery they should be recharged. For that purpose main supply & charger are needed to charge drained mobile phone batteries or any portable devices. Practically it is not possible to carry charger wherever we go and also to expect availability of power supply everywhere. To avoid such disadvantages some sort of solution should be given and that can be wireless charging of mobile phones.[4] If the mobile can receive RF power signals from the mobile towers, why can’t we extract the power from the received signals? This can be done by the method or technology called RF energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting holds a promise able future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. RF power harvesting is one of the diverse fields where still research continues. The energy of RF waves used by devices can be harvested and used to operate in more effective and efficient way.
this is to present basic functional principles of high frequency x-ray generators. The emphasis is put on physical concepts that determine the engineering solutions to the problem of efficient generation and control of high voltage power required to drive the x-ray tube. The physics of magnetically coupled circuits is discussed first, as a background for the discussion of Study related to high-frequency power transformer design by X-ray Generator.
Antenna parameters part 1: Frequency bands, Gain and Radiation PatternAndre Fourie
This is part of an internal document that that gives an overview of the properties of antennas for non-engineers.
We have divided the document into different posts where we discus each of the parameters:
Frequency bands, gain and radiation pattern
Polarisation
Input Impedance and VSWR
Port to port Isolation and Cross-polarisation
Power Handling ability
Antenna “Specmanship”
Where applicable we have added some videos explaining the properties discussed.
good for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for student
UV sensors measure the power or intensity of incident ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This form of electromagnetic radiation has shorter wavelengths than visible radiation, but is still longer than x-rays.
UV-visible spectroscopy is a fast analytical technique that measures the absorbance or transmittance of light. Although the UV wavelength ranges from 100–380 nm and the visible component goes up to 800 nm, most of the spectrophotometers have a working wavelength range between 200–1100 nm.
The practical range for UV-vis spectroscopy varies from 200–800 nm; above 800 nm is infrared, while below 200 nm is known as vacuum UV. The ability of matter to absorb and to emit light is what defines its color and the human eye is capable of differentiating up to 10 million unique colors. Light passes through media (transmission), reflects off both opaque and transparent surfaces, and is refracted by crystals. Covalently unsaturated compounds with electronic transition energy differences equivalent to the energy of the UV-visible light absorb at specific wavelengths. These compounds are known as chromophores and are responsible for their color. Covalently saturated groups that do not absorb UV-visible electromagnetic radiation but affect the absorption of chromophore groups are called auxochromes. When UV-vis radiation hits chromophores, electrons in the ground state jump to an excited state, which we refer to as electron-excitation, while auxochromes are electron-donating and have the capacity to affect the color of choromophores while they do not change color themselves. Water and alcohols are mostly transparent and do not absorb in the UV-vis range and so are excellent mediums for UV-visible spectroscopy. Acetone and dimethylformamide (DMF) are good solvents for compounds insoluble in water and alcohol, but they absorb light below 320 and 275 nm, respectively, so are appropriate only above these cut-off wavelengths.
This ppt describes the ways of designing a fractal antenna , it's limitations and advantages over normal antennas and the applications associated with it.(brief view)...
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR CHARGING LOW POWER DEVICESJournal For Research
Finite electrical battery life is encouraging the companies and researchers to come up with new ideas and technologies to drive wireless mobile devices for an infinite or enhance period of time. Common resource constrained wireless devices when they run out of battery they should be recharged. For that purpose main supply & charger are needed to charge drained mobile phone batteries or any portable devices. Practically it is not possible to carry charger wherever we go and also to expect availability of power supply everywhere. To avoid such disadvantages some sort of solution should be given and that can be wireless charging of mobile phones.[4] If the mobile can receive RF power signals from the mobile towers, why can’t we extract the power from the received signals? This can be done by the method or technology called RF energy harvesting. RF energy harvesting holds a promise able future for generating a small amount of electrical power to drive partial circuits in wirelessly communicating electronics devices. RF power harvesting is one of the diverse fields where still research continues. The energy of RF waves used by devices can be harvested and used to operate in more effective and efficient way.
this is to present basic functional principles of high frequency x-ray generators. The emphasis is put on physical concepts that determine the engineering solutions to the problem of efficient generation and control of high voltage power required to drive the x-ray tube. The physics of magnetically coupled circuits is discussed first, as a background for the discussion of Study related to high-frequency power transformer design by X-ray Generator.
Antenna parameters part 1: Frequency bands, Gain and Radiation PatternAndre Fourie
This is part of an internal document that that gives an overview of the properties of antennas for non-engineers.
We have divided the document into different posts where we discus each of the parameters:
Frequency bands, gain and radiation pattern
Polarisation
Input Impedance and VSWR
Port to port Isolation and Cross-polarisation
Power Handling ability
Antenna “Specmanship”
Where applicable we have added some videos explaining the properties discussed.
good for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for studentgood for student
UV sensors measure the power or intensity of incident ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This form of electromagnetic radiation has shorter wavelengths than visible radiation, but is still longer than x-rays.
UV-visible spectroscopy is a fast analytical technique that measures the absorbance or transmittance of light. Although the UV wavelength ranges from 100–380 nm and the visible component goes up to 800 nm, most of the spectrophotometers have a working wavelength range between 200–1100 nm.
The practical range for UV-vis spectroscopy varies from 200–800 nm; above 800 nm is infrared, while below 200 nm is known as vacuum UV. The ability of matter to absorb and to emit light is what defines its color and the human eye is capable of differentiating up to 10 million unique colors. Light passes through media (transmission), reflects off both opaque and transparent surfaces, and is refracted by crystals. Covalently unsaturated compounds with electronic transition energy differences equivalent to the energy of the UV-visible light absorb at specific wavelengths. These compounds are known as chromophores and are responsible for their color. Covalently saturated groups that do not absorb UV-visible electromagnetic radiation but affect the absorption of chromophore groups are called auxochromes. When UV-vis radiation hits chromophores, electrons in the ground state jump to an excited state, which we refer to as electron-excitation, while auxochromes are electron-donating and have the capacity to affect the color of choromophores while they do not change color themselves. Water and alcohols are mostly transparent and do not absorb in the UV-vis range and so are excellent mediums for UV-visible spectroscopy. Acetone and dimethylformamide (DMF) are good solvents for compounds insoluble in water and alcohol, but they absorb light below 320 and 275 nm, respectively, so are appropriate only above these cut-off wavelengths.
This ppt describes the ways of designing a fractal antenna , it's limitations and advantages over normal antennas and the applications associated with it.(brief view)...
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Until recently, the word halal meant little to a producer who would pay a Muslim to
bless the slaughter of animals in the plant, not use alcohol and then put halal on the
product to entice Muslim consumers.
MBA students typically come from a background working in the private sector, while MPAs are more focused on the public sector. MPA students are more likely to have an undergraduate background in social sciences, while it's more common for MBAs to have undergrad degrees business, economics, or engineering.
Designed for those seeking leadership roles in the public or nonprofit sector, MPA develop skills in project and program management, policy implementation, public financial management, and human resources.
The Institute of Indonesian Engineers/Persatuan Insinyur Indonesia (PII) was established on May 23, 1952 in Bandung by Ir. Djuanda Kartawidjaja and Dr. Ir. Rooseno Soeryohadikoesoemo. PII is the largest and oldest professional organization of engineers in Indonesia that is acknowledged by Engineer Act 2014.
Mengenal Jenis Jenis Percetakan – Percetakan adalah sebuah bisnis yang memberikan jasa percetakan seperti buku, koran, ataupun plamfet. Bisnis percetakan memang sangat menguntungkan, apalagi jika kita mengetahui letak pasar kita ada di mana-mana.
Di Indonesia sendiri industri manufaktur masih menjadi salah satu sektor yang memberikan kontribusi hingga 20,27% pada perekonomian skala nasional, melansir Kementerian Investasi/BKPM.
he goal behind the “Right the First Time” principle is to minimize the number of product issues that get past design release and cause rework, scrap and change orders, leading to displeased customers
Whether you are using a single or multi-lamp UV Flexo system, it is crucial that
your UV lamps have a consistent UV intensity output. An uneven intensity distribution can lead to hot and cold spots in your curing, causing spoiled product.
Maslow mapped these needs onto a pyramid diagram, with each need occupying a different level of the pyramid. The lowest and biggest levels represent the basic and highest-priority needs that are essential for survival.
Pricing is a process of fixing the value that a manufacturer will receive in the exchange of services and goods. Pricing method is exercised to adjust the cost of the producer's offerings suitable to both the manufacturer and the customer
Analisis pasar ini menjadi hal penting yang harus diketahui oleh setiap orang dan juga menjadi dasar dan pondasi yang berkaitan dengan strategi pemasaran selanjutnya.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
De-mystifying Zero to One: Design Informed Techniques for Greenfield Innovati...
UV Expose Measurement
1. The Power Puck
“Portable self-contained radiometer
that can measure UV peak irradiance
and energy density during UV curing.”
Ir. Sugeng Endarsiwi
2. The Power Puck II is a 4 band portable UV radiometer. It measures UV peak irradiance (Watts/cm²) and
energy density (J/cm²) in UV curing applications. It can be configured to display Graph (irradiance profile
on the display), All Channel (data) or Reference (stored reading) Modes. With user selectable sample
rates, the Power Puck II can be used for fast conveyor lines or slower lines.
The UV Power Puck® II is a four channel radiometer that measures peak irradiance (W/cm2) and energy
(J/cm2) on a production line, and now have the ability to measure and display the irradiance profile
information directly on the radiometer making it easier to detect poorly performing UV lamps in a multi-lamp
system.
3.
4.
5.
6. Let’s start with a short glossary – following is a list of the most common terms typically used to describe a UV
Bulb’s power or intensity. (Source: https://www.uvprocess.com/)
Watts This is the total amount of energy the bulb will use at 100% power.
Unfortunately, it is not a useful indication for UV because UV lamps are extremely inefficient.
Total watts include:
1. White Light
2. Infra Red (IR) Heat
3. substantially low proportion of Ultra-Violet (UV) energy.
(~92% waste energy and ~8% UV)
WPI “Watts per Inch”;
this is the same as Watts but it is broken down into each linear inch of the UV Arc Lamp.
An example would be as follows: You have a 10 inch arc lamp that operates at 300WPI. 10 inches of arc X 300
per inch = 3,000 Watts.
(In some parts of the world, W/cm = Watts per centimeter)
7. W/cm2
This is a value for energy intensity and if the correct UV Radiometer was used; it will accurately describe
the peak output power of a UV Lamp. Intensity can be also expressed in lower levels as mW/cm2 (milliwatts) or even
lower as µW/cm 2 (micro-watts). The portion at the end (/cm2) stands for per centimeter squared, or per square
centimeter. It represents the detector size used within the radiometer.
All radiometers calculate based on a square centimeter detector so that there is some uniformity within the industry.
J/cm2
This is a value for energy dose and accurately describes the total accumulative exposure of UV received. It
is W/cm2 multiplied by time. Similar to W/cm2, in lower doses it can be represented as mJ/cm2 (millijoules) or even
lower as µJ/cm2(micro-joules).
Note: 1 Joule = 1 W/cm2 /second.
(Source: https://www.uvprocess.com/)