Results: In all, 26% of the reported 2489 drugs were medicinal CAM. The 4-week prevalence for homeopathy and
herbal drug use was 7.5% and 5.6%, respectively. Some 13.9% of the children used at least one type of medicinal
CAM in the preceding 4 weeks. The 1-year prevalence for consultation with CAM providers was 10.8%. From the
drugs identified as CAM, 53.7% were homeopathic remedies, and 30.8% were herbal drugs.
Factors associated with higher medicinal CAM use were female gender, residing in Munich, and higher maternal
education.
A homeopathy user utilized on average homeopathic remedies worth EUR 15.28. The corresponding figure for herbal
drug users was EUR 16.02, and EUR 18.72 for overall medicinal CAM users.
Compared with the 10-year follow-up, the prevalence of homeopathy use was more than halved (−52%) and dropped
substantially for herbal drug use (−36%) and overall CAM use (−38%) as well.
Economic impact of homeopathic practice in general medicine in Francehome
Abstract
Health authorities are constantly searching for new ways to stabilise health expenditures. To explore this issue, we
compared the costs generated by different types of medical practice in French general medicine: i.e. conventional
(CM-GP), homeopathic (Ho-GP), or mixed (Mx-GP).
Data from a previous cross-sectional study, EPI3 La-Ser, were used. Three types of cost were analysed: (i) consultation
cost (ii) prescription cost and (iii) total cost (consultation + prescription). Each was evaluated as: (i) the cost to Social
Security (ii) the remaining cost (to the patient and/or supplementary health insurance); and (iii) health expenditure
(combination of the two costs).
With regard to Social Security, treatment by Ho-GPs was less costly (42.00 € vs 65.25 € for CM-GPs, 35 % less). Medical
prescriptions were two-times more expensive for CM-GPs patients (48.68 € vs 25.62 €). For the supplementary health
insurance and/or patient out-of-pocket costs, treatment by CM-GPs was less expensive due to the lower consultation
costs (6.19 € vs 11.20 € for Ho-GPs) whereas the prescription cost was comparable between the Ho-GPs and the
CM-GPs patients (15.87 € vs 15.24 € respectively) . The health expenditure cost was 20 % less for patients consulting
Ho-GPs compared to CM-GPs (68.93 € vs 86.63 €, respectively). The lower cost of medical prescriptions for Ho-GPs
patients compared to CM-GPs patients (41.67 € vs 63.72 €) was offset by the higher consultation costs (27.08 € vs 22.68 €
respectively). Ho-GPs prescribed fewer psychotropic drugs, antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
In conclusions management of patients by homeopathic GPs may be less expensive from a global perspective and may
represent an important interest to public health.
éTica 04 medicines for children licensed by the european agencygisa_legal
This document analyzes medicines approved for children by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) from 1995 to 2001. It finds that 35% of approved drugs on average were authorized for children, though few were studied specifically in pediatric populations. Most pediatric approvals were for anti-infectives. While approvals have allowed treatment of previously untreatable diseases, important drug classes like oncology remain underrepresented. More pediatric studies are still needed to adequately serve child patients.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
Counterfeit Herbal Medicine adulterated with chemical drugs in Indonesia: NAD...Premier Publishers
Herbal medicine is widely used in Indonesia. Thus, counterfeit herbal medicines are a great concern given the negative impact to individual and population health. This paper used data drawn from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC/BPOM)of Indonesia to describe the counterfeit trend against registered herbal drugs from 2011 to 2014, and further analyses were performed to discover the types of the fraud, the impact to the health and conventional drugs that could be used as substitutes for herbal drugs. The research found that the amount of falsified medicines is increasing along with the increasing number of registered herbal drugs. From the data obtained, similar falsified herbal drugs were identified for both life style drugs (51%) and health-related condition drugs (49%). In addition, almost all falsified herbal drugs are adulterations plus tampering (81%). The most significant substitute chemical drug is paracetamol.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Essential medicines and counterfeit medicinesAmit Bhondve
The document discusses essential medicines and counterfeit medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health needs of a population and are selected based on disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own lists. Counterfeit medicines pose serious risks as they may contain incorrect ingredients, too much or too little of the active ingredient, or no active ingredient at all. It is difficult to determine the full extent of counterfeiting due to varying reporting methods across countries and regions. Counterfeiting is most prevalent in areas with weak regulatory and enforcement systems for medicines.
Economic impact of homeopathic practice in general medicine in Francehome
Abstract
Health authorities are constantly searching for new ways to stabilise health expenditures. To explore this issue, we
compared the costs generated by different types of medical practice in French general medicine: i.e. conventional
(CM-GP), homeopathic (Ho-GP), or mixed (Mx-GP).
Data from a previous cross-sectional study, EPI3 La-Ser, were used. Three types of cost were analysed: (i) consultation
cost (ii) prescription cost and (iii) total cost (consultation + prescription). Each was evaluated as: (i) the cost to Social
Security (ii) the remaining cost (to the patient and/or supplementary health insurance); and (iii) health expenditure
(combination of the two costs).
With regard to Social Security, treatment by Ho-GPs was less costly (42.00 € vs 65.25 € for CM-GPs, 35 % less). Medical
prescriptions were two-times more expensive for CM-GPs patients (48.68 € vs 25.62 €). For the supplementary health
insurance and/or patient out-of-pocket costs, treatment by CM-GPs was less expensive due to the lower consultation
costs (6.19 € vs 11.20 € for Ho-GPs) whereas the prescription cost was comparable between the Ho-GPs and the
CM-GPs patients (15.87 € vs 15.24 € respectively) . The health expenditure cost was 20 % less for patients consulting
Ho-GPs compared to CM-GPs (68.93 € vs 86.63 €, respectively). The lower cost of medical prescriptions for Ho-GPs
patients compared to CM-GPs patients (41.67 € vs 63.72 €) was offset by the higher consultation costs (27.08 € vs 22.68 €
respectively). Ho-GPs prescribed fewer psychotropic drugs, antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
In conclusions management of patients by homeopathic GPs may be less expensive from a global perspective and may
represent an important interest to public health.
éTica 04 medicines for children licensed by the european agencygisa_legal
This document analyzes medicines approved for children by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) from 1995 to 2001. It finds that 35% of approved drugs on average were authorized for children, though few were studied specifically in pediatric populations. Most pediatric approvals were for anti-infectives. While approvals have allowed treatment of previously untreatable diseases, important drug classes like oncology remain underrepresented. More pediatric studies are still needed to adequately serve child patients.
The document discusses the concept of essential medicines and rational use of drugs. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own national lists. Educational, managerial, economic and regulatory strategies can be used to promote rational drug use and selection of cost-effective treatments. Pharmacists can play a role through drug selection, inventory control, patient education, and pharmaceutical care.
Counterfeit Herbal Medicine adulterated with chemical drugs in Indonesia: NAD...Premier Publishers
Herbal medicine is widely used in Indonesia. Thus, counterfeit herbal medicines are a great concern given the negative impact to individual and population health. This paper used data drawn from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (NADFC/BPOM)of Indonesia to describe the counterfeit trend against registered herbal drugs from 2011 to 2014, and further analyses were performed to discover the types of the fraud, the impact to the health and conventional drugs that could be used as substitutes for herbal drugs. The research found that the amount of falsified medicines is increasing along with the increasing number of registered herbal drugs. From the data obtained, similar falsified herbal drugs were identified for both life style drugs (51%) and health-related condition drugs (49%). In addition, almost all falsified herbal drugs are adulterations plus tampering (81%). The most significant substitute chemical drug is paracetamol.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Essential medicines and counterfeit medicinesAmit Bhondve
The document discusses essential medicines and counterfeit medicines. It defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the priority health needs of a population and are selected based on disease prevalence, efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a Model List of Essential Medicines every two years to guide countries in developing their own lists. Counterfeit medicines pose serious risks as they may contain incorrect ingredients, too much or too little of the active ingredient, or no active ingredient at all. It is difficult to determine the full extent of counterfeiting due to varying reporting methods across countries and regions. Counterfeiting is most prevalent in areas with weak regulatory and enforcement systems for medicines.
This document outlines a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for illicit drugs research in Europe. It identifies four key research areas and common themes to guide future research priorities. The research areas are: 1) Understanding drug use pathways through the life course, 2) Improving wellbeing by responding to drug use and its consequences, 3) Understanding drug markets, supply and supply reduction responses, and 4) Analyzing drug policies and their implementation and impact. Cross-cutting themes include measurement and methodology, key actor perspectives, social environment influences, and the impact of communication technologies. The SRA was developed through a consultation process with stakeholders across multiple European countries to identify important research gaps and inform coordinated, interdisciplinary illicit drugs research
The document summarizes the concept, criteria for selection, benefits, and application of essential medicines in Nepal. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health needs of the population and are intended to be available at all times in adequate amounts and appropriate forms at a price people can afford. Nepal first implemented a national list of essential medicines in 1986 based on WHO guidelines. The list is revised every few years to ensure availability of effective, safe, and affordable medicines aligned with treatment guidelines.
Quality of Antimalarials at the Epicenter of Antimalarial Drug Resistance- Re...Mikhael de Souza
This study analyzed the quality of artemisinin-containing antimalarials (ACAs) collected from drug outlets in Cambodia using two methods: open surveyors and mystery clients. A total of 291 ACA samples were collected and analyzed. The majority (69%) were found to contain the stated active pharmaceutical ingredient within the specified quality range. Few oral artemisinin monotherapies were found. No suspected falsified medicines were identified. While medicine quality did not differ significantly between the two collection methods, open surveyors were less likely than mystery clients to obtain oral artemisinin monotherapies. The results indicate that Cambodia's efforts to improve antimalarial drug quality have had a positive impact.
The document discusses how clinical pharmacists can help reduce healthcare costs when integrated into medical teams. It presents evidence from studies showing that pharmacists improve clinical outcomes and lower costs through various methods. When pharmacists apply diagnostic data and utilize management skills while collaborating with medical staff, they can optimize drug therapy selection and monitoring, reducing costs up to 30% while improving patient care. The inclusion of pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams provides an effective approach for health systems to both enhance quality of care and contain expenses.
The document discusses the history and functions of poison control centres. It begins by defining poisons and how poison control centres were established in response to increased accidental poisonings after World War II. It then describes the development of poison control centres globally and some key centres in India, including their services and organizational structure. Major functions of poison control centres include providing toxicology information and advice on poisoning management to minimize health impacts and costs.
A Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of Ibuprofen Suspensions with Other...iosrjce
The use of medicines in our society follows no rules and ethics however there are detail regulations
available for this. Both patients and general physicians are responsible for this trend. Patients from middle to
lower class are affected by high cost of medicine this is the reason they tend to buy medicine of cheap price and
sometime agree to compromise with quality of medicines. On the other hand general physicians are influenced
by the unethical pressure of pharmaceutical companies. In this study similar problem is addressed and detailed
investigation has been performed. This study revealed the trends in the prescription of medicine addressing pain
and fever mostly relevant to children by general physicians. This is a survey based research and analysis which
showed that general physicians are influenced by the brand and the manufacturer’s name.
A comparison between two medicines namely Ibuprofen and Paracetamol was also discussed which are
commonly prescribed by the general physician for the management of pain and fever in children.. Although both
are regarded as alternate to each other, as reveled from the survey but an Ibuprofen brand is prescribed more
than the other brands. There are many factors associated with this phenomenon such as brand names,
manufacturer’s name, marketing strategies and cost. The strategies need to gain market share were also
discussed. It is concluded from the research that Ibuprofen suspension has an advantage on its competitors
prevailing in the market. Ibuprofen suspension has a cost effective advantage and its response is fast as
compare to acetaminophen. Moreover dosage time between two dosages of Ibuprofen is greater than
acetaminophen. For quick relief doctors prefers to prescribe popular brand of Ibuprofen suspension as compare
to acetaminophen.
Global Medical Cures™ | Responding to America's Prescription Drug Abuse CrisisGlobal Medical Cures™
This document summarizes the growing problem of prescription drug abuse in America. Key points include:
- Prescription drug abuse is now the nation's fastest growing drug problem, with opioids like oxycodone being abused at increasing rates.
- Education of healthcare providers, patients, and the public is needed to increase awareness of the dangers of prescription drug misuse and how to properly use and dispose of medications.
- Tracking programs like prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) in states can help identify "doctor shoppers" and reduce diversion, though more research is still needed on their effectiveness.
- A multifaceted approach including education, monitoring, safe disposal, and enforcement is needed to address the crisis of prescription drug
The document discusses rational drug use and lists numerous references on the topic. It notes that despite knowledge gained on rational use interventions, irrational prescribing continues. Successful rational use requires complex, multifaceted solutions beyond knowledge alone. Barriers include expensive new drugs, traditional medical training with little focus on public health, and influence of pharmaceutical representatives. Future goals include standard treatment guidelines, skills-based training, and effective drug information systems for health workers and the public.
Graham was invited to the weekly seminar series by the Royal Brompton Hospital to deliver a presentation on health economics pertinent to Respiratory medicine. They care for a large number of patients with complex lung diseases at the institution and juggle the varied issues of resource (human, structural or financial). As one of many examples, high cost drugs for treating relatively unusual conditions comes up for debate all too frequently. The audience included consultant physicians, senior and junior trainees, nurses and other allied health professionals.
Date: 7 March 2019
Location: The Royal Brompton, London, UK
West Virginia has high rates of opioid and benzodiazepine prescription and misuse according to the document. It ranks third highest for opioid prescriptions per capita and first for benzodiazepine prescriptions. In 2014 over 400,000 opioid prescriptions and 300,000 benzodiazepine prescriptions were filled for West Virginia Medicaid recipients. West Virginia Medicaid has policies like quantity limits and a lock-in program to curb prescription drug abuse and encourages providers and recipients to follow best practices for responsible prescribing and use.
Poison information center (Structural Organization and functions)Dr. Abhimanyu Prashar
The document discusses the functions and roles of poison information centers (PICs). It outlines that PICs provide toxicological information and advice, manage poisoning cases, provide laboratory services, conduct education and training, and engage in toxicovigilance activities like identifying risks and preventing poisoning. PICs also contribute to areas like drug information, substances of abuse, environmental toxicology, and disaster planning. Effective PICs require cooperation with various medical and government organizations.
The document discusses issues around the marketing of pharmaceutical drugs. It notes that pharmaceutical marketing can influence doctors' prescribing decisions and priorities. Several studies cited found that doctors view drug sales representatives as an important source of information. The document then outlines a proposed research agenda to further examine the extent and impact of pharmaceutical marketing, including potential costs and benefits to health systems and policies around transparency. It concludes by noting concerns that extensive marketing practices could undermine affordable medical care.
A poison control center provides free, expert medical advice and treatment for poison exposures via telephone. They answer questions about potential poisons and provide treatment advice for products, medicines, pesticides, plants, bites and more. Over 72% of poison exposure cases are managed by phone alone. Poison control centers greatly reduce emergency visits and their costs. Free help from poison control centers is available 24/7 in many countries and languages.
The document discusses the changing role of pharmacists and the benefits of integrating pharmacists into medical teams. It presents several studies that show pharmacists improving clinical outcomes when involved in patient care. The rationale is that pharmacists can help physicians optimize drug therapy and patient safety by providing expertise in areas like monitoring treatments, detecting interactions and adverse reactions, and managing costs. The conclusion is that applying pharmaceutical care principles can both improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
This document summarizes a study examining consumer attitudes towards apple juice produced using two new food processing technologies: high-pressure processing (HPP) and pulsed electric field processing (PEF). Interviews were conducted in Norway, Denmark, Hungary, and Slovakia using a means-end chain approach. The study found that consumers recognized benefits of HPP and PEF juices over conventionally pasteurized juice, such as better taste and nutrition. However, some consumers expressed skepticism about potential risks of PEF. The researchers conclude it is important for producers to provide evidence that new technologies are safe in order to gain consumer acceptance of resulting food products.
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
Analysis of patient care and facility indicators ijrpppharmaindexing
This document analyzes patient care and facility indicators in public and private health institutions in Wolkite town, South West Ethiopia. Six hundred patients were interviewed prospectively in private and public facilities. The average consultation times were 9.0 minutes in private facilities and 5.5 minutes in public facilities. The average dispensing times were 17.5 seconds in private facilities and 11.1 seconds in public facilities. Shortages of essential drugs, treatment guidelines and drug lists were found in the facilities studied.
The document discusses Estonia gaining independence in 1991 after decades of occupation. It notes that Estonia has made progress in rebuilding its economy and society, joining the EU and NATO, and transitioning to a digital society, though challenges remain. Overall the document reflects on Estonia's journey to independence and development over the past 30 years.
The document provides information about a film called "The Team" including:
1) The main character is a teenage girl named Jenny Black who is haunted by witnessing her parents die in a fire when she was five.
2) The plot follows Jenny discovering who killed her parents and seeking brutal revenge due to her disturbed mental state.
3) The title sequence shows Jenny transforming from a normal girl into a psychotic killer after a mysterious phone call, giving insight into her mental illness through medication in her room.
Este documento describe cómo crear una cuenta en SlideShare para subir presentaciones de PowerPoint. Explica los pasos para buscar SlideShare en Google, registrarse con un nombre de usuario, correo electrónico y contraseña, y luego cargar una presentación seleccionando la opción "Upload" o "Upload+".
This document outlines a Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) for illicit drugs research in Europe. It identifies four key research areas and common themes to guide future research priorities. The research areas are: 1) Understanding drug use pathways through the life course, 2) Improving wellbeing by responding to drug use and its consequences, 3) Understanding drug markets, supply and supply reduction responses, and 4) Analyzing drug policies and their implementation and impact. Cross-cutting themes include measurement and methodology, key actor perspectives, social environment influences, and the impact of communication technologies. The SRA was developed through a consultation process with stakeholders across multiple European countries to identify important research gaps and inform coordinated, interdisciplinary illicit drugs research
The document summarizes the concept, criteria for selection, benefits, and application of essential medicines in Nepal. Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health needs of the population and are intended to be available at all times in adequate amounts and appropriate forms at a price people can afford. Nepal first implemented a national list of essential medicines in 1986 based on WHO guidelines. The list is revised every few years to ensure availability of effective, safe, and affordable medicines aligned with treatment guidelines.
Quality of Antimalarials at the Epicenter of Antimalarial Drug Resistance- Re...Mikhael de Souza
This study analyzed the quality of artemisinin-containing antimalarials (ACAs) collected from drug outlets in Cambodia using two methods: open surveyors and mystery clients. A total of 291 ACA samples were collected and analyzed. The majority (69%) were found to contain the stated active pharmaceutical ingredient within the specified quality range. Few oral artemisinin monotherapies were found. No suspected falsified medicines were identified. While medicine quality did not differ significantly between the two collection methods, open surveyors were less likely than mystery clients to obtain oral artemisinin monotherapies. The results indicate that Cambodia's efforts to improve antimalarial drug quality have had a positive impact.
The document discusses how clinical pharmacists can help reduce healthcare costs when integrated into medical teams. It presents evidence from studies showing that pharmacists improve clinical outcomes and lower costs through various methods. When pharmacists apply diagnostic data and utilize management skills while collaborating with medical staff, they can optimize drug therapy selection and monitoring, reducing costs up to 30% while improving patient care. The inclusion of pharmacists in multidisciplinary teams provides an effective approach for health systems to both enhance quality of care and contain expenses.
The document discusses the history and functions of poison control centres. It begins by defining poisons and how poison control centres were established in response to increased accidental poisonings after World War II. It then describes the development of poison control centres globally and some key centres in India, including their services and organizational structure. Major functions of poison control centres include providing toxicology information and advice on poisoning management to minimize health impacts and costs.
A Comparative Study of Cost Effectiveness of Ibuprofen Suspensions with Other...iosrjce
The use of medicines in our society follows no rules and ethics however there are detail regulations
available for this. Both patients and general physicians are responsible for this trend. Patients from middle to
lower class are affected by high cost of medicine this is the reason they tend to buy medicine of cheap price and
sometime agree to compromise with quality of medicines. On the other hand general physicians are influenced
by the unethical pressure of pharmaceutical companies. In this study similar problem is addressed and detailed
investigation has been performed. This study revealed the trends in the prescription of medicine addressing pain
and fever mostly relevant to children by general physicians. This is a survey based research and analysis which
showed that general physicians are influenced by the brand and the manufacturer’s name.
A comparison between two medicines namely Ibuprofen and Paracetamol was also discussed which are
commonly prescribed by the general physician for the management of pain and fever in children.. Although both
are regarded as alternate to each other, as reveled from the survey but an Ibuprofen brand is prescribed more
than the other brands. There are many factors associated with this phenomenon such as brand names,
manufacturer’s name, marketing strategies and cost. The strategies need to gain market share were also
discussed. It is concluded from the research that Ibuprofen suspension has an advantage on its competitors
prevailing in the market. Ibuprofen suspension has a cost effective advantage and its response is fast as
compare to acetaminophen. Moreover dosage time between two dosages of Ibuprofen is greater than
acetaminophen. For quick relief doctors prefers to prescribe popular brand of Ibuprofen suspension as compare
to acetaminophen.
Global Medical Cures™ | Responding to America's Prescription Drug Abuse CrisisGlobal Medical Cures™
This document summarizes the growing problem of prescription drug abuse in America. Key points include:
- Prescription drug abuse is now the nation's fastest growing drug problem, with opioids like oxycodone being abused at increasing rates.
- Education of healthcare providers, patients, and the public is needed to increase awareness of the dangers of prescription drug misuse and how to properly use and dispose of medications.
- Tracking programs like prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) in states can help identify "doctor shoppers" and reduce diversion, though more research is still needed on their effectiveness.
- A multifaceted approach including education, monitoring, safe disposal, and enforcement is needed to address the crisis of prescription drug
The document discusses rational drug use and lists numerous references on the topic. It notes that despite knowledge gained on rational use interventions, irrational prescribing continues. Successful rational use requires complex, multifaceted solutions beyond knowledge alone. Barriers include expensive new drugs, traditional medical training with little focus on public health, and influence of pharmaceutical representatives. Future goals include standard treatment guidelines, skills-based training, and effective drug information systems for health workers and the public.
Graham was invited to the weekly seminar series by the Royal Brompton Hospital to deliver a presentation on health economics pertinent to Respiratory medicine. They care for a large number of patients with complex lung diseases at the institution and juggle the varied issues of resource (human, structural or financial). As one of many examples, high cost drugs for treating relatively unusual conditions comes up for debate all too frequently. The audience included consultant physicians, senior and junior trainees, nurses and other allied health professionals.
Date: 7 March 2019
Location: The Royal Brompton, London, UK
West Virginia has high rates of opioid and benzodiazepine prescription and misuse according to the document. It ranks third highest for opioid prescriptions per capita and first for benzodiazepine prescriptions. In 2014 over 400,000 opioid prescriptions and 300,000 benzodiazepine prescriptions were filled for West Virginia Medicaid recipients. West Virginia Medicaid has policies like quantity limits and a lock-in program to curb prescription drug abuse and encourages providers and recipients to follow best practices for responsible prescribing and use.
Poison information center (Structural Organization and functions)Dr. Abhimanyu Prashar
The document discusses the functions and roles of poison information centers (PICs). It outlines that PICs provide toxicological information and advice, manage poisoning cases, provide laboratory services, conduct education and training, and engage in toxicovigilance activities like identifying risks and preventing poisoning. PICs also contribute to areas like drug information, substances of abuse, environmental toxicology, and disaster planning. Effective PICs require cooperation with various medical and government organizations.
The document discusses issues around the marketing of pharmaceutical drugs. It notes that pharmaceutical marketing can influence doctors' prescribing decisions and priorities. Several studies cited found that doctors view drug sales representatives as an important source of information. The document then outlines a proposed research agenda to further examine the extent and impact of pharmaceutical marketing, including potential costs and benefits to health systems and policies around transparency. It concludes by noting concerns that extensive marketing practices could undermine affordable medical care.
A poison control center provides free, expert medical advice and treatment for poison exposures via telephone. They answer questions about potential poisons and provide treatment advice for products, medicines, pesticides, plants, bites and more. Over 72% of poison exposure cases are managed by phone alone. Poison control centers greatly reduce emergency visits and their costs. Free help from poison control centers is available 24/7 in many countries and languages.
The document discusses the changing role of pharmacists and the benefits of integrating pharmacists into medical teams. It presents several studies that show pharmacists improving clinical outcomes when involved in patient care. The rationale is that pharmacists can help physicians optimize drug therapy and patient safety by providing expertise in areas like monitoring treatments, detecting interactions and adverse reactions, and managing costs. The conclusion is that applying pharmaceutical care principles can both improve health outcomes and reduce healthcare costs.
This document summarizes a study examining consumer attitudes towards apple juice produced using two new food processing technologies: high-pressure processing (HPP) and pulsed electric field processing (PEF). Interviews were conducted in Norway, Denmark, Hungary, and Slovakia using a means-end chain approach. The study found that consumers recognized benefits of HPP and PEF juices over conventionally pasteurized juice, such as better taste and nutrition. However, some consumers expressed skepticism about potential risks of PEF. The researchers conclude it is important for producers to provide evidence that new technologies are safe in order to gain consumer acceptance of resulting food products.
The document discusses the history and development of essential medicines. It outlines key events like the growth of new drugs post-WWII, the thalidomide tragedy of 1960, and the 1978 Alma-Ata declaration which established primary health care and inclusion of essential drugs. The WHO defines essential medicines as those that satisfy the majority of a population's health needs. Selection criteria include disease patterns, treatment facilities, and financial resources. National drug policies aim to ensure appropriate access to and use of essential medicines.
Analysis of patient care and facility indicators ijrpppharmaindexing
This document analyzes patient care and facility indicators in public and private health institutions in Wolkite town, South West Ethiopia. Six hundred patients were interviewed prospectively in private and public facilities. The average consultation times were 9.0 minutes in private facilities and 5.5 minutes in public facilities. The average dispensing times were 17.5 seconds in private facilities and 11.1 seconds in public facilities. Shortages of essential drugs, treatment guidelines and drug lists were found in the facilities studied.
The document discusses Estonia gaining independence in 1991 after decades of occupation. It notes that Estonia has made progress in rebuilding its economy and society, joining the EU and NATO, and transitioning to a digital society, though challenges remain. Overall the document reflects on Estonia's journey to independence and development over the past 30 years.
The document provides information about a film called "The Team" including:
1) The main character is a teenage girl named Jenny Black who is haunted by witnessing her parents die in a fire when she was five.
2) The plot follows Jenny discovering who killed her parents and seeking brutal revenge due to her disturbed mental state.
3) The title sequence shows Jenny transforming from a normal girl into a psychotic killer after a mysterious phone call, giving insight into her mental illness through medication in her room.
Este documento describe cómo crear una cuenta en SlideShare para subir presentaciones de PowerPoint. Explica los pasos para buscar SlideShare en Google, registrarse con un nombre de usuario, correo electrónico y contraseña, y luego cargar una presentación seleccionando la opción "Upload" o "Upload+".
The document discusses small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Bangladesh. It notes that SMEs make up 90% of private enterprises in Bangladesh and contribute significantly to GDP and employment. However, SMEs face numerous challenges accessing finance. The document outlines key sectors targeted by the government for growth, trends in SME lending, constraints faced by SMEs including access to finance, and recommendations to strengthen the SME sector such as enhancing access to finance, reducing interest rates, and providing support services.
La netiqueta se refiere a las convenciones de comportamiento en espacios virtuales. Surge de la necesidad de ordenar interacciones en redes desde los años 90. Los principios básicos de netiqueta en blogs incluyen que los comentarios complementen pero no sustituyan el contenido original, y que los comentaristas revele su identidad. Las reglas de netiqueta 2.0 se aplican a plataformas sociales y dispositivos móviles, promoviendo el respeto, la veracidad y evitar agresiones.
1) O documento é um registro de aulas de um curso de formação policial ocorrido entre 4 e 8 de agosto de 2014.
2) Ele lista as aulas ministradas cada dia por hora, assunto, professor e alunos ausentes.
3) Os assuntos incluem direito constitucional, história institucional, saúde física, legislação e técnicas policiais.
William Michael Gallant, of Tallahassee, Florida, is a surfer who loves to travel the world. He especially enjoys any type of travel that involves exploring the unknown and the outdoors. This presentation details some incredible tours and trips that can be taken in Mexico this year.
Swopna Varghese is applying for the position of Procurement Specialist/Buyer at Lamprell in Dubai. She has over 14 years of experience in procurement and supply chain management in Dubai and holds a master's degree. She is familiar with the culture of Dubai and has strong communication, problem-solving, and computer skills. She has included her resume for consideration and requests an interview.
El documento presenta una variedad de nuevos diseños y productos tecnológicos como computadores con múltiples pantallas, pantallas curvas, celulares con formas innovadoras, bolígrafos con memoria, pantallas táctiles adheribles, televisores, controles remotos, mouse, lámparas, bañeras, vestidos luminosos, cocinas del futuro, puentes, papel electrónico, puertas luminosas, bicicletas familiares, mesas para piscina, oficinas plegables, cámaras, reproduct
The document discusses the outlook for governance roles in financial services in 2016. It covers compliance, operational risk, and internal audit. For compliance, demand will remain high in 2016 particularly in conduct risk and financial crime. Regulated sectors like consumer credit and fintech will see continued hiring. For operational risk, demand remains strong driven by regulatory focus on the three lines of defense model. The internal audit market has been buoyant in 2015 and demand for qualified auditors is increasing, though there remains a shortage of candidates.
Isolation par l'extérieure par bois et paille charpente eddy fruchardBois et Paille
Isolation par l'extérieure en ossature bois par Bois et Paille charpente Eddy FRUCHARD
Solution en fibre de bois ou isolation ouate de cellulose .
Résistance thermique obtenu R= 4.2
Prix chantier n°1 = 229 TTC/m² compris Habillage, isolation R=4.2, bardage bois peint (surface 67 m²)
cout isolation n°2 = 231 TTC/m² (surface 55 m²)
Eksperimen ini menguji dua sampel makanan untuk mengenal pasti kehadiran gula penurun, lipid, dan protein menggunakan larutan iodin, Benedict, Millon, dan kertas turas. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua sampel mengandung sedikit gula penurun, protein, dan lipid.
Las tic´s como herramientas para la informática educativaIED San Fernando
Este documento describe las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) y su papel en la informática educativa. Explica que las TIC pueden usarse como herramientas para mejorar la educación mediante el uso de correo electrónico, sitios web, plataformas de aprendizaje en línea y otros recursos digitales. También analiza cómo las TIC pueden transformar la organización escolar y la formación del profesorado para apoyar la innovación educativa.
Similar to Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among children from a German birth cohort (GINIplus): patterns, costs, and trends of use
Concept of essential medicines and rational use of medicinesVivek Nayak
This document discusses essential medicines and rational drug use. It defines essential medicines as those that meet the priority health care needs of the population based on efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness. The WHO publishes a model list of essential medicines that is divided into core and complementary items. Rational drug use means using the appropriate medicine at the right dose for the correct duration. Promoting rational use involves training, continuing education, and formulary guidance. Irrational use increases costs and harms patients.
Complementary or alternative? The use of homeopathic products and antibiotics...home
Any intervention to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics for infections in
children has the potential to reduce the selective pressure on antimicrobial resistance and minimise
the medicalisation of self-limiting illness. Little is known about whether homeopathic products
might be used by some families as an alternative to antibiotics or the characteristics of such families.
We used the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) observational dataset to
explore the hypothesis that the use of homeopathic products is associated with reduced antibiotic
use in pre-school children and to identify characteristics of the families of pre-school children given
homeopathic products.
Methods: Questionnaires
Homeopathic medical practice: Long-term results of a cohort study with 3981 p...home
Disease severity and quality of life demonstrated marked and sustained
improvements following homeopathic treatment period. Our findings indicate that homeopathic
medical therapy may play a beneficial role in the long-term care of patients with chronic diseases.
Introduction to rational use of drugs and role of pharmacist in rational use...Adhin Antony Xavier
This document discusses strategies for promoting rational use of drugs in healthcare systems. It recommends establishing a national drug regulatory authority to oversee drug quality, developing treatment guidelines and an essential drug list. Healthcare professionals should be provided drug information and undergo continuing education on rational prescribing. Generic names should be used and drugs prescribed according to their intended therapeutic uses and appropriate dosages. Quality of drugs must be ensured and irrational self-medication discouraged through public education. Monitoring drug use through indicators can help evaluate prescribing practices and promote rational drug utilization.
Harm in homeopathy: Aggravations, adverse drug events or medication errors?home
This study prospectively observed 335 follow-up visits of 181 patients receiving homeopathic treatment between June 2003 and June 2004. The study aimed to assess harm from homeopathic medicines by reporting any adverse drug events. Nine adverse reactions were reported, representing 2.68% of follow-up visits. Most events were minor and transient. One case involved an allergic reaction to lactose, an excipient in the granules. The study concludes that while adverse events to homeopathic drugs do occur, they are rare and not typically severe.
Trends in Psychotropic Medication Costsfor Children and Adol.docxwillcoxjanay
Trends in Psychotropic Medication Costs
for Children and Adolescents, 1997-2000
Andrés Martin, MD, MPH; Douglas Leslie, PhD
Objective: To examine trends in psychotropic medi-
cation utilization and costs for children and adolescents
between January 1, 1997, and December 31, 2000.
Methods: Pharmacy claims were analyzed for mental
health users 17 years and younger (N = 83 039) from a
national database covering 1.74 million privately in-
sured youths. Utilization rates and costs for dispensed
medications were compared across psychotropic drug cat-
egories and individual agents over time.
Results: Overall use of psychotropic drugs increased from
59.5% of mental health outpatients in 1997 (a 1-year
prevalence of 28.7 per 1000) to 62.3% in 2000 (33.7 per
1000), a 4.7% increase. The largest changes in utiliza-
tion were seen for atypical antipsychotics (138.4%), atypi-
cal antidepressants (42.8%), and selective serotonin re-
uptake inhibitors (18.8%). The average prescription price
increased by 17.6% ($7.90 per prescription), a change
in turn attributed to a shift toward costlier medications
within the same category (55.1% of the increase, or $4.35)
and to pure inflation (44.9% of the increase, or $3.55;
P for trend �.001 for all comparisons). Almost half
(46.7%) of the $2.7 million gross sales differential was
accounted for by only 3 of the 39 drugs identified (am-
phetamine compound, risperidone, and sertraline), and
75% was accounted for by 7 drugs (the previous 3 and
bupropion, paroxetine, venlafaxine, and citalopram).
Conclusions: Psychotropic drug expenditure increases
during the late 1990s resulted from more youths being
prescribed drugs, a preference for newer and costlier medi-
cations, and the net effects of inflation. The impact of man-
aged care and pharmaceutical marketing effects on these
trends warrants further study.
Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2003;157:997-1004
T
HE USE of psychotropic
medications in children has
become a highly visible is-
sue, receiving regular at-
tention from academics (for
a recent summary, see Jensen et al1), poli-
cymakers,2,3 and the lay press alike.4-6 In
contrast to the controversial and at times
charged reactions that the topic can en-
gender, reliable national estimates of the
extent of pediatric use of psychotropic
drugs have only recently started to be-
come available.7-9 Previous studies10,11 have
documented that most psychotropic medi-
cations are not prescribed by mental health
specialists but rather by general practi-
tioners, a pattern that is certainly appli-
cable to stimulants, the most widely used
psychotropic drug class for children: in
1995, pediatricians prescribed 50% of
stimulants, family practitioners 20%, and
psychiatrists only 13%.8
The financial implications of pediat-
ric pharmacotherapy have gone largely un-
examined, an important shortcoming given
that in the US expenditures for prescrip-
tion drugs have continued to be the fastest
growing component of health care across
a ...
Epidemiology is the study of occurrence, distribution and determinants of health and
diseases or disorders in man and its application in controlling health problems.
Epidemiology has by tradition two major areas.
First is the study of infectious diseases that spread to large populations, i.e., epidemics.
The second is the study of chronic diseases.
Epidemiological studies help to solve such health problems and provide a basis for
improving living conditions of the people.
During its progress and development, epidemiology has made available precise and
strict methodologies for the study of diseases.
Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs.
Clinical Pharmacology is the study of the effects of drugs in humans, It is traditionally
divided into two basic areas namely:
1. Pharmacokinetics
2. Pharmacodynamics.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the relationship between dose administered of a drug
and the serum or blood level achieved, it deals with absorption, distribution, metabolism
and excretion.
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of diseases in
populations.
Epidemics is the study of chronic/ infectious diseases in large populations.
Pharmacoepidemiology is the study of the use of and the effects of drugs in large
number of people.
It involves the examination of a single individual or large groups of people followed for
many years.
It involves gathering & analysis of information in order to identify possible causation &
related factors, that can be applied in clinical practice to group of people & also to
individuals undergoing treatment.
Etica 04 medicines for children licensed by the european agencygisa_legal
This document summarizes a study that evaluated medicines approved for children by the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) from 1995 to 2001. The study found that 35% of approved drugs were authorized for pediatric use on average. Only 11% were approved for children under 2 years old. Medicines for children fell under 9 therapeutic categories, with over half being anti-infectives. Thirty-nine medicines were approved based on clinical trials, while eight were approved without pediatric studies. The study concludes that more efforts are needed to increase pediatric drug development and require manufacturers to study new drugs in children.
A systematic review_on_the_use_of_psychosocial.4Paul Coelho, MD
This document summarizes a systematic review of 27 empirical studies on the use of psychosocial interventions in conjunction with medications for the treatment of opioid addiction. The most widely studied interventions were contingency management and cognitive behavioral therapy, primarily in the context of methadone treatment. The results generally support providing psychosocial interventions along with medications to improve outcomes like reducing opioid use and increasing treatment retention and completion rates, though benefits varied across studies. However, significant gaps remain in understanding the most effective combination and delivery of psychosocial treatments with different medications. More research is needed to optimize treatment of the opioid epidemic.
The document discusses the role of pharmacists in achieving therapeutic efficacy and cost-effectiveness in the management of allergic rhinitis. It outlines that pharmacists can play a key role in providing professional advice for self-medication of intermittent and mild persistent allergic rhinitis using over-the-counter antihistamines. This can help ensure good disease control while reducing healthcare costs for individuals and health insurance funds. The document also discusses how pharmacist counseling is important for proper administration of medications and treatment monitoring to prevent inappropriate drug use.
Annual advances in traditional medicine for tumor therapy in 2019LucyPi1
Abstract Today, the treatment of tumors remains a difficult problem. Traditional medicine has been used to treat cancer in different countries worldwide. However, while traditional medicine is popular globally, it is not yet accepted by Western medicine as some of the ingredients and the mechanism of action for the therapeutic effect have not been fully elucidated. Thus, scholars studying traditional medicine in the treatment of cancer have strived to solve this problem. In this review, we summarized the research progress of several traditional medicines used as tumor therapies in 2019 from the PubMed database. Studies of tumors treated with traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are popular worldwide and obtain the most attention, which attracts more researchers to this field. The anti-tumor effects of Chinese herbal medicine-derived phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, saponins, and alkaloids were the new research targets for 2019. The anti-tumor effects of TCM formula such as Sijunzi decoction, and Xiaopi formula have attracted the most attention in the past year. In addition to TCM, we also focused on the anti-tumor studies of other traditional medicines, including Thai traditional medicine, traditional medicine in Sri Lanka, traditional African medicine, traditional Korean medicine, and traditional Japanese medicine.
The document discusses the essential drugs concept launched by WHO in 1977 to make a set of minimum medical needs available and affordable. It summarizes the history and role of E-DRUG, an English language discussion group started in 1995 to support the concept of essential drugs by facilitating communication among health professionals. It also describes related discussion groups in French and Spanish and initiatives to create an international network of drug information centers and country-focused groups.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxglendar3
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Running head OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER .docxtodd581
Running head: OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 1
OPIOID CRISIS PUBLIC POLICY PAPER 7
Opioid Crisis Public Policy Paper
Anniesha Overton
Strayer Umiversity
Summary of the policy
The opioid crisis has been a significant public health concern in the United States since the late 1990s. The inability to develop strategic legislation and regulation to control the use of opioid has been critical to the development of the opioid crisis. The opioid crisis involves the use of both prescription and non-prescription opioid drugs. According to the Center for Disease control and prevention, the rate of opioid addiction has been significantly increasing over the years. From 1999 to 2016, at least 350,000 individuals have died from related opioid addiction, which includes prescription and illicit opioids.
Unlicensed pharmacies and overdependence on these drugs in pain management have been major concepts, which have created a challenging setting where the abuse of prescription drugs can be controlled. The underlying basis of this problem is the current assumption in the United States that medical practitioners can cure almost everything. Even though it is essential to understand that prescription drugs are effective in pain management, the drugs are required to be offered based on the prescriptions issued (McDonald & Lambert, 2016). It is also noted that they should not be used regularly since they created a very detrimental habit to patient wellbeing because they have addictive properties, which make it dangerous when consumed in large portions.
Confronting opioid addiction requires significant efforts by all stakeholders in healthcare in ensuring that there is a common objective in providing that there is a crucial focus in integrating quality focus in preventing opioid addiction. Considering the fact that a prescribed drug mainly propagates opioid addiction. It is essential to ensure that they are issued through consideration of critical healthcare knowledge regarding the admissibility of opioid drugs (Bihel, 2016). Nurses have a significant role to play regarding the overall development of the opioid addiction crisis. Critical issues that have been identified in opioid drug abuse include improper use, lack of the required knowledge and related interpretation in the use of opioid prescribed drugs and decreased regulation and legislation from the government regarding the existing concern on the increasing addiction levels across the country.
Players
The increase in opioid crisis has had a direct and indirect influence on different stakeholders. Therefore developing a strong focus on essential strategies that can help limit the overall impact of the opioid crisis on the lives of an individual is critical. The national institute on drug abuse reported that in 2015, 33,091 deaths were reported be.
Traditional medicines have contributed to modern malaria treatments, with quinine and artemisinin originating from traditional sources. While traditional medicines are widely used for malaria in developing countries, few clinical trials have evaluated their safety and effectiveness. Greater collaboration between traditional and modern healthcare could help utilize traditional medicines' potential as complementary treatments or low-cost alternatives, especially in remote areas. More research is needed to validate promising traditional therapies and determine under what conditions they could be officially recommended in malaria control programs.
This document summarizes a study that examines the relationship between direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA) of prescription drugs and the use of alternative medicines. The study uses survey and advertising expenditure data to estimate the effect of DTCA on alternative medicine prescriptions, both in terms of the number of people obtaining prescriptions and the amount spent. The study finds that while DTCA does not significantly affect total spending on alternative medicines, it does have a positive effect on the number of alternative medicine prescriptions obtained by those who obtain at least one prescription. The study uses a hurdle model approach to account for the fact that some obtain alternative medicine prescriptions while others do not.
An Essential Drug List, also known as a core drug list or medication list, is a carefully selected inventory of medications that are deemed essential for addressing the most prevalent health conditions within a specific population or country. It serves as a key component of national drug policies and pharmaceutical programs, ensuring the availability, accessibility, and affordability of essential medicines. The list is typically developed based on rigorous criteria, taking into consideration the medications' safety, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and suitability for primary healthcare settings.
Rational Drug Therapy refers to the systematic and evidence-based approach to prescribing medications, aiming to maximize therapeutic benefits while minimizing the risk of adverse effects. It involves following established therapeutic guidelines and clinical protocols to ensure that medications are prescribed in a manner that is appropriate for the patient's condition, taking into account factors such as age, weight, co-existing conditions, drug interactions, and individual response. Rational drug therapy promotes the use of medications based on sound scientific evidence, emphasizing the principles of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness to optimize patient outcomes and improve overall healthcare quality.
Similar to Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among children from a German birth cohort (GINIplus): patterns, costs, and trends of use (20)
Homeopahty, el proyecto de un Sistema de Salud, protagonistas, fundadores, ideólogos históricos, las iniciativas de Medicina Alternativa Complementaria CAM.
Homeopathy—quackery or a key to the future of medicine?home
When cholera first invaded Europe in 1831, the
mortality throughout Europe was generally between
40% and 60%. To the surprise of many, mortality
rates reported by homeopathic physicians was generally
below 10%, and commonly under 4%. Let me
present two typical cholera reports, which have a
stamp of officialdom. The first one comes from the
territory of Raab in Hungary where in 1831 a
Dr Joseph Bakody treated 223 patients with mild to
severe cholera, 14 of which were in a state of collapse .
He lost a total of 8 patients, a mortality of 3.6%. A
similar situation occurred in Cincinnati in 1849. The
Board of Health issued an order calling for physicians
to report all cases of cholera. Reports of a high
mortality rate were received by the Board from the city
hospital and allopathic physicians. However, six
homeopathic physicians attracted national attention
when they reported not a single death out of their first
350 cases of cholera. Two of these homeopathic
physicians, Dr Pulte and Ehrmann would eventually
report treating 2646 cases with 35 deaths, or a
mortality rate of 1.3%. Allopaths reported fatal
outcomes in about 50% of their cases.
Homeopathy in the treatment of fibromyalgia A comprehensive literature-review...home
Given the low number and included trials and the lowmethodological quality, any conclusion based on the resultsof this review have to be regarded as preliminary. However,as single case studies and clinical trials indicate a positiveeffect, homeopathy could be considered a complementarytreatment for patients with fibromyalgia
Homeopathy as replacement to antibiotics in the case of Escherichia coli diar...home
The use of antibiotics in the livestock sector is increasing to such an extent
that it threatens negative consequences for human health, animal health and the environment.
Homeopathy might be an alternative to antibiotics. It has therefore been tested in
a randomised placebo-controlled trial to prevent Escherichia coli diarrhoea in neonatal
piglets.
Multidrugresistant tuberculosis
Among the most menacing forms of MDR is multidrug
resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). WHO estimates that
were about 450,000 new cases and 170,000 deaths from
MDR-TB in 2012. The number of cases reported to
WHO rose by an alarming 35% between 2011 and 2012,
although this probably mostly reflects increased recognition
and reporting. Over half the new cases were in India,
China or the Russian Federation.3
This issue of Homeopathy features a paper by Dr Kusum
Chand and colleagues reporting a randomized, double blind,
placebo-controlled clinical trial of individualized homeopathic
treatment or placebo in addition to standard antituberculous
chemotherapy as specified by the Indian Revised
National Tuberculosis Control Program, for MDR-TB
articleHealth professionals’ and families’ understanding of the role ofindivi...home
This paper draws on a mixed methods study that examined the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial of individualisedhomeopathy plus usual care, compared to usual care alone, for children aged 7–14 with moderate to severe asthma recruited from secondary care.It draws on qualitative interviews with participants in the feasibility study that investigated families’ and professionals’ views and experiences ofasthma, homeopathy and study participation
Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: HRI’s second international research conf...home
Rome, 3rde5th June 2015, was the setting for the Homeopathy Research Institute’s (HRI)
second conference with the theme ‘Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy’. Attended by
over 250 delegates from 39 countries, this event provided an intense two and a half day
programme of presentations and a forum for the sharing of ideas and the creation of international
scientific collaborations. With 35 oral presentations from leaders in the field,
the scientific calibre of the programme was high and the content diverse. This report
summarises the key themes underpinning the cutting edge data presented by the
speakers, including six key-note presentations, covering advancements in both basic
and clinical research. Given the clear commitment of the global homeopathic community
to high quality research, the resounding success of both Barcelona 2013 and
Rome 2015 HRI conferences, and the dedicated support of colleagues, the HRI moves
confidently forward towards the next biennial conference
CORE-Hom: A powerful and exhaustive database of clinical trials in homeopathyhome
The CORE-Hom database was created to answer the need for a reliable and publicly available
source of information in the field of clinical research in homeopathy. As of May 2014
it held 1048 entries of clinical trials, observational studies and surveys in the field of homeopathy,
including second publications and re-analyses. 352 of the trials referenced in
the database were published in peer reviewed journals, 198 of which were randomised
controlled trials. The most often used remedies were Arnica montana (n = 103) and
Traumeel (n = 40). The most studied medical conditions were respiratory tract infections
(n = 126) and traumatic injuries (n = 110). The aim of this article is to introduce
the database to the public, describing and explaining the interface, features and content
of the CORE-Hom database.
Observations about controlled clinical trials expressed by Max Haidvogl
in the book Ultra High Dilution (1994) have been appraised from a perspective two
decades later. The present commentary briefly examines changes in homeopathy
research evidence since 1994 as regards: the published number of randomised controlled
trials (RCTs), the use of individualised homeopathic intervention, the ‘proven efficacy of
homeopathy’, and the quality of the evidence.
Clinical trial of homeopathy in rheumatoid arthritishome
The conclusion of the study that the effect was due to
‘consultation’ and not to the homeopathic remedy appears
to be biased for two reasons:
There was no substantial amelioration of the pathology
in any group to compare and on which to base conclusions.
The placebo effect in such deep pathology cases is superficial
and transient as the patient remains in essence with
the same frame of pathology.
Blisters and homeopathy: case reports and differential diagnosishome
This document reports on 5 case studies of patients with blistering skin conditions who were successfully treated with homeopathic medicines. It begins with an introduction on blisters and bullous diseases, which are classified as autoimmune or genetic disorders. Homeopathy considers each patient's full symptom picture rather than just the classification or mechanism. The case studies demonstrate homeopathic treatments for pemphigus vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, toxic blisters, bullous lupus, and bullous pemphigoid using individualized remedies like Rhus toxicodendron, Calcarea sulphurica, Ranunculus sceleratus, Ranunculus bulbosus, and others. Complete recovery or significant improvement was achieved
A short history of the development of homeopathy in Indiahome
Homeopathy was introduced in India the early 19th century. It flourished in Bengal at first,
and then spread all over India. In the beginning, the system was extensively practised by
amateurs in the civil and military services and others. Mahendra Lal Sircar was the first
Indian who became a homeopathic physician. A number of allopathic doctors started
homeopathic practice following Sircar’s lead. The ‘Calcutta Homeopathic Medical
College’, the first homeopathic medical college was established in 1881. This institution
took on a major role in popularising homeopathy in India.
In 1973, the Government of India recognised homeopathy as one of the national systems of
medicine and set up the Central Council of Homeopathy (CCH) to regulate its education
and practice. Now, only qualified registered homeopaths can practice homeopathy in
India. At present, in India, homeopathy is the third most popular method of medical treatment
after allopathy and Ayurveda. There are over 200,000 registered homeopathic doctors
currently, with approximately 12,000 more being added every year.
Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among children fr...home
A homeopathy user utilized on average homeopathic remedies worth EUR 15.28. The corresponding figure for herbal
drug users was EUR 16.02, and EUR 18.72 for overall medicinal CAM users.
CAM use among 15-year-old children in the GINIplus cohort is popular, but decreased noticeably compared
with children from the same cohort at the age of 10 years. This is possibly mainly because German health legislation
normally covers CAM for children younger than 12 years only.
Complementary medical health services: a cross sectional descriptive analysis...home
This summary analyzes a research article describing a cross-sectional study of patient data from the largest naturopathic teaching clinic in Canada. The study aimed to describe the patient demographics, health conditions, and services provided at the clinic over three years. Key findings include:
- Over 13,000 unique patients received care in over 76,000 visits. The median patient age was 37 and most patients were female.
- Common health concerns included those consistent with primary care like chronic health conditions. Obtaining health education and help with chronic issues were top reasons for visits.
- Services provided included herbal medicines, homeopathy, acupuncture, and nutrition counseling.
- The clinic attracts patients from a
Prayer-for-health and complementary alternative medicine use among Malaysian ...home
CAM use was prevalent among breast cancer patients. Excluding PFH from the definition of CAM
reduced the prevalence of overall CAM use. Overall, CAM use was associated with higher education levels and
household incomes, advanced cancer and lower chemotherapy schedule compliance. Many patients perceived
MBP to be beneficial for improving overall well-being during chemotherapy. These findings, while preliminary,
clearly indicate the differences in CAM use when PFH is included in, and excluded from, the definition of CAM
Extreme sensitivity of gene expression in human SH-SY5Y neurocytes to ultra-l...home
The study shows that Gelsemium s., a medicinal plant used in traditional remedies and
homeopathy, modulates a series of genes involved in neuronal function. A small, but statistically significant,
response was detected even to very low doses/high dilutions (up to 30c), indicating that the human neurocyte
genome is extremely sensitive to this regulation.
Calcarea carbonica induces apoptosis in cancer cells in p53-dependent manner ...home
These observations delineate the significance of immuno-modulatory circuit during calcarea carbonicamediated
tumor apoptosis. The molecular mechanism identified may serve as a platform for involving calcarea
carbonica into immunotherapeutic strategies for effective tumor regression
P05.39. Clinical experiences of homeopaths participating in a study of the ho...home
Homeopathic medications and dietary protocols were
found to be easily adapted for use in a clinical trial. These
observations provide insights for future research in the
area of homeopathic treatment (for ADHD in particular
and of homeopathy in general) and provide insights for
the potential integration of homeopathic practice into conventional
settings.
P04.71. Acupuncture, self-care homeopathy, and practitioner-based homeopathy:...home
The relationship between acupuncture use and depression
deserves further investigation. Given high levels of
concern about overuse of antibiotics in respiratory infections,
further research into the efficacy and cost-effectiveness
of homeopathy for these conditions is
warranted. Hopefully, future versions of NHIS-CAM
will provide more realistic estimates of expenditures.
P04.17. Adverse effects of homeopathy, what do we know? A systematic reviewhome
In order to prevent serious events as a consequence of
homeopathic treatment, the identification of an unwanted
adverse event is of critical importance. A differentiation of
adverse events and homeopathic aggravations, which is
accepted as a concept in homeopathy, should be a part of
a reporting system where risk and safety are assessed. This
is of particular significance in a treatment system like
homeopathy, which is in most European countries regulated
as an alternative treatment and as such not included
in the supervision system of health care.
The Children are very vulnerable to get affected with respiratory disease.
In our country, the respiratory Disease conditions are consider as major cause for mortality and Morbidity in Child.
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Mo...Université de Montréal
“Psychiatry and the Humanities”: An Innovative Course at the University of Montreal Expanding the medical model to embrace the humanities. Link: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/-psychiatry-and-the-humanities-an-innovative-course-at-the-university-of-montreal
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
Are you looking for a long-lasting solution to your missing tooth?
Dental implants are the most common type of method for replacing the missing tooth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants are surgically placed in the jawbone. In layman’s terms, a dental implant is similar to the natural root of the tooth. It offers a stable foundation for the artificial tooth giving it the look, feel, and function similar to the natural tooth.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s PerspectiveGolden Helix
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Debunking Nutrition Myths: Separating Fact from Fiction"AlexandraDiaz101
In a world overflowing with diet trends and conflicting nutrition advice, it’s easy to get lost in misinformation. This article cuts through the noise to debunk common nutrition myths that may be sabotaging your health goals. From the truth about carbohydrates and fats to the real effects of sugar and artificial sweeteners, we break down what science actually says. Equip yourself with knowledge to make informed decisions about your diet, and learn how to navigate the complexities of modern nutrition with confidence. Say goodbye to food confusion and hello to a healthier you!
2. (Continued from previous page)
Conclusion: CAM use among 15-year-old children in the GINIplus cohort is popular, but decreased noticeably compared
with children from the same cohort at the age of 10 years. This is possibly mainly because German health legislation
normally covers CAM for children younger than 12 years only.
Keywords: Complementary therapies, CAM, Homeopathy, Phytotherapy, Child, Germany, Drug utilization, Socioeconomic
factors, Trends
Background
Therapy approaches that are not part of conventional medi-
cine are often referred to as complementary and alternative
medicine (CAM), although there is no universally valid def-
inition of CAM. However, there seems to be an unbroken
high demand for such kinds of therapy approaches in the
European population and outside Europe as well. Some re-
cently published reviews give updated overviews on the
prevalence of CAM use in adults [1,2] and children [3,4].
Owing to different methodology and CAM definition, the
findings of the included studies on CAM use vary
widely with respect to the prevalence and predictors of
use. For instance, overall CAM use in children without
chronic conditions was reported to be between 1.8% and
87.6%, depending on included CAM modalities, country,
and underlying recall period [3].
When looking at specific CAM categories, many of
the reviewed studies listed homeopathy and herbal drugs
among the most popular types of CAM. Within Europe,
Germany ranks between the countries with the highest
prevalence rates for homeopathy and herbal drug use in
children. For homeopathy, prevalence rates of 27.7%
(1-year prevalence) [5] and 14.3% (4-week prevalence)
[6] were reported in German children. Other European
countries with high prevalence rates for homeopathy use
are The Netherlands with 14.6% (1-year prevalence) [7]
and the UK with 16.9% (lifetime use) [8]. With concern to
herbal drugs, a 2010 publication found 85.5% of German
children [9] using herbal drugs (lifetime use). In Turkey,
the prevalence of pediatric use of herbal drugs was 58.6%
(1-year prevalence) [10]. The evidently high popularity of
non-conventional medicine in Germany and other coun-
tries makes CAM use a relevant public health topic.
This article presents data from the recently completed
15-year follow-up of a German birth cohort study. The aim
was to extract prevalence rates and predictors for the
utilization of various CAM modalities (homeopathy use,
herbal drug use, medicinal CAM utilization in general, and
consultation with CAM providers). Furthermore, expendi-
tures on pediatric CAM use were analyzed. Finally, in order
to detect possible time trends and differences in CAM use,
the results were compared with the findings from the 10-
year follow-up of a smaller but similarly composed sample
from the same birth cohort.
Methods
Study population
GINIplus (German Infant study on the Influence of Nutri-
tion Intervention plus environmental and genetic influ-
ences on allergy development) is a German birth cohort
study [11]. It started with 5991 healthy full-term newborns
(children with a birth weight <2500 g were not eligible for
inclusion), who were recruited between September 1995
and June 1998 from obstetric clinics in an urban region of
southern Germany (Munich) and a more rural region in
the western part of Germany (Wesel).
For the 15-year follow-up, 3895 participants were con-
tacted between January 2011 and September 2013. With re-
gard to the season, 27% of the questionnaires were collected
in winter (January–March), 29% in spring (April–June), 26%
in summer (July–September), and the remaining 18% in au-
tumn (October–December). Among other things, the
main questionnaire assessed the children’s gender, parental
income and education, and consultation with various alter-
native health care providers during the previous 12 months.
In addition to the main questionnaire, a self-adminis-
tered questionnaire on the consumption of drugs and
medicinal products was included based on an almost
identical questionnaire that had already been adopted
for the 10-year follow-up. The design of the question-
naire on drug utilization corresponds to the validated
questionnaire from the German KiGGS-Study that was
conducted with 17641 children [12]. Parents/legal guard-
ians were invited to report the drugs their child used dur-
ing the last 4 weeks by entering the drugs’ names into
designated spaces or attaching the empty drug packages to
the questionnaire.
The exact number of drugs used was assessed by an add-
itional question in case the limited number (five) of desig-
nated spaces would not suffice to report all drugs utilized.
Moreover, the participants were also asked to enter
the pharmaceutical identification number (PZN) of the
reported drugs. The PZN, which is printed on the drug
package, precisely identifies the drug utilized and pro-
vides further information such as the size of the package,
the dosage, the pharmaceutical manufacturer, the listed
price, etc.
To avoid ambiguity of interpretation, the authors
would like to note that we also considered preparations
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 2 of 10
3. that are no medicinal products in the strict sense (e.g.,
nutritional supplements), but were reported as drugs
utilized by the participating children.
Drug classification
All reported drugs were classified into several therapeutic
categories. The following medicinal CAM modalities were
defined and extracted from the entity of reported drugs:
(1) Homeopathic/anthroposophic drugs (afterwards
referred to as ‘Homeopathy’): Drugs that have been
prepared according to the production specification
of the Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia HAB [13],
including anthroposophic remedies and biochemic
remedies (Schuessler salts).
(2) Herbal drugs: Herbal extracts and their preparations,
teas. Preparations containing active pharmaceutical
ingredients of herbal origin (e.g., codeine) that are
available by prescription only were excluded.
(3) Nutritionals: Vitamins and combined food
supplements. Preparations containing vitamin D for
prophylaxis according to medical guidelines were
excluded.
(4) Minerals and trace elements: Mono-preparations of
minerals or trace elements such as calcium, magne-
sium, selenium, etc. Preparations containing iodide
and/or fluoride for prophylaxis according to medical
guidelines were excluded.
(5) Microorganisms: Non-pathogenic microorganisms
or their metabolites used to regulate the intestinal
flora or stimulate the immune system.
(6) Further medicinal CAM: Bach flower, traditional
Chinese medicine, etc.
As well as medicinal CAM use, consultation with CAM
providers was assessed during the previous 12 months
(non-medical health provider (‘Heilpraktiker’), homeopath,
osteopath, and ‘others’) for the child’s disease or disorder.
Cost accounting
Parents were asked to report expenditures for consulta-
tions with CAM providers. Prices for medicinal CAM
were traced via PZNs (official pharmacy prices from the
‘Lauer’ price list as of August 2012). For drug entries
without PZNs, conservative assumptions were made
(e.g., smallest package size, most favorable price).
Comparison of the results
The results were compared with data based on the 10-
year follow-up of the combined GINIplus and LISAplus
birth cohort studies (n = 3642) [6]. For comparison, only
data from the GINIplus subset were used, which in-
cluded 2065 children from Munich and Wesel. The dis-
tribution of the participants with regard to gender, study
area, maternal educational background, and parental in-
come background was very similar to the composition of
the GINIplus cohort of the 15-year follow-up (n = 3013).
Furthermore, the same methodology (drug classification,
logistic regression model, etc.) was adopted for the analysis
of both follow-ups.
Outcome definition and statistical analysis
Several outcomes were defined for the statistical analysis.
Those participants who reported utilization of at least
one homeopathic drug during the past 4 weeks were de-
fined as ‘homeopathy users’ and those taking at least one
herbal drug as ‘herbal drug users’, respectively. ‘Overall
CAM users’ took at least one drug from the therapeutic
categories 1–6. Finally, a ‘CAM provider user’ consulted
at least once during the past year with a non-medical
health provider (‘Heilpraktiker’), a homeopath, an osteo-
path, or another type of CAM provider.
The statistical analysis was performed with the SAS
software package (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA,
version 9.3). Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence
intervals (CI) were obtained using a multivariate logistic
regression model. The significance level for the estimates
was set at p < 0.05. All independent variables included in
the model were checked using the F-test for significance.
Bivariate associations between the independent variables
and users’ prevalence rates were analyzed by Chi2
test
(p < 0.05).
To define educational status, the mothers’ educational
background was classified into four levels based on their
highest school degree:
Level 1: secondary school
Level 2: junior high school
Level 3: baccalaureate (= qualification for university
entrance)
Level 4: university degree
Mothers who reported no school degree at all (n = 5)
were allocated to education level 1. Entries for mothers
(n = 4) reporting another (not further specified) kind of
school degree than those listed above, were treated as
missing values for educational background.
The income status was defined using the median
equivalence income (MEI) for 2012 (€1633 net/month)
[14] where the household members were weighted ac-
cording to the new scale of the Organisation for Eco-
nomic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [15].
The income cut-offs were chosen according to the defin-
ition of poverty (60% of MEI) [16].
The GINIplus cohort obtained approval from the ethics
committee of the Bavarian Medical Council and the Medical
Council of North Rhine-Westphalia. Furthermore, written
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 3 of 10
4. informed consent was given by the participants’ parents or
legal guardians and by participants.
Results
Cohort structure and prevalence of CAM use
Out of 3895 distributed questionnaires assessing drug
utilization, 3013 were completed and returned, yielding
a response rate of 77.4%. The children’s average age was
15.1 years, ranging between 14.5 years and 16.8 years.
Mothers completed 85.5% of the questionnaires, fathers
5.1%, and questionnaires completed by both parents
accounted for 2.7% (missing values = 6.7%). Compared
with the baseline survey, the parents of those children
who participated in the 15-year follow-up have higher
levels of school education and income. Table 1 shows
the cohort structure and the stratified prevalence rates
of CAM use. The 4-week prevalence (95% CI) of hom-
eopathy use was 7.5% [(6.5;8.5) n = 226], whereas 170
children [5.6% (4.8;6.5)] used herbal drugs. As defined in
the methods section, 10 prescription drugs containing
opium alkaloids (noscapine, morphine) or allergens ex-
tracted from pollen were excluded from the CAM mo-
dality ‘herbal drugs’. Looking at all CAM categories, 418
children [13.9% (12.6;15.1)] used at least one drug from
the CAM categories 1–6.
In sum, 1234 of the 3013 participating children re-
ported having used at least one drug during the 4 weeks
prior to the assessment date. The total number of drugs
utilized was 2489, of which 2444 could be allocated to a
therapeutic category. The remaining 45 drug entries did
not provide enough information to identify the thera-
peutic category and were therefore interpreted as drug
use only. The majority of utilized drugs were conventional
drugs with chemically active pharmaceutical ingredients
such as ibuprofen or paracetamol. Nevertheless, about
26% (n = 643) belonged to the non-conventional drug cat-
egories, as defined above in the section ‘drug classifica-
tion’. Of the 643 identified CAM, 642 were available
without medical prescription. The detailed distribution of
non-conventional drugs over the various CAM modalities
is shown in Figure 1. Homeopathic remedies were the
most commonly used CAM modality (14.1% of all identi-
fied drugs), followed by herbal drugs (8.1%), minerals and
trace elements (1.9%), and nutritionals (1.1%). Other me-
dicinal CAM modalities such as Bach flower remedies or
traditional Chinese medicine played only a marginal role.
The most mentioned homeopathic and herbal drugs are
displayed with their ATC codes in Table 2. Concerning
homeopathy, 141 of the 345 reported homeopathic remed-
ies were combined preparations. A further 146 were single
homeopathic drugs such as Arnica (n = 26), Belladonna
(n = 9), and Gelsemium (n = 9), which were the most
frequent single homeopathic remedies. Twelve drugs
were clearly identified as anthroposophic remedies.
Table 1 Characteristics of the GINIplus cohort and prevalence of use
Prevalence of use in %
n Homeopathy1
Herbal drugs1
All medicinal CAM1
CAM providers2
Gender
Male 1500 6.1 4.8 11.5 9.9
Female 1513 8.9 6.5 16.3 11.6
Study area
Munich 1457 9.0 5.8 15.7 14.0
Wesel 1556 6.1 5.5 12.2 7.7
Maternal education
Secondary school 380 5.0 3.2 9.0 4.2
Junior high school 1251 7.7 5.6 14.2 10.4
Baccalaureate 580 8.6 6.7 15.3 12.4
University degree 795 7.7 6.2 14.6 13.2
Household income
≤60% of MEI 529 6.8 4.7 11.2 6.6
60–100% of MEI 985 7.7 6.3 15.2 10.5
>100% of MEI 1071 7.8 5.6 14.4 13.4
Total 3013 7.5 5.6 13.9 10.8
Owing to missing values, the strata may not add up to the total number of participants.
MEI = median equivalence income.
1
Use within the last 4 weeks.
2
Consultation with any type of CAM provider in the previous 12 months.
CAM provider = non-medical health practitioner, homeopath, osteopath, and ‘others’.
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 4 of 10
5. Single remedies as well as biochemic remedies accord-
ing to Dr. Schuessler are partly used for several disease
patterns. An allocation to ATC categories is therefore
not possible.
With respect to herbal drugs, more than 70% of the
198 drugs from this category were used for the treat-
ment of coughs and colds. The mean duration of overall
CAM use was 11.1 days (median = 6). The correspond-
ing figures for homeopathy and herbal drugs were
9.7 days (median = 5) and 8.6 days (median = 5). In com-
parison with CAM, the mean duration of conventional
drug use was 11.4 days (median = 5).
About 47% of the minerals and trace elements (n = 47)
were preparations containing iron (n = 22). Medicinal
mono-preparations with iodide (n = 43), fluoride (n = 1),
and vitamin D (n = 6) were not defined as CAM, as they
are normally used for prophylaxis according to medical
guidelines.
The prevalence for consultation with CAM providers
(within the previous 12 months) was lower than for me-
dicinal CAM use. Some 144 children (4.8%) visited a
non-medical health provider (‘Heilpraktiker’). Consult-
ation with a homeopath was reported for 98 children
(3.3%), with an osteopath for 102 children (3.4%), and 38
participants (1.3%) consulted with other CAM providers.
Overall, 324 children [10.8% (9.6;11.9)] visited at least
one type of CAM provider during the 12 months prior
to the assessment date.
Predictors of CAM use
Table 3 summarizes the ORs for predicting factors for
CAM use.
Female gender significantly predicted homeopathy use
(OR = 1.48) and overall CAM use (OR = 1.49). Girls were
more likely to be ‘herbal drug users’ as well, but the ORs
were not significant for this CAM modality.
Compared with Munich (urban area), the participants
from Wesel (rural area) used fewer homeopathic drugs
(OR = 0.62) and were less likely to be ‘overall CAM
users’ (OR = 0.75). Children from Wesel also consulted
CAM providers less (OR = 0.57).
Higher education has a positive effect on CAM use.
With the lowest maternal education level as a reference,
children whose mother had a university degree showed
significantly higher ORs for herbal drug use (OR = 2.03),
and consultation with CAM providers (OR = 2.49), but
no significant association with educational status was
found for homeopathy use.
The equivalence income had no significant impact on
any category of medicinal CAM use. However, children
from poor households tend to consult CAM providers
less. Compared with the lowest income class (up to 60%
of MEI), children of parents with 60–100% of MEI vis-
ited more CAM providers (OR = 1.35; p = 0.15), and chil-
dren of parents from the highest income class (more
than 100% of MEI) had the highest ORs for consultation
with a CAM provider (OR = 1.45; p = 0.08).
Figure 1 Proportion of the single medicinal CAM modalities in
all reported medicinal CAM (n = 643).
Table 2 Most frequent homeopathic and herbal drugs
Homeopathic drugs (n = 345) Herbal drugs (n = 198)
ATC code Remedy n (in %) ATC code Remedy n (in %)
R05XH20 Flu remedies* 31 (9.1) R01BP30 Systemic rhinologicals* 50 (25.3)
R02AH20 Therapeutics for throat and pharynx* 14 (4.1) R05CA19 Expectorants (Myrtol® standardized) 23 (11.6)
R01BH20 Rhinologicals* 9 (2.6) R05CP02 Ivy leaves 22 (11.1)
S02DH20 Otologicals* 8 (2.3) A03FP30 Prokinetics* 18 (9.1)
M02AH20 Remedies for muscle and joint pains* 7 (2.0) R05CP05 Pelargonium root 18 (9.1)
/ Single preparations 146 (42.3) G02CP01 Vitex agnus-castus 10 (5.1)
/ Biochemic remedies (= Schuessler salts) 58 (16.8) R05CA25 Expectorants (1,8-Cineol) 6 (3.0)
ATC = anatomical therapeutical classification.
*Combined preparations.
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 5 of 10
6. Expenditures on medicinal CAM and CAM providers
Prices were traceable via PZNs for 300 (46.7%) of the
643 reported CAM. The prices of a further 324 CAM
were conservatively estimated. The remaining 19 drug
entries were not considered for cost analysis as informa-
tion content was too poor to estimate a price.
The mean price of a homeopathic drug was €10.14
(range: €3.70–€116.69), and the average price for herbal
drugs amounted to €13.72 (range: €1.99–€94.45). Looking
at all medicinal CAM, the mean cost of one drug was
€12.56, ranging between €1.02 and €116.69.
Within a period of 4 weeks, a ‘homeopathy user’ utilized
on average homeopathic drugs worth €15.28 (range:
€3.70–€124.54). The respective figures for ‘herbal drug
users’ were €16.02 (range: €1.99–€94.45) and €18.72
(range: €1.02–€181.22) for ‘overall CAM users’.
A total of 215 ‘CAM provider users’ reported expendi-
tures for consultation with a CAM provider during the
previous 12 months. The mean expenditure was €214
(range: €5–€1600).
Comparison of the results with the results from the
10-year follow-up
Children from the 15-year follow-up (= GINI-15) of the
GINIplus birth cohort used significantly less medicinal
CAM than those from the 10-year follow-up (= GINI-10).
The 4-week prevalence for homeopathy use was more
than halved, and herbal drug use dropped by more than a
third. In sum, the prevalence of overall medicinal CAM
use decreased from 22.3% (GINI-10) to 13.9% (GINI-15),
whereas the prevalence of conventional drug use increased
from 30.6% to 34.1%.
The decline in consultations with CAM providers was
lower compared with medicinal CAM use. However, the
1-year prevalence fell from 12.6% (GINI-10) to 10.8%
(GINI-15). Altogether, the prevalence of overall drug use
(conventional + non-conventional drugs put together) did
not change significantly. The prevalence rates from both
follow-ups and the mean package consumption per child
with respect to the various CAM modalities are shown in
Figures 2 and 3. Figure 4 visualizes the relative change in
CAM utilized, comparing GINI-10 with GINI-15. The
findings for predicting factors were in line with the results
from the 10-year follow-up.
Table 3 Predictors of complementary and alternative medicine use
Adjusted odds ratio of utilization (and 95% confidence interval)
Homeopathy Herbal drugs All medicinal CAM CAM providers
Gender
Male Reference Reference Reference Reference
Female 1.48* (1.12–1.95) 1.36 (0.99–1.86) 1.49* (1.21–1.84) 1.19 (0.94–1.50)
Study area
Munich Reference Reference Reference Reference
Wesel 0.62* (0.46–0.84) 0.97 (0.69–1.36) 0.75 (0.59–0.94) 0.57** (0.44–0.74)
Maternal education
Secondary school Reference Reference Reference Reference
Junior high school 1.61 (0.96–2.68) 1.79 (0.96–3.36) 1.66 (1.12–2.45) 2.57* (1.50–4.39)
Baccalaureate 1.72 (0.99–3.01) 2.15 (1.10–4.21) 1.71 (1.12–2.62) 2.80* (1.59–4.92)
University degree 1.38 (0.79–2.41) 2.03 (1.03–3.98) 1.54 (1.00–2.35) 2.49* (1.42–4.36)
Household income
≤60% of MEI Reference Reference Reference Reference
60–100% of MEI 0.99 (0.65–1.51) 1.20 (0.74–1.96) 1.27 (0.92–1.77) 1.35 (0.90–2.03)
>100% of MEI 0.87 (0.56–1.37) 0.99 (0.59–1.67) 1.08 (0.76–1.53) 1.45 (0.96–2.20)
Bold numbers = significant at p < 0.05 *p < 0.01 **p < 0.0001.
MEI = median equivalence income.
Figure 2 Comparison of prevalence rates (10-year follow-up
(GINI-10) vs. 15-year follow-up (GINI-15)).
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 6 of 10
7. Discussion
The present results imply that CAM use in Germany is
considerable among 15-year-old children and confirm
the popularity of CAM among German children found
by other studies [5,6,9,17-19]. A birth cohort study from
2007 [5] analyzing homeopathy use and consultation
with a non-medical health practitioner (‘Heilpraktiker’) in
2-year-old children found a 1-year prevalence for homeop-
athy use of 27.7%. Furthermore, 4.5% of the parents had
consulted a ‘Heilpraktiker’ within the last 6 months for
their child’s disorder, which is well in line with our find-
ings for GINI-15 (4.8%, 1-year prevalence) and GINI-10
(6.2%, 1-year prevalence). Another study reporting a life-
time prevalence of 85.5% for herbal drug use [9] also in-
cluded lifetime use of herbal teas such as chamomile or
fennel, presumably explaining the very high utilization
compared with our findings.
A recent publication on herbal drug use (based on
data collected between 2003 and 2006) in a sample of
German children aged between 0 and 17 years [18]
found a 7-day prevalence of 5.8%. The same data source
yielded a 7-day prevalence for homeopathy use of 4.6%
[17]. Both results were close to the findings of the present
study for homeopathy and herbal drug use, considering
the shorter recall period (7 days vs. 4 weeks) which may
explain the slightly lower prevalence rates compared with
ours. Further results from studies conducted in children
with chronic conditions may have yielded higher preva-
lence rates than in the respective general population and
were therefore not considered for comparison with our
results.
The children’s financial background seems to have
only a weak impact on CAM use in Germany, but edu-
cation significantly predicted the use of several CAM
modalities. Children from the level with the lowest ma-
ternal education showed the lowest prevalence of herbal
drug use, overall CAM use, and consultation with CAM
providers, whereas there was hardly any difference be-
tween the three higher education levels. It may be as-
sumed that CAM use is also a matter of health literacy,
and children or their mothers from the lowest education
stratum are less able or less motivated to inform them-
selves about health issues such as alternative therapy ap-
proaches. Nevertheless, this positive association of drug
use with a higher maternal education level was also true
for ‘conventional drugs’.
Interestingly, the prevalence rates for medicinal CAM
use were substantially lower than the respective figures
from the 10-year follow-up in a similar German birth
cohort. In contrast to our results, most of the studies
reporting a significant association of CAM use with the
children’s age found higher prevalence rates in older
children [3]. Only three studies (two were German stud-
ies) found decreasing prevalence rates with older age
[17,18,20]. The fall in CAM use among 15-year-old chil-
dren (compared with the children from GINI-10) cannot
be explained by lower drug utilization in general, as the
consumption of ‘conventional drugs’ in GINI-15 did not
decrease at the same time. Another German study [21]
(using data collected between 2003 and 2006) showed
that the prevalence rate for drug utilization in general is
not lower in 15-year-old children than in 10-year-old
children (children aged between 14 and 17 years were
compared with children aged between 7 and 10 years).
Owing to German health legislation from 2004, statu-
tory health insurance covers costs for CAM only in excep-
tional cases for patients older than 12 years. Therefore, it
can reasonably be assumed that most of the medicinal
CAM utilized by the children in the present cohort was
bought over the counter without medical prescription or a
physician’s knowledge.
In contrast to the 15-year follow-up, statutory health in-
surance would normally cover most of the medicinal
CAM prescribed by a physician for the 10-year-old chil-
dren. De facto, 29.3% of homeopathy, 35.6% of herbal
drugs, and 31.3% of overall CAM were prescribed by phy-
sicians for the 10-year-old children in GINI-10 (prescrip-
tion status was assessed in GINI-10 only). A German
population-based study also found a reverse association of
Figure 4 Relative change in pediatric CAM use (prevalence of
use and average consumption of drug packages) in GINI-15
compared with GINI-10.
Figure 3 Average consumption of drug packages (per child in
each cohort) in GINI-10 (n = 2065) and GINI-15 (n = 3013).
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 7 of 10
8. herbal drug use with children’s age [18]. The authors’
hypothesis is in line with our supposition that this correl-
ation may be due to the possibility of getting expenditure
on CAM reimbursed from statutory health insurance. Chil-
dren may use less CAM if it has to be paid for out of
pocket, regardless of their financial background. Consulta-
tions with CAM providers were not affected by the reim-
bursement cuts in the 2004 health act. This may explain
the moderate decline in CAM provider visits compared
with the substantial fall in medicinal CAM use.
Two longitudinal studies analyzing pediatric CAM use
[22,23] found increasing or almost stable prevalence rates
over time. A Norwegian publication presented a 1-year
prevalence of 8.7% for visits to CAM practitioners among
adolescents (17–19 years), an increase of 26% compared
with the same group surveyed 4 years before. Another lon-
gitudinal study conducted in the UK found only a small
variation in homeopathy use, with the same prevalence of
8.0% at the first and last follow-up (at the age of 18 months
and 103 months respectively; variable underlying recall
periods between 1 and 1.5 years), while the results from
the other follow-ups ranged between 5.4% and 6.6%. These
results obtained from studies with a longitudinal design
further support our hypothesis that the decrease in CAM
use in GINI-15 compared with GINI-10 may result from
German restrictions (for children older than 12 years)
concerning reimbursement for CAM.
This study has strengths and limitations as well. The
various CAM modalities were strictly classified and care-
fully extracted by a pharmacist. Owing to the almost even
distribution of data collection over winter, spring, summer,
and autumn, the seasonal impact on drug utilization was
minimized. The comparably short recall period of 4 weeks
presumably reduced recall bias. To our knowledge, only a
very few other studies have performed a longitudinal com-
parison of CAM use over time for cohorts comparable in
size and socioeconomic variables [22,23].
Compared with the German mean, the higher education
and income levels were overrepresented in the present co-
hort, because of the disproportionate number of dropouts
from the lower socioeconomic levels since the start of the
study. Additionally, it must be considered that 15-year-old
children may begin to make their own decisions concern-
ing their (self-) medication, and CAM use may also have
been influenced by the children’s educational level, which
was not assessed in this study. Furthermore, we were un-
able to rule out non-response bias, as 49.7% of the children
recruited at the beginning of the study did not participate
in the 15-year follow-up.
With regard to children who consulted a CAM pro-
vider, it must be considered that a homeopath may be a
conventional physician who uses the term ‘homeopath’
as an additional title. However, a sensitivity analysis that
excluded a ‘homeopath’ from the definition as a ‘CAM
provider’ yielded no substantial differences with regard
to the predictors of consultation with ‘non-conventional’
health providers. The questionnaire for the 15-year follow-
up did not explicitly assess whether the reported drugs
were prescribed/recommended by a physician or bought on
the children’s/parents’ own initiative. Moreover, no infor-
mation was available on the proportion of privately insured
participants among all participating children (with regard
to reimbursement for CAM, private health insurance
companies may have fewer restrictions than statutory
health insurance companies). Therefore, we cannot de-
termine exactly how much of the decrease in CAM use
(GINI-15 vs. GINI-10) can be attributed to fewer CAM
prescriptions from physicians. Nevertheless, the pro-
portion of over-the-counter drugs (such as medicinal
CAM) among all prescribed drugs is estimated to be
17% [24]. The aforementioned figure may be somewhat
lower in the present cohort, since the figure refers to the
whole German population including children younger
than 12 years. Due to potentially different definitions of
CAM, the comparability of our results with other inter-
national findings may be limited with regard to the predic-
tors and the prevalence of overall CAM use.
Prices for over-the-counter drugs are freely calculable
in Germany. The present analysis of expenditures on
CAM is based on rough price estimations. Owing to
competition, pharmacies may offer CAM at prices lower
than those listed in the official price list ‘Lauer’. On the
other hand, prices for drugs without available PZNs may
have been underestimated by conservative assumptions.
Nevertheless, we found no other German studies on
pediatric CAM use tracking or estimating prices for the
reported remedies utilized.
Conclusions
Health insurance contributions are mainly generated by
the insured persons. Therefore, it may be appropriate
that the use of these financial resources should also ad-
equately reflect the obviously existing wish of a notice-
able percentage of the German population to integrate
CAM into the treatment of their disorders. People with
minor ailments may (subjectively) experience a benefit
from the use of harmless CAM. At the same time, pa-
tients with severe conditions should be aware that CAM
is not a suitable substitute for conventional medicine.
The 2004 German health act removed nearly all over-
the-counter drugs from the list of reimbursable drugs for
children older than 12 years. This may have contributed
to the decrease in medicinal CAM use in children from
the GINI-15 cohort compared with those from GINI-10,
but other reasons such as a possibly lower acceptance of
CAM among adolescents (compared with younger chil-
dren) may have contributed to the drop in CAM use as
well. Since 2012 [25], German statutory health insurance
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 8 of 10
9. companies have again had the possibility to reimburse the
costs of over-the-counter drugs (including medicinal
CAM such as homeopathy, herbal drugs, etc.). Neverthe-
less, still many health insurance companies do not cover
expenditures on CAM or limit the coverage to a fixed
yearly amount [26]. For health insurers, it might be valu-
able information if reimbursement of CAM influences the
decision of insured persons to choose a specific health in-
surance company.
Future studies assessing exactly how many medicinal
CAM are prescribed by physicians may support policy
makers and health care managers in their further decision-
making process concerning the inclusion of CAM in the list
of reimbursable therapy approaches.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
SI prepared the data with regard to categorization of the reported drugs and
tracked or conservatively estimated the drugs’ prices based on the official
‘Lauer’ price list. Furthermore, he performed the statistical analysis and
interpreted the results. He conceptualized the initial manuscript, and approved
the final manuscript as submitted. SW and HB contributed to the data analysis
and interpretation of the results. They critically revised the initial manuscript,
and approved the final manuscript as submitted. JH, DB, and AB were involved
in data collection. They critically revised the initial manuscript, and approved the
final manuscript as submitted.
Acknowledgments
We thank the families for participation in the study, the obstetric units for
allowing recruitment, the GINIplus study team for excellent work, and several
funding agencies listed herein.
The 15-year follow-up examination of the GINIplus study was partially supported
by the Commission of the European Communities, the 7th Framework
Programme, MeDALL project as well as by the companies Mead Johnson and
Nestlé. This work was also supported by the German Competence Network
Obesity (‘Kompetenznetz Adipositas’) funded by the German Federal Ministry of
Education and Research (BMBF) as part of the ‘Core Domain Health Economics’
(Grant No. 01GI1127). This specific analysis on ‘Utilization of Complementary and
Alternative Medicine’ was exclusively funded by the Helmholtz Zentrum Munich.
GINIplus study group
The GINIplus Study Team: Institute of Epidemiology I, Helmholtz Zentrum
München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg
(J. Heinrich, I. Brüske, H. Schulz, C. Flexeder, C. Zeller, M. Standl, M. Schnappinger,
M. Sußmann, E. Thiering, C. Tiesler); Department of Pediatrics, Marien-Hospital,
Wesel (D. Berdel, A. von Berg); Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Dr von
Hauner Children’s Hospital (S. Koletzko); Child and Adolescent Medicine,
University Hospital rechts der Isar of the Technical University Munich
(C.P. Bauer, U. Hoffmann); IUF – Environmental Health Research Institute,
Düsseldorf (B. Hoffmann, E. Link, C. Klümper).
Author details
1
Department of International Health, School for Public Health and Primary
Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht
University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. 2
Helmholtz Zentrum München,
German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Health
Economics and Health Care Management, Neuherberg, Germany. 3
Helmholtz
Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health,
Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany. 4
Marien-Hospital Wesel,
Department of Pediatrics – Research Institute, Wesel, Germany.
Received: 10 November 2014 Accepted: 19 February 2015
References
1. Eardley S, Bishop FL, Prescott P, Cardini F, Brinkhaus B, Santos-Rey K, et al. A
systematic literature review of complementary and alternative medicine
prevalence in EU. Forsch Komplementmed. 2012;19 Suppl 2:18–28.
2. Frass M, Strassl RP, Friehs H, Müllner M, Kundi M, Kaye AD. Use and acceptance
of complementary and alternative medicine among the general population
and medical personnel: a systematic review. Ochsner J. 2012;12:45–56.
3. Italia S, Wolfenstetter SB, Teuner CM. Patterns of complementary and
alternative medicine (CAM) use in children: a systematic review. Eur J Pediatr.
2014;173:1413–28.
4. Zuzak TJ, Boňková J, Careddu D, Garami M, Hadjipanayis A, Jazbec J, et al.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine by children in Europe:
published data and expert perspectives. Complement Ther Med.
2013;21 Suppl 1:34–47.
5. Zutavern A, Schaaf B, von Berg A, Borte M, Herbarth O, Wichmann H, et al.
Use of homeopathy and consultation with alternative medicine
practitioners: Results of a German birth cohort study (LISA) at the age of
2 years. Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde. 2007;155:439–45.
6. Italia S, Batscheider A, Heinrich J, Wenig C, Bauer CP, Koletzko S, et al.
Utilization and costs of conventional and alternative pharmaceuticals in
children: results from the German GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohort
studies. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2012;21:1102–11.
7. Vlieger AM, van de Putte EM, Hoeksma H. The use of complementary and
alternative medicine in children at a general paediatric clinic and parental
reasons for use. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2006;150:625–30.
8. Robinson N, Blair M, Lorenc A, Gully N, Fox P, Mitchell K. Complementary
medicine use in multi-ethnic paediatric outpatients. Complement Ther Clin
Pract. 2008;14:17–24.
9. Hümer M, Scheller G, Kapellen T, Gebauer C, Schmidt H, Kiess W. Use of
herbal medicine in German children – prevalence, indications and
motivation. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2010;135:959–64.
10. Araz N, Bulbul S. Use of complementary and alternative medicine in a
pediatric population in southern Turkey. Clin Invest Med. 2011;34:21–9.
11. Helmholtz Zentrum München [www.helmholtz-muenchen.de/en/epi1/
research/research-units/research-unit-1-environmental-epidemiology/
projects/giniplus/index.html]
12. Kurth BM, Kamtsiuris P, Hölling H, Schlaud M, Dölle R, Ellert U, et al.
The challenge of comprehensively mapping children’s health in a nation-wide
health survey: Design of the German KiGGS-Study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:196.
13. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, editor. Homöopathisches Arzneibuch
2010 (HAB) Amtliche Ausgabe. Stuttgart: Deutscher Apotheker Verlag; 2010.
14. Statistisches Landesamt Baden-Württemberg [www.statistik.baden-wuert-
temberg.de/VolkswPreise/Haushalte/EU-SILC/MedAequivalenzEU.asp]
15. OECD Equivalence Scales [www.oecd.org/eco/growth/OECD-Note-
EquivalenceScales.pdf]
16. European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research [www.euro.centre.
org/data/1295444473_73292.pdf]
17. Du Y, Knopf H. Paediatric homeopathy in Germany: results of the German
Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents
(KiGGS). Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18:370–9.
18. Du Y, Wolf IK, Zhuang W, Bodemann S, Knöss W, Knopf H. Use of herbal
medicinal products among children and adolescents in Germany.
BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:218.
19. Weissenstein A, Straeter A, Villalon G, Luchter E, Bittmann S. High frequency
of CAM use among children in Germany. J Altern Complement Med.
2012;18:729–30.
20. Low E, Murray DM, O’Mahony O, O’B Hourihane J. Complementary and
alternative medicine use in Irish paediatric patients. Ir J Med Sci. 2008;177:147–50.
21. Knopf H. Medicine use in children and adolescents. Data collection and first
results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children
and Adolescents (KiGGS). Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung,
Gesundheitsschutz. 2007;50(5–6):863–70.
22. Steinsbekk A, Rise MB, Bishop F, Lewith G. Predictors for adolescent visits to
practitioners of complementary and alternative medicine in a total
population (the Young-HUNT Studies). PLoS One. 2011;6(10):e25719.
23. Thompson EA, Bishop JL, Northstone K. The use of homeopathic products
in childhood: data generated over 8.5 years from the Avon Longitudinal
Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC). J Altern Complement Med.
2010;16:69–79.
24. Bundesverband der Arzneimittel-Hersteller e.V. Der Arzneimittelmarkt in
Deutschland in Zahlen. 2013 [https://www.bah-bonn.de/index.php?
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 9 of 10
10. eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=4089&token=3ec3eb2533e1c4c5ab6a42e783f0651
d200c7e08]
25. Bundesministerium für Gesundheit [www.bmg.bund.de/glossarbegriffe/v-y/
gkv-versorgungsstrukturgesetz.html]
26. Bundesverband der pharmazeutischen Industrie [www.bpi.de/home/
nachrichten/bpi-ratgeber/ansicht/zahlen-sie-noch-selbst-immer-mehr-
krankenkassen-erstatten-otc-arzneimittel]
Submit your next manuscript to BioMed Central
and take full advantage of:
• Convenient online submission
• Thorough peer review
• No space constraints or color figure charges
• Immediate publication on acceptance
• Inclusion in PubMed, CAS, Scopus and Google Scholar
• Research which is freely available for redistribution
Submit your manuscript at
www.biomedcentral.com/submit
Italia et al. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2015) 15:49 Page 10 of 10