An optimal VEP test protocol can differentiate objectively between visually normal patients and those with mild traumatic brain injury.
BY KENNETH J. CIUFFREDA, OD, PhD; NAVEEN YADAV, BSOptom, MS, PhD; AND DIANA P. LUDLAM, BS, COVT
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) At baseline, adults with convergence insufficiency had slower convergence eye movements compared to controls.
3) After 18 hours of vision therapy, the adults with convergence insufficiency showed improvements in clinical measurements of nearpoint of convergence and fusional vergence, as well as increased cortical activity and faster convergence eye movements.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) At baseline, adults with convergence insufficiency had slower convergence eye movements compared to controls.
3) After 18 hours of vision therapy, the adults with convergence insufficiency showed improvements in clinical measurements of nearpoint of convergence and fusional vergence, as well as increased cortical activity and faster convergence eye movements.
- An article describes what is the impact of refractive error on a layer of retina ( nerve fiber layer) in myopic subjects, Download its full text from Isra Medical Journal.
Objective: To evaluate myopic impact on thickness of nerve fiber layer of the retina in healthy myopic subjects.
Study Design: Prospective Observational study.
Place and Duration: Investigative Department of Ophthalmology of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi from 1st May 2018 to 30th October 2018.
Methodology: In this study 80 eyes of myopic subjects (SE -0.5 to -11.0 DS) were enrolled. Each eye underwent through comprehensive ocular examination beginning with visual acuity, refraction, fundoscopy by slit lamp and ending up to optical coherence tomography of Nidek. Mean average peripapillary thickness of nerve fiber layer and thickness in superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants was taken into consideration, calculated by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (version 1.5.5.0).
Results: Forty subjects volunteered for study protocol among which 21 were male and 19 were female with a degree of refractive breakdown of 30% mild myopic, 50% moderately myopic and 20% highly myopic. The calculated average age was 25.0 ± 5.0 years (range 16-40 years). The average total nerve fiber layer thickness in myopic respondents was 90.85μm; superiorly 112.37μm; inferiorly 117.52μm; temporally 71.85μm and in nasal quadrant was 61.55μm. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was statistically significant in superior and temporal quadrant. In high myopes thickness was clinically significant in inferior quadrant in terms of quantity as compared to mild and moderate myopia
Conclusion: Average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly decreased in high myopia as compared to mild myopia while moderate group had slightly thicker thickness than high myopic group. Hence impact of dioptric power on nerve fiber layer thickness in myopic patients is significant.
Saint Louis University Hospital has a variety of advanced neuroscience technologies to aid in diagnosis and treatment, including MEG, intraoperative MRI, angiography suites, PET/CT scans, and CyberKnife. The document discusses several specific technologies and their applications in mapping brain activity, allowing surgeons to scan patients' brains during surgery, performing minimally invasive vascular procedures, combining CT and PET scans, and precisely targeting tumors. It also summarizes services for stroke treatment, skull base surgery, epilepsy treatment, and neurocritical care.
Visual Evoked Potential in Normal and Amblyopic Childreniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Multiple Sclerosis: a Structural & Functional...Manal AlRomeih
This document analyzes optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a potential biomarker for central nervous system degeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). OCT and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness showed high sensitivity in detecting neurodegeneration in MS patients, correlating with visual functions and disability levels. RNFL thickness was significantly reduced in MS patients, especially those with optic neuritis, and correlated with disease severity measures. OCT may thus serve as a valuable tool to quantify neurodegeneration in MS for use in clinical trials, patient monitoring, and treatment assessment by providing a window into central nervous system changes.
Demand of evidence-based nursing has been taken seriously both in the University of Kuopio (UKU) and in the Kuopio University Hospital (KUH). Role of information professionals in the process is expanding. Survey in May 2007 in order to develop information retrieval training in KUH, in order to find out the nursing staff’s educational needs in information retrieval, knowledge about EBN, attitudes towards EBN.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) At baseline, adults with convergence insufficiency had slower convergence eye movements compared to controls.
3) After 18 hours of vision therapy, the adults with convergence insufficiency showed improvements in clinical measurements of nearpoint of convergence and fusional vergence, as well as increased cortical activity and faster convergence eye movements.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) At baseline, adults with convergence insufficiency had slower convergence eye movements compared to controls.
3) After 18 hours of vision therapy, the adults with convergence insufficiency showed improvements in clinical measurements of nearpoint of convergence and fusional vergence, as well as increased cortical activity and faster convergence eye movements.
- An article describes what is the impact of refractive error on a layer of retina ( nerve fiber layer) in myopic subjects, Download its full text from Isra Medical Journal.
Objective: To evaluate myopic impact on thickness of nerve fiber layer of the retina in healthy myopic subjects.
Study Design: Prospective Observational study.
Place and Duration: Investigative Department of Ophthalmology of Al-Ibrahim Eye Hospital, Karachi from 1st May 2018 to 30th October 2018.
Methodology: In this study 80 eyes of myopic subjects (SE -0.5 to -11.0 DS) were enrolled. Each eye underwent through comprehensive ocular examination beginning with visual acuity, refraction, fundoscopy by slit lamp and ending up to optical coherence tomography of Nidek. Mean average peripapillary thickness of nerve fiber layer and thickness in superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quadrants was taken into consideration, calculated by Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (version 1.5.5.0).
Results: Forty subjects volunteered for study protocol among which 21 were male and 19 were female with a degree of refractive breakdown of 30% mild myopic, 50% moderately myopic and 20% highly myopic. The calculated average age was 25.0 ± 5.0 years (range 16-40 years). The average total nerve fiber layer thickness in myopic respondents was 90.85μm; superiorly 112.37μm; inferiorly 117.52μm; temporally 71.85μm and in nasal quadrant was 61.55μm. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was statistically significant in superior and temporal quadrant. In high myopes thickness was clinically significant in inferior quadrant in terms of quantity as compared to mild and moderate myopia
Conclusion: Average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly decreased in high myopia as compared to mild myopia while moderate group had slightly thicker thickness than high myopic group. Hence impact of dioptric power on nerve fiber layer thickness in myopic patients is significant.
Saint Louis University Hospital has a variety of advanced neuroscience technologies to aid in diagnosis and treatment, including MEG, intraoperative MRI, angiography suites, PET/CT scans, and CyberKnife. The document discusses several specific technologies and their applications in mapping brain activity, allowing surgeons to scan patients' brains during surgery, performing minimally invasive vascular procedures, combining CT and PET scans, and precisely targeting tumors. It also summarizes services for stroke treatment, skull base surgery, epilepsy treatment, and neurocritical care.
Visual Evoked Potential in Normal and Amblyopic Childreniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Optical Coherence Tomography in Multiple Sclerosis: a Structural & Functional...Manal AlRomeih
This document analyzes optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a potential biomarker for central nervous system degeneration in multiple sclerosis (MS). OCT and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness showed high sensitivity in detecting neurodegeneration in MS patients, correlating with visual functions and disability levels. RNFL thickness was significantly reduced in MS patients, especially those with optic neuritis, and correlated with disease severity measures. OCT may thus serve as a valuable tool to quantify neurodegeneration in MS for use in clinical trials, patient monitoring, and treatment assessment by providing a window into central nervous system changes.
Demand of evidence-based nursing has been taken seriously both in the University of Kuopio (UKU) and in the Kuopio University Hospital (KUH). Role of information professionals in the process is expanding. Survey in May 2007 in order to develop information retrieval training in KUH, in order to find out the nursing staff’s educational needs in information retrieval, knowledge about EBN, attitudes towards EBN.
Optovue’s Wellness Exam is a quick and easy OCT scan that gives you a one-page report showing cross-sectional images of the retina accompanied by retinal thickness and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness maps. These images and metrics may also be viewed in an OU report for symmetry analysis.
A Systematic Comparison of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and F...John Redaelli
This study compared spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) for grading geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration. Two graders manually measured GA lesion size using SD-OCT and FAF in 81 eyes. SD-OCT measurements of choroidal signal enhancement and loss of outer retinal layers correlated closely with areas of decreased FAF. SD-OCT also more accurately identified foveal involvement than FAF. The study demonstrates SD-OCT can reliably quantify GA lesion size and progression in a reproducible manner.
Austin Neurosurgery: Open Access is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with the prevention, analysis, cure, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any section of the nervous system including the peripheral nerves, brain, extra-cranial cerebrovascular system, and spinal cord.
The aim of this journal is to give a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to endorse, share, and talk about various advancements in all aspects of neurosurgery.
Austin Neurosurgery: Open Access accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatment of Neurology.
Austin Neurosurgery: Open Access is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with the prevention, analysis, cure, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any section of the nervous system including the peripheral nerves, brain, extra-cranial cerebrovascular system, and spinal cord.
This study evaluated the predictive accuracy of the SRK-2 formula for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power in 274 eyes undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery in Sri Lanka. The mean age was 65.3 years and axial length ranged from 22-26mm. The SRK-2 formula predicted post-operative refractive errors with a mean error of -0.300±0.145D. The actual achieved refractive error was -0.220±0.732D, showing a slight hyperopic shift. 79% of patients had 6/6 vision 7 days post-op. The study concluded that the SRK-2 formula provides a good option for predicting refractive outcomes in eyes with medium axial
Inferior posterior staphyloma: choroidal maps and macular complications Abdallah Ellabban
Eyes with inferior posterior staphyloma showed marked choroidal thinning along the superior border of the staphyloma. As patient age increased, choroidal thinning progressed in the entire macular area. Eyes with neovascular complications associated with the staphyloma had significantly reduced macular choroidal thickness compared to eyes without complications. Reduction of the choroidal thickness with age seemed to be involved in the development of neovascularization associated with inferior posterior staphyloma.
This case report describes a rehabilitation protocol using a video game-based exercise tool to improve dynamic short-sitting balance for three patients with chronic spinal cord injuries or traumatic brain injuries. The tool tracks the center of pressure to control games requiring weight shifting. All three patients showed increased motivation to exercise and dynamic balance control after using the game-based tool. The findings suggest game-based exercises can positively impact rehabilitation by enhancing patient engagement.
Health monitoring system for comatose patients a surveyIJARIIT
This survey paper outlines the existing and proposed system for a comatose patient health monitoring aid. In general,
the comatose patients never respond for anything however they might abnormal movements are frequently encountered in
patients with brain injury characterization of these movements and their underlying pathophysiology is difficult due to the
comatose or uncooperative state of the patient. Thus, we reviewed the available literature regarding abnormal movements
encountered in acutely ill patients with brain injuries. There are so many abnormal movements in the seen in each category as
well as their epidemiologic, semiology and clinic pathologic correlates. We propose a practical paradigm that can be applied at
the bedside for diagnosing abnormal movements in patients. Which they are self-conscious and that can make them reticent.
The Hand Talk glove is a normal, cloth driving glove fitted with flex sensors. The sensors output a stream of data that varies
with the degree of bend made by the fingers. Flex sensors are sensors that change in resistance depending on the amount of
bend on the sensor. They convert the change in a bend to electrical resistance and send data to the doctor.
Osteoporosis Detection Using Deep LearningIJMTST Journal
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder which occurs due to low bone mass, degradation of bone micro-architecture
and high susceptibility to fracture. It is a major health concern across the world, especially in elderly people.
Osteoporosis can cause spinal or hip fractures that may lead to socio-economic burden and high morbidity.
Therefore, there is a need for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis and predicting the presence of the fracture.
We introduce a Convolutional Neural Network model to effectively diagnose osteoporosis in bone radiography
data. Automated diagnosis from digital radiographs is very challenging since the scans of healthy and
osteoporotic subjects show little or no visual differences. In this paper, we have proposed a model to separate
healthy from osteoporotic subjects using high dimensional textural feature representations computed from
radiography images. CNN can help us bring the use of structural MRI measurements of bone quality into
clinical practice for the detection of Osteoporosis as it gives high accuracy.
New methods to enhance diagnosis in dentistryYasmineHage
1. The document discusses several new technologies for detecting dental caries and diseases, including fiber optic transillumination (FOTI), quantitative light fluorescence (QLF), electrical caries monitor (ECM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT).
2. It also covers new radiological techniques for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, such as computed tomography (CT), tuned-aperture CT, digital radiography, and subtraction radiology.
3. Finally, it discusses the use of thermography/thermal imaging in dentistry for applications like detection of nerve deficits, temporomandibular joint disorders, and monitoring of endodontic treatments.
Tomographic fundus features in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Abdallah Ellabban
This study analyzed optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of 52 eyes from 27 patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and compared features between those with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to angioid streaks (AS) vs CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Unique lesions were more common in PXE patients, including outer retinal tubulation (ORT) seen in 70.5% of eyes with CNV secondary to AS vs 34.1% of AMD eyes, and Bruch's membrane undulation seen in 70.8% vs 11.4% respectively. ORT appeared as round or ovoid structures beneath the outer plexiform layer.
Myopic CNVM -DIAGNOSIS AND MGT BY dr ajay dudaniAjayDudani1
1. Ranibizumab has been shown to be effective for treating myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) based on results from the REPAIR study. In this study, patients receiving ranibizumab experienced an average improvement of 13.8 ETDRS letters in visual acuity from baseline to 12 months.
2. Diagnostic imaging tools like fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography are used to identify features of myopic CNV such as subretinal hemorrhage, leakage on angiography, and sub/intra-retinal fluid on OCT.
3. If left untreated, most patients with myopic CNV will become legally blind within 5
This CV summarizes Konrad Paul Körding's educational and professional background. He received his PhD from ETH Zurich and has held postdoctoral positions at MIT and UCL London. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. His research focuses on Bayesian and normative approaches to motor control, learning, and decision making in the nervous system. He has published over 50 papers on these topics and organized several workshops bringing together researchers applying computational and statistical methods to neuroscience questions.
스타카지노 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 사이트 스타카지노 싸이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트 스타카지노 사이트 『OX600』。『COM』실시간빙고 싸이트
Este documento describe los planteamientos educativos de Juan Amos Comenio. Comenio creía que la educación debía estar disponible para todos por igual, sin distinción de género o estatus social. Abogaba por escuelas en cada comunidad que enseñaran de manera colectiva utilizando métodos inspirados en la naturaleza, como ir de lo simple a lo complejo y la imitación. Creía que la educación debía cultivar la erudición, la virtud y la religión en cada estudiante y formar hombres sabios y útiles para la
La autora explica cómo las herramientas informáticas hacen la vida más fácil y rápida y facilitan la comunicación y el aprendizaje. Describe cómo varias herramientas como las bases de datos, foros, glosarios, wikis, blogs, tareas en línea y portafolios de evidencias pueden utilizarse para compartir información, interactuar con compañeros, reforzar conocimientos, enviar trabajos y registrar el progreso. Finalmente, menciona que Google es muy útil para investigación mientras que aún no ha usado blogger.
Optovue’s Wellness Exam is a quick and easy OCT scan that gives you a one-page report showing cross-sectional images of the retina accompanied by retinal thickness and ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness maps. These images and metrics may also be viewed in an OU report for symmetry analysis.
A Systematic Comparison of Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and F...John Redaelli
This study compared spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) for grading geographic atrophy (GA) in age-related macular degeneration. Two graders manually measured GA lesion size using SD-OCT and FAF in 81 eyes. SD-OCT measurements of choroidal signal enhancement and loss of outer retinal layers correlated closely with areas of decreased FAF. SD-OCT also more accurately identified foveal involvement than FAF. The study demonstrates SD-OCT can reliably quantify GA lesion size and progression in a reproducible manner.
Austin Neurosurgery: Open Access is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with the prevention, analysis, cure, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any section of the nervous system including the peripheral nerves, brain, extra-cranial cerebrovascular system, and spinal cord.
The aim of this journal is to give a platform for scientists and academicians all over the world to endorse, share, and talk about various advancements in all aspects of neurosurgery.
Austin Neurosurgery: Open Access accepts original research articles, review articles, case reports, clinical images and rapid communication on all the aspects of diagnosis and treatment of Neurology.
Austin Neurosurgery: Open Access is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal committed to publication of unique contributions concerned with the prevention, analysis, cure, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any section of the nervous system including the peripheral nerves, brain, extra-cranial cerebrovascular system, and spinal cord.
This study evaluated the predictive accuracy of the SRK-2 formula for calculating intraocular lens (IOL) power in 274 eyes undergoing phacoemulsification cataract surgery in Sri Lanka. The mean age was 65.3 years and axial length ranged from 22-26mm. The SRK-2 formula predicted post-operative refractive errors with a mean error of -0.300±0.145D. The actual achieved refractive error was -0.220±0.732D, showing a slight hyperopic shift. 79% of patients had 6/6 vision 7 days post-op. The study concluded that the SRK-2 formula provides a good option for predicting refractive outcomes in eyes with medium axial
Inferior posterior staphyloma: choroidal maps and macular complications Abdallah Ellabban
Eyes with inferior posterior staphyloma showed marked choroidal thinning along the superior border of the staphyloma. As patient age increased, choroidal thinning progressed in the entire macular area. Eyes with neovascular complications associated with the staphyloma had significantly reduced macular choroidal thickness compared to eyes without complications. Reduction of the choroidal thickness with age seemed to be involved in the development of neovascularization associated with inferior posterior staphyloma.
This case report describes a rehabilitation protocol using a video game-based exercise tool to improve dynamic short-sitting balance for three patients with chronic spinal cord injuries or traumatic brain injuries. The tool tracks the center of pressure to control games requiring weight shifting. All three patients showed increased motivation to exercise and dynamic balance control after using the game-based tool. The findings suggest game-based exercises can positively impact rehabilitation by enhancing patient engagement.
Health monitoring system for comatose patients a surveyIJARIIT
This survey paper outlines the existing and proposed system for a comatose patient health monitoring aid. In general,
the comatose patients never respond for anything however they might abnormal movements are frequently encountered in
patients with brain injury characterization of these movements and their underlying pathophysiology is difficult due to the
comatose or uncooperative state of the patient. Thus, we reviewed the available literature regarding abnormal movements
encountered in acutely ill patients with brain injuries. There are so many abnormal movements in the seen in each category as
well as their epidemiologic, semiology and clinic pathologic correlates. We propose a practical paradigm that can be applied at
the bedside for diagnosing abnormal movements in patients. Which they are self-conscious and that can make them reticent.
The Hand Talk glove is a normal, cloth driving glove fitted with flex sensors. The sensors output a stream of data that varies
with the degree of bend made by the fingers. Flex sensors are sensors that change in resistance depending on the amount of
bend on the sensor. They convert the change in a bend to electrical resistance and send data to the doctor.
Osteoporosis Detection Using Deep LearningIJMTST Journal
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder which occurs due to low bone mass, degradation of bone micro-architecture
and high susceptibility to fracture. It is a major health concern across the world, especially in elderly people.
Osteoporosis can cause spinal or hip fractures that may lead to socio-economic burden and high morbidity.
Therefore, there is a need for the early diagnosis of osteoporosis and predicting the presence of the fracture.
We introduce a Convolutional Neural Network model to effectively diagnose osteoporosis in bone radiography
data. Automated diagnosis from digital radiographs is very challenging since the scans of healthy and
osteoporotic subjects show little or no visual differences. In this paper, we have proposed a model to separate
healthy from osteoporotic subjects using high dimensional textural feature representations computed from
radiography images. CNN can help us bring the use of structural MRI measurements of bone quality into
clinical practice for the detection of Osteoporosis as it gives high accuracy.
New methods to enhance diagnosis in dentistryYasmineHage
1. The document discusses several new technologies for detecting dental caries and diseases, including fiber optic transillumination (FOTI), quantitative light fluorescence (QLF), electrical caries monitor (ECM), and optical coherence tomography (OCT).
2. It also covers new radiological techniques for endodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, such as computed tomography (CT), tuned-aperture CT, digital radiography, and subtraction radiology.
3. Finally, it discusses the use of thermography/thermal imaging in dentistry for applications like detection of nerve deficits, temporomandibular joint disorders, and monitoring of endodontic treatments.
Tomographic fundus features in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum Abdallah Ellabban
This study analyzed optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans of 52 eyes from 27 patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) and compared features between those with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to angioid streaks (AS) vs CNV secondary to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Unique lesions were more common in PXE patients, including outer retinal tubulation (ORT) seen in 70.5% of eyes with CNV secondary to AS vs 34.1% of AMD eyes, and Bruch's membrane undulation seen in 70.8% vs 11.4% respectively. ORT appeared as round or ovoid structures beneath the outer plexiform layer.
Myopic CNVM -DIAGNOSIS AND MGT BY dr ajay dudaniAjayDudani1
1. Ranibizumab has been shown to be effective for treating myopic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) based on results from the REPAIR study. In this study, patients receiving ranibizumab experienced an average improvement of 13.8 ETDRS letters in visual acuity from baseline to 12 months.
2. Diagnostic imaging tools like fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography are used to identify features of myopic CNV such as subretinal hemorrhage, leakage on angiography, and sub/intra-retinal fluid on OCT.
3. If left untreated, most patients with myopic CNV will become legally blind within 5
This CV summarizes Konrad Paul Körding's educational and professional background. He received his PhD from ETH Zurich and has held postdoctoral positions at MIT and UCL London. He is currently an Assistant Professor at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. His research focuses on Bayesian and normative approaches to motor control, learning, and decision making in the nervous system. He has published over 50 papers on these topics and organized several workshops bringing together researchers applying computational and statistical methods to neuroscience questions.
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Este documento describe los planteamientos educativos de Juan Amos Comenio. Comenio creía que la educación debía estar disponible para todos por igual, sin distinción de género o estatus social. Abogaba por escuelas en cada comunidad que enseñaran de manera colectiva utilizando métodos inspirados en la naturaleza, como ir de lo simple a lo complejo y la imitación. Creía que la educación debía cultivar la erudición, la virtud y la religión en cada estudiante y formar hombres sabios y útiles para la
La autora explica cómo las herramientas informáticas hacen la vida más fácil y rápida y facilitan la comunicación y el aprendizaje. Describe cómo varias herramientas como las bases de datos, foros, glosarios, wikis, blogs, tareas en línea y portafolios de evidencias pueden utilizarse para compartir información, interactuar con compañeros, reforzar conocimientos, enviar trabajos y registrar el progreso. Finalmente, menciona que Google es muy útil para investigación mientras que aún no ha usado blogger.
Yuan-Lung Shih previously worked for Ibero-American Eagle International Clothing (Beijing) Co., Ltd. designing children's clothing under the Popeye & Oliveoyl and Disney brands. The document provides images and descriptions of various boys' and girls' clothing featuring character figures from Popeye & Oliveoyl and Disney.
Este documento propone un proyecto al centro y describe su metodología y desarrollo en 3 secciones breves. Planea objetivos y una propuesta, luego detalla el método y proceso para llevarlo a cabo.
Este documento resume una investigación sobre el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en los procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje en la Escuela Colombiana de Carreras Industriales. Presenta datos sobre las actitudes y capacidades de los docentes y estudiantes respecto al uso de las TIC. Aunque la mayoría de docentes reconocen la importancia de integrar las TIC, se observa un uso limitado de estas en la práctica. La investigación concluye que existe interés en aprender más sobre el uso educativo de las TIC
Cloud Computing definition , its history , Service Models , Deployment Models , Architecture, pretty much all the important aspects related to cloud computing
A silent (so far) revolution has been pioneered for Indian renewable companies (RC) which is no less than the fad and hype of the technology sector. RCs need to explore sustainable renewable energy finance with IPOs, innovative structures like Yield Cos (Utility and commercial scale plants) as also investment plans (for residential solar - My power loans)
The presentation essentially summarizes the renewables eco system in India, global solar experiences (US), IFRS/ US GAAP A/C issues for renewables sector, future of solar n grid parity, US IPO concepts n regulatory environment.
The document discusses Bosch's involvement in solar energy projects in India. It provides details on 10 ground-mounted and rooftop solar projects completed by Bosch in various Indian states with capacities ranging from 40kW to 5MW. It also outlines Bosch's solar project portfolio worldwide exceeding 100MW and capabilities in developing turnkey solar solutions including engineering, procurement, construction, and operations and maintenance. Additionally, the document presents different solar project models implemented by Bosch such as solar carports, industrial roof mounting, and ground installations.
Este documento fornece diretrizes para a elaboração de apresentações na Biblioteca da Escola Básica Egas Moniz, cobrindo tópicos como formatação de texto, animações, objetos, imagens, recomendações para oradores e estrutura da apresentação.
Podemos descubrir en el cielo las nebulosas y cúmulos estelares dentro de nuestra galaxia, como asimismo observar otras galaxias.
Imágenes publicadas con permiso de NASA, para usos educativos no comerciales.
Optometric vision therapy aims to treat nonstrabismic accommodative and vergence disorders through sensory-motor-perceptual stimulation paradigms. It incorporates controlled manipulation of blur, disparity, and proximity to normalize the accommodative and vergence systems. Cure rates for these disorders are high, ranging from 70-100%, through optometric vision therapy. The article discusses the scientific basis and models of accommodation and vergence, and reviews studies showing objective changes in oculomotor responsiveness following vision therapy, supporting its efficacy.
Optometric vision therapy aims to treat nonstrabismic accommodative and vergence disorders through sensory-motor-perceptual stimulation paradigms. It incorporates controlled manipulation of blur, disparity, and proximity to normalize the accommodative and vergence systems. Cure rates for these disorders are high, ranging from 70-100%, through optometric vision therapy. The article discusses the scientific basis and models of accommodation and vergence, and reviews studies showing objective changes in oculomotor responsiveness following vision therapy, supporting its efficacy.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) Four subjects with convergence insufficiency underwent 18 hours of vision therapy. Clinical measurements improved and neural activity increased in areas related to vergence eye movements.
3) Convergence peak velocity was slower in subjects with convergence insufficiency compared to controls, but increased after vision therapy, suggesting therapy can improve underlying neurophysiology.
1) The study examined clinical measurements and neural changes associated with vision therapy in adults with convergence insufficiency.
2) Convergence peak velocities were slower in subjects with convergence insufficiency compared to controls, which may contribute to asthenopic complaints.
3) Subjects underwent 18 hours of vision therapy. Several clinical measurements, including nearpoint of convergence and positive fusional vergence, improved significantly after therapy. Neural activity in frontal and cerebellar regions also increased significantly.
This study evaluated the efficacy of levetiracetam and sodium valproate treatments for 195 patients with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) over 2 years. The study found that monotherapy, particularly with levetiracetam, was associated with normalization of EEG patterns and prevention of cognitive decline. Polytherapy, especially those including sodium valproate, was linked to poorer cognition. Early treatment to control electrical status epilepticus in sleep may help reduce cognitive issues in BECTS patients.
1) Pupillometer use at Columbia University Neuro ICU provides objective pupillary assessment to guide patient management, triage, and prognosis.
2) Case studies demonstrate how pupillometer detected subtle pupillary changes preceding clinical deterioration in TBI and SAH patients, allowing timely interventions.
3) Abnormal pupillometer readings correctly identified increased intracranial pressure and need for surgery in several cases.
A case of fusional vergence disorder associated with myopiaBIJCROO
Aim: This case study demonstrates the management options for fusional vergence dysfunction (FVD) and
uncorrected myopia.
Background: Binocular vision disorder with abnormalities in fusional vergence dynamics is referred to as “fusional
vergence dysfunction (FVD).” A patient with FVD has asthenopic symptoms, no refractive error, healthy eyes,
normal accommodative functions, a normal accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio, and normal
distant and near phoria status.
Case presentation: A 19-year-old female diagnosed to have FVD along with simple myopia presented to the
clinic with a complaint of asthenopic symptoms. Complete vergence-related and accommodation-related vision
therapies were advised and provided. After 2 months from the initial presentation, the patient successfully
recovered from the existing condition.
Conclusion: Uncorrected myopia with FVD was determined based on the patient’s complaint and the results of
the examination. The condition was treated with vision therapy and a distance optical correction. An office-based
and home-based program can successfully cure FVD
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
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In the request of my viewers, I have compiled my works here in a website. Visit this website (healthkura.com) to freely download this presentation along with other tons of presentations. Some useful links are given here.____Remember___healthkura.com
Active Vision Therapy in Management of Amblyopia
- Pleoptics
- Near activities
- Active stimulation therapy using CAM vision stimulator
- Syntonic phototherapy
- Role of perceptual learning
- Binocular stimulation
- Software-based active treatments
- Exposure to dark
- Pharmacological Therapy
Neuroplasticity and Vision Therapy for Adults; A Case SeriesDominick Maino
This poster was presented at the American Optometric Association's Annual meeting in Boston, MA 06/2016
The bottom line:
The visual cortex has the capacity for experience dependent change (neuroplasticity) throughout life. Unfortunately, when it comes to the adult with binocular vision problems, this is not always recognized as being true even though there is strong clinical evidence to suggest a high level of adult neuroplasticity. Current research shows that adults tend to have numerous anomalies associated with the binocular vision system especially within certain populations. This case series demonstrates how those even approaching 70 years of age can benefit from optometric vision therapy.
This document summarizes and discusses several articles on physical medicine and rehabilitation (PMR) topics that were published in recent issues of various journals. The articles cover a range of topics including the treatment of 12th rib syndrome, the use of the tourniquet ischemia test to diagnose complex regional pain syndrome, physiotherapy interventions for treating spasticity, a telehealth intervention to increase fitness for those with spinal cord injuries, spinal cord involvement in COVID-19, the use of local anesthetic injections in athletes, and a comparison of video-based and text-based physical activity interventions. The document also provides an introduction and welcome from the editor as well as information about new contributors.
Long-term cognitive impairment after critical illness (CIACI) is frequently reported in up to 66% of patients three months after intensive care hospitalization. The condition has overlapping neurological changes with stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. Risk factors for CIACI include depression, biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, delirium duration during hospitalization, and exposure to certain drugs. Current strategies to prevent or treat CIACI focus on reducing delirium and agitation, as well as physical and cognitive rehabilitation. Neurotrophic factors may play a role in neurogenesis, blood-brain barrier integrity, and neuronal repair, suggesting they could be a potential target for novel CIACI treatments.
This study investigated the effect of under-correcting myopia on myopic progression by analyzing clinical refraction data from 275 visits of 76 myopic patients. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the degree of under-correction and myopic progression, with greater under-correction associated with greater progression. Myopic progression also correlated positively with the degree of myopia. However, progression did not correlate with age or gender. The findings suggest that under-correcting myopia may induce small increases in myopic progression compared to full correction.
This document discusses convergence insufficiency (CI), a binocular vision problem characterized by an inability to converge the eyes or sustain convergence. CI causes symptoms like headaches, eye strain, and blurred vision during close work. The document summarizes a clinical trial finding that office-based vision therapy is an effective treatment for CI, improving symptoms and convergence measures, while home exercises and placebo therapy were less effective. It encourages optometrists to screen for CI using tests like near point of convergence, recognize symptoms, and inform patients that vision therapy can effectively treat this common problem.
- Vision therapy is effective in treating various visual dysfunctions related to problems with accommodation, vergence, and eye teaming.
- Numerous controlled studies have found that vision therapy improves vergence ability, eliminates symptoms of convergence insufficiency in 73-93% of patients, and is more effective than other treatments like surgery for intermittent exotropia.
- Vision therapy has also been shown to be as effective as tutoring in improving reading performance while also eliminating asthenopia, and to be effective in treating accommodative anomalies by normalizing accommodative function and reducing symptoms.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the rate of change in symptoms and clinical signs of convergence insufficiency in children undergoing different vision therapy treatments over 12 weeks. 221 children were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: home-based pencil push-ups, home-based computer vision therapy plus pencil push-ups, office-based vision therapy with home reinforcement, or office-based placebo therapy with home reinforcement. Symptoms and clinical measures were assessed after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. The office-based vision therapy group showed the most rapid improvement in symptoms between visits. All groups improved in symptoms between weeks 8 and 12. Office-based vision therapy resulted in the greatest improvements in clinical measures and the highest
The document summarizes the results of a randomized clinical trial that evaluated the kinetics of change in symptoms and signs of convergence insufficiency during 12 weeks of vision therapy/orthoptic treatment. 221 children with convergence insufficiency were assigned to one of four treatment groups: home-based pencil push-ups, home-based computer therapy plus pencil push-ups, office-based vergence/accommodative therapy, or office-based placebo therapy. Symptoms and clinical measurements were assessed after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of treatment. Office-based vergence/accommodative therapy resulted in more rapid improvement in symptoms between visits compared to other groups. All groups showed greatest improvement in clinical measurements in the first
- Studies show that lowering IOP reduces risk of glaucoma progression and maintaining a steady IOP level over time is important. IOP fluctuation is associated with progressive visual field loss and is a stronger predictor of progression than mean IOP. Higher IOP fluctuation during office hours and over 24 hours is seen in glaucoma patients compared to normal subjects.
- Educating patients about their condition and treatment through tools like perimetry, OCT/GDx imaging can help improve compliance which is important for minimizing IOP fluctuations and risk of further optic nerve damage. Compliance is better with once or twice daily dosing compared to multiple medications or more frequent dosing.
Annovis Bio is a clinical-stage, drug platform company addressing neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s in Down Syndrome (AD-DS). Annovis is believed to be the only company developing a drug for AD, PD and AD-DS that inhibits
more than one neurotoxic protein and improves the information highway of the nerve cell, known as axonal transport. When this information flow is impaired, the nerve cell gets sick and dies. The company expects its treatment to improve memory loss and dementia associated with AD and AD-DS, as well as body and brain function in PD. Annovis has an ongoing
Phase 2a study in AD patients and a second Phase 2a study in early PD and early AD patients.
Similar to Using the VEP for Better Patient Outcomes in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (20)
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Part II - Body Grief: Losing parts of ourselves and our identity before, duri...
Using the VEP for Better Patient Outcomes in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
1. 72 ADVANCED OCULAR CARE | OCTOBER 2015
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
An optimal VEP test protocol can differentiate objectively between visually normal
patients and those with mild traumatic brain injury.
USING THE VEP FOR BETTER
PATIENT OUTCOMES IN MILD
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
The area of
traumatic
brain injury
(TBI), in par-
ticular mild
TBI (mTBI),
has come to
the forefront
of the clinical vision world due to the constellation of visual
problems/visual dysfunctions secondary to the recent war
efforts and also a focus on sports-related concussions/head
injuries. These visual problems are present in thousands of
our servicemen and women, and likely in a similarly large but
unfortunately unknown number in the sports world, espe-
cially in the areas of football, boxing, and soccer.
Individuals with mTBI present with an array of general
problems/deficits of a sensory, motor, perceptual, cogni-
tive, linguistic, psychological, and behavioral nature. For
example, an individual with mTBI might manifest gait,
memory, and impulse control problems. In addition, and
more specifically to the topic, they frequently exhibit a
wide range of vision-related problems, including (1) basic
refraction/ocular disease-based (eg, retinal tear), (2) binoc-
ular/oculomotor-based (eg, convergence insufficiency), and
(3) nonoculomotor-based (eg, visual field loss) visual defi-
cits, along with correlated symptoms, such as blur, diplopia,
impaired reading, poorly sustained visual attention, visual
motion hypersensitivity, and visual fatigue. Fortunately,
there is a range of visual interventions that provide consid-
erable relief.1
OBJECTIVE DIAGNOSIS
An area that is receiving ever more attention in mTBI is
the use of objective documentation in the diagnosis, as well
as the related therapeutic efficacy, of a visual intervention
such as lenses, prisms, occluders, tints, and/or VT/VR. We
have been studying these areas in our brain injury labora-
tory for the past 2 decades, especially regarding the ocu-
lomotor, accommodative, and pupillary systems. More
recently, we have also been using the technique of the
visual-evoked response (VEP) in our mTBI-related inves-
tigations with great success and resultant clinical insights.
Herein are some of our ideas and results in terms of the
BY KENNETH J. CIUFFREDA, OD, PhD; NAVEEN YADAV, BSOptom, MS, PhD;
AND DIANA P. LUDLAM, BS, COVT
Figure 1. All control subjects exhibited significantly reduced
amplitude with addition of the BNO as compared with their
baseline. All 10 with mTBI and VMS exhibited significantly
increased VEP amplitude with the BNO as compared with
their baseline.
2. OCTOBER 2015 | ADVANCED OCULAR CARE 73
NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
effects of binasal occlusion (BNO) and base-in (BI) prisms
in those with visual motion sensitivity (VMS), the effects of
oculomotor-based VT/VR, and lastly the development of
a targeted, simple, rapid, and well-tested clinical VEP pro-
tocol to assist in the visual diagnosis, prognosis, and thera-
peutic effectiveness in these individuals.
MTBI WITH VSM
In our first study,2 we tested 10 visually normal (VN)
control subjects without VMS and compared them to 10
individuals with both mTBI and VMS to determine the effect
of BNO on the VEP amplitude. Clinical prescription of BNO
appears to help by reducing motion-related symptoms in
many cases of mTBI.2,3 Patients were assessed with their full
refractive correction in place, as well as with the addition of
the BNO. All 10 VN control subjects exhibited significantly
reduced amplitude with addition of the BNO as compared
with their baseline; in contrast, all 10 with mTBI and VMS
exhibited significantly increased VEP amplitude with the
BNO as compared with their baseline (Figure 1). In a sub-
sequent and related study,3 we tested both VN individuals
and mTBI subjects with the symptom of VMS, but added BI
prisms to the mix. Some believe that BI prisms are also help-
ful in these individuals in conjunction with the BNO.
Now, there were four test conditions: baseline with refrac-
tive correction only, with BNO added, with BI prisms added,
and with both BNO and BI prisms added. The results were
similar to our first study.2 Only with the BNO present was
there a significant enhancement in the VEP amplitude in
those with mTBI and VMS. The BI prisms had no significant
effect. Again in both studies, the mTBI patients typically
subjectively preferred the BNO only over any other test con-
dition. Thus, with results of the two studies combined, we
found that 90% of those with both mTBI and VMS showed
VEP amplitude enhancement (up to 40%). This provided
validity to the use of BNO in this mTBI subgroup with VMS.
Furthermore, the VEP could now be used as an objective,
diagnostic test to detect for the presence of mTBI per se, if
VMS were also present, with 90% accuracy.
EFFECTS OF OCULOMOTOR-BASED VT IN MTBI
In this study,4
we assessed the effect of oculomotor-
based VT/vision rehabilitation in seven adults with mTBI
and oculomotor-based signs (eg, saccadic inaccuracy) and
symptoms of reading problems, such as skipping lines,
rereading, etc. They were given 9 hours total of VT: 3 for
the versional system (fixation, saccades, and simulated
reading), 3 for the vergence system, and 3 for the accom-
modative system, all office-based working one-on-one with
an optometrist; there was purposely no home therapy
prescribed to control the training process. The group’s
mean VEP amplitude significantly increased (Figure 2), as
well as in each subject to varying extents. In addition, their
symptoms markedly reduced and their signs improved, fol-
lowing the VT. In addition, with a special program created
for us by Diopsys, we used the VEP to assess objectively
the effect of VT on attention. It too increased significantly
subsequent to the VT. Thus, the VEP provided objective
documentation for multilevel, positive effects of VT in the
mTBI population.
PROPOSED VEP PROTOCOL
Our ultimate goal of the above and other VEP-related
studies was twofold. First, to develop an optimal VEP test
protocol in both the VN and mTBI populations, which
would yield the best VEP responses (ie, the largest ampli-
tude with least variability). Second, to develop a test pro-
tocol that would differentiate objectively between the VN
and mTBI groups. We succeeded in both goals, with the
following suggested protocol for use in both the VN and
mTBI populations.5,6
• Check size: 20-min arc
• Contrast: low contrast (20%) and high contrast (85%)
• Luminance: 74cd/m-square for VEP optimization;
0.22cd/m-square (using a 2.5 neutral density filter) to
differentiate VN from mTBI for the latency parameter
• Trial duration: 20 seconds; 45 seconds if variability is
high
• Number of trials: three to five trials for each stimulus
condition. In addition, one outlier out of the three
to five trials should be removed, and the mean of the
remaining trials should be used and be representa-
tive of the average amplitude and latency of the VEP
response
Figure 2. The group’s mean VEP amplitude significantly
increased.
3. NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY
• In addition to the bulleted list here, with BNO added,
those individuals with suspected mTBI and VMS can be
differentiated from the VN population using the ampli-
tude parameter.
CONCLUSION
We have been enthusiastic about our objective and direct
cortically based VEP findings and protocol. We suggest the
following uses: (1) pre- and postmilitary deployment, the
sports season, and/or a recent possible/presumed sport-
related concussion/mTBI, and visual intervention such as VT,
as well as its use as a new and additional criterion for return-
to-duty in the military, return-to-play in sports, and return-
to-daily activities in the workplace and school settings; (2)
to obtain objective as well as subjective documentation of
a visual anomaly and its remediation in mTBI; (3) to use as
an adjunct to assess the efficacy of a visual intervention in
conjunction with conventional clinical measures of related
signs and symptoms in mTBI; (4) to assess for malingering
with comparison to the related VEP findings in VN, as well as
in conjunction with the case history and other clinical mea-
sures in mTBI; and (5) to assess general attention in mTBI,
and possibly in other diagnostic groups with attentional
deficits. n
1. Ciuffreda KJ, Ludlam DP. Conceptual model of optometric vision care in mild traumatic brain injury. TheJournalof
BehavioralOptometry. 2011; 22:10-12.
2. Ciuffreda KJ, Yadav NK, Ludlam DP. Effect of binasal occlusion (BNO) on the visual-evoked potential in mild traumatic
brain injury (mTBI). BrainInj. 2013; 27:41-47.
3. Yadav NK, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of binasal occlusion (BNO) and base-in prisms on the visual-evoked potential (VEP) in
mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).BrainInj. 2014;28:1568-1580.
4. Yadav NK, Thiagarajan P, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of oculomotor rehabilitation on the visual-evoked potential and visual
attention in mild traumatic brain injury. BrainInj. 2014;28:922-929.
5. Yadav NK, Ciuffreda KJ. Optimization of the pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) in the visually-normal and mild
traumatic brain injury populations. BrainInj. 2013;27:1631-1642.
6. Fimreite V, Yadav NK, Ciuffreda KJ. Effect of luminance on the visually-evoked potential in visually-normal individuals
and in mTBI/concussion. BrainInj. 2015;17:1-12.
Kenneth J. Ciuffreda, OD, PhD
n Distinguished Teaching Professor at SUNY College of Optometry,
New York, New York
n kciuffreda@sunyopt.edu
n Financial interest: none acknowledged
Diana P. Ludlam, BS, COVT
n Associate Clinical Professor at SUNY College of Optometry, New
York, New York
n dianaeye@aol.com
n Financial interest: none acknowledged
Naveen Yadav, BS Optom, MS, PhD
n Visiting researcher at SUNY College of Optometry, New York,
New York
n navaiims@gmail.com
n Financial interest: none acknowledged