Uses and gratifications
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Uses and gratifications theory focuses on how people actively use media to fulfill various needs and was created by Katz and Blumler. It assumes people are not passive receivers of media but rather take an active role in interpreting and integrating media. Needs media can fulfill include information, education, social interaction, entertainment, and personal identity such as gaining insight or finding role models. However, some criticize this theory for being too favorable to media by not acknowledging media's potential for unconscious influence over audiences.
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This document summarizes several theories about the effects of mass media on audiences:
- Walter Lippmann's theory that media shape our perceptions of things we haven't directly experienced
- Early theories that media have direct, powerful effects but were later challenged by theories finding mostly indirect, minimal effects
- Two-step flow model where media affect individuals through opinion leaders
- Agenda-setting theory where media tell people what to think about
- Uses and gratifications theory where people choose media to meet needs like surveillance, diversion, socialization
- Consistency theory where people control media effects by choosing messages consistent with existing views
Uses and gratification theory
Uses and Gratification Theory focuses on why people use media and what needs they fulfill rather than the media's content. The theory identifies four main needs that media can satisfy: diversion or escape, personal relationships by identifying with others, personal identity through reinforcement of values or behavioral models, and surveillance of relevant events to learn and stay informed. An example shows how a contents page might fulfill these needs through articles on celebrities for diversion, topics for social interaction, role models for identity, and updates on artists for surveillance.
Why people use the media
According to Uses and Gratifications Theory created in 1959, people actively seek out media to fulfill certain needs. These needs include identity, education, entertainment, and social interaction. Specifically, people may engage with media to identify with characters or ideas, to learn new information, to relax and escape from problems, or to spark conversations and feel connected to others.
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Public opinion and Persuasion
Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who influence others. Opinion leaders are knowledgeable experts on specific issues who help frame debates. There are two types of public - the attentive public who rely on opinion leaders, and the inattentive public. Individuals adopt new ideas through a five stage process of awareness, interest, trial, evaluation, and adoption. Persuasion involves transmitting messages to induce attitude or behavior change while allowing some free choice. Effective persuasion considers audience analysis, appealing to self-interest, audience participation, clear calls to action, source credibility, message clarity, context, and appropriate communication channels.
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Audience theory
The document discusses several audience theories in media and psychology:
1) Hierarchy of Needs - Proposes humans must satisfy basic needs before higher growth needs and can fluctuate between levels of needs.
2) Passive Audience Theories - Treat audiences as easily manipulated, like the Hypodermic Model which says media can "inject" ideas, or Cultivation Theory which says repeated exposure shapes attitudes.
3) Active Audience Theories - Treat audiences as active, like Uses and Gratification which says people use media for information, entertainment, identity, and escapism.
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H effects
This document summarizes several theories about the effects of mass media on audiences:
- Walter Lippmann's theory that media shape our perceptions of things we haven't directly experienced
- Early theories that media have direct, powerful effects but were later challenged by theories finding mostly indirect, minimal effects
- Two-step flow model where media affect individuals through opinion leaders
- Agenda-setting theory where media tell people what to think about
- Uses and gratifications theory where people choose media to meet needs like surveillance, diversion, socialization
- Consistency theory where people control media effects by choosing messages consistent with existing views
Uses and gratification theory
Uses and Gratification Theory focuses on why people use media and what needs they fulfill rather than the media's content. The theory identifies four main needs that media can satisfy: diversion or escape, personal relationships by identifying with others, personal identity through reinforcement of values or behavioral models, and surveillance of relevant events to learn and stay informed. An example shows how a contents page might fulfill these needs through articles on celebrities for diversion, topics for social interaction, role models for identity, and updates on artists for surveillance.
Why people use the media
According to Uses and Gratifications Theory created in 1959, people actively seek out media to fulfill certain needs. These needs include identity, education, entertainment, and social interaction. Specifically, people may engage with media to identify with characters or ideas, to learn new information, to relax and escape from problems, or to spark conversations and feel connected to others.
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This document summarizes a focus group study on high risk social media behaviors among female Quinnipiac University students. The study aimed to understand what behaviors students consider high risk and create awareness. Key findings included that sending nude/scandalous photos, cyberbullying, nudity/profanity, and drinking photos were seen as high risk. Students discussed being more cautious posting after drinking and removing past photos and names for future career prospects. The discussion concluded with students aware of social implications and wanting to delete past risky photos.
Public opinion and Persuasion
Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who influence others. Opinion leaders are knowledgeable experts on specific issues who help frame debates. There are two types of public - the attentive public who rely on opinion leaders, and the inattentive public. Individuals adopt new ideas through a five stage process of awareness, interest, trial, evaluation, and adoption. Persuasion involves transmitting messages to induce attitude or behavior change while allowing some free choice. Effective persuasion considers audience analysis, appealing to self-interest, audience participation, clear calls to action, source credibility, message clarity, context, and appropriate communication channels.
Communications: Organizational Culture, Socialization, and Feedback
This document discusses organizational culture and communication. It covers how organizational culture is communicated through socialization and feedback. There are different types of socialization like formal vs informal and serial vs disjunctive. Feedback is also important for communication and is affected by the relationship between parties and whether it is solicited or not. The document stresses that organizational culture impacts communication and to be conscious of how new members are socialized into the organization.
Social Media's Influence to Conformity
This document discusses social media's influence on conformity. An experiment showed that people who asked for feedback on social media designs of custom vehicles made bigger changes to less distinctive designs. There are three types of conformity: compliance, where one publicly complies but privately disagrees; identification, deeply changing views to match others'; and internalization, permanently changing personal views. While social media can increase awareness, its influence to conform poses risks like loss of innovation and decreased customer loyalty.
Audience theory
The document discusses several audience theories in media and psychology:
1) Hierarchy of Needs - Proposes humans must satisfy basic needs before higher growth needs and can fluctuate between levels of needs.
2) Passive Audience Theories - Treat audiences as easily manipulated, like the Hypodermic Model which says media can "inject" ideas, or Cultivation Theory which says repeated exposure shapes attitudes.
3) Active Audience Theories - Treat audiences as active, like Uses and Gratification which says people use media for information, entertainment, identity, and escapism.
Key theories
Uses and gratifications theory proposes that media use provides five key gratifications: escapism, entertainment, surveillance, personal identity, and public relations. Media dependency theory builds on uses and gratifications theory by arguing that people become dependent on media to meet needs like social integration based on their circumstances rather than an inherent need for media. Maslow's hierarchy of needs also supports how people can fulfill higher needs like esteem and self-actualization through social media use.
U&G Theory
Theorists Blumler & Katz identified 4 main uses or gratifications that people seek from consuming media: diversion from problems, developing personal relationships, forming personal identity, and keeping informed. Their uses and gratifications theory has been criticized for suggesting that people always choose media to fulfill needs and are always in control of the media texts they consume.
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This document discusses the concept of influence and provides strategies for effectively influencing others. It defines influence as the power to cause change without directly forcing it to happen. The document outlines six steps to establish influence: 1) establish credibility, 2) ask questions, 3) build key relationships, 4) listen and learn, 5) identify a need or gap, and 6) build consensus to address it. Additionally, it notes that influence is about getting things done without complete authority or control, and is not a demonstration of power or means of self-promotion. The document concludes by emphasizing that true influence inspires others.
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Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who are well-informed and influential. The life cycle of public opinion involves issue definition, involvement of opinion leaders, public awareness, government action, and resolution. Persuasion aims to change or reinforce opinions and involves techniques like appealing to self-interest and credibility of the message source. Propaganda techniques include bandwagon appeals and transferring qualities by association. Public relations aims to ethically influence opinions through persuasive communication and analysis of the target audience.
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Before social networking, people could present different personal images to different groups based on their relationships. However, social networking forces people to present a single image to everyone due to pressures to manage their online reputation. According to a Pew Research Center paper, teens are less enthusiastic about Facebook and prefer other sites that allow for greater self-expression.
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This document summarizes several theories about the effects of media on audiences:
- Laswell's model shows how media communicates messages from a source to an audience. Early theories proposed powerful direct effects but later studies found minimal or indirect effects.
- The two-step flow model suggests media affect individuals through opinion leaders in their social networks.
- Agenda-setting theory holds that media tell people what to think about rather than what to think.
- Uses and gratifications research finds that people choose media to fulfill needs like surveillance, diversion, and socialization. Individuals exercise some control over how media affects them.
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Uses and gratification model
It discusses about the importance of the needs of people. How people are uses the media to fulfill their gratifications.
Audience uses and Gratification Theory
The uses and gratification theory holds that people actively seek out media to satisfy specific needs like entertainment, education, social interaction, and identity formation. Some key points:
- People use media for entertainment purposes like enjoyment and escapism from daily stresses.
- Media can also be used to gather information and expand one's knowledge on various topics, especially through online sources like YouTube educational videos.
- Finding identity and social interaction are other motivations, like identifying with media personalities or having topics of conversation.
- Music is particularly useful for both identity and socializing.
The gratification theory
The Uses and Gratifications Theory posits that people actively seek out media to satisfy certain needs. It focuses on why people use media rather than what media does to people. The theory assumes people are not passive media consumers, but rather actively choose media to fulfill needs like diversion, relationships, personal identity, and surveillance. Modern research has applied the theory to understand motivations for using mobile phones and text messaging. The theory identifies four basic human needs that drive media use: diversion, relationships, personal identity, and surveillance.
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Media psychology analyzes the relationships between media and human behavior at both the individual and societal level. It focuses on how media affects people and how they perceive certain media elements. Media psychologists conduct research to study the impact of various media types on people by observing and interviewing their reactions. They often work for broadcasting companies, marketing and advertising firms, or in the education sector to help create more positive media experiences and inform marketing strategies.
Uses and gratifications theory
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
Pr influence of publicopinion
The document discusses several factors that influence and shape public opinion, including environmental factors like family, friends, school, and work. Values are formed early in life from parents and schools and tend to remain stable. Mass media helps determine public opinion by focusing attention on certain issues. Interest groups also seek to influence public opinion on issues important to their members. Opinion leaders play a major role in defining popular issues and influencing individual views. Polls are used to estimate public views on issues through interviewing a representative sample of citizens.
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Key Theories
The document discusses several theories related to how consumers engage with media:
- Uses and gratifications theory identifies 5 common reasons people use media - escapism, entertainment, surveillance, personal identity, and public relations.
- Media dependency theory proposes that people's need for media is influenced by their circumstances rather than a constant dependency, and that media helps with social integration.
- Other theories discussed include reception theory, dominant ideology/hegemony theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and the two-step flow theory.
Uses and gratifications
The Uses and Gratifications model focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what media does to people. It identifies four needs that drive media consumption: surveillance to feel informed, identity affirmation, relationship building, and diversion or escapism. However, critics argue this theory gives media too much control and does not hold them responsible for their content.
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Key theories
Uses and gratifications theory proposes that media use provides five key gratifications: escapism, entertainment, surveillance, personal identity, and public relations. Media dependency theory builds on uses and gratifications theory by arguing that people become dependent on media to meet needs like social integration based on their circumstances rather than an inherent need for media. Maslow's hierarchy of needs also supports how people can fulfill higher needs like esteem and self-actualization through social media use.
U&G Theory
Theorists Blumler & Katz identified 4 main uses or gratifications that people seek from consuming media: diversion from problems, developing personal relationships, forming personal identity, and keeping informed. Their uses and gratifications theory has been criticized for suggesting that people always choose media to fulfill needs and are always in control of the media texts they consume.
Influence and Leadership
This document discusses the concept of influence and provides strategies for effectively influencing others. It defines influence as the power to cause change without directly forcing it to happen. The document outlines six steps to establish influence: 1) establish credibility, 2) ask questions, 3) build key relationships, 4) listen and learn, 5) identify a need or gap, and 6) build consensus to address it. Additionally, it notes that influence is about getting things done without complete authority or control, and is not a demonstration of power or means of self-promotion. The document concludes by emphasizing that true influence inspires others.
YouTube As Mental Illness Peer Support?
This document discusses how people with mental illnesses like schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder have begun sharing their experiences on YouTube. Some of these videos have taken on a support role by encouraging, teaching, supporting, defending, trusting, and relating to other viewers. Research suggests that social media allows people with severe mental illness to connect with others experiencing similar issues from the safety of their own homes. While the research is still ongoing, some people making these videos say they have helped overcome fears, learn about their own minds, reduce isolation, find hope, and develop coping mechanisms. However, more research is needed to determine if YouTube can provide wider benefits of peer support for severe mental illness.
Positive Media Psychology: Harnessing the Power of Media for Good
Overview of positive media psychology by Dr. Pamela Rutledge for the Fielding Graduate University School of Psychology Colloquium, April 9, 2021. Positive Media Psychology is a specialized area within media psychology that emerged to promote the use and development of media technologies that support well-being and human flourishing. By using a positive psychology paradigm, researchers and developers will be better able to evaluate and harness the power of media technologies to impact lives and society for the better. This deck includes an overview of some theoretical constructs and real-world examples.
Public Opinion and Persuasion
Public opinion is shaped by opinion leaders who are well-informed and influential. The life cycle of public opinion involves issue definition, involvement of opinion leaders, public awareness, government action, and resolution. Persuasion aims to change or reinforce opinions and involves techniques like appealing to self-interest and credibility of the message source. Propaganda techniques include bandwagon appeals and transferring qualities by association. Public relations aims to ethically influence opinions through persuasive communication and analysis of the target audience.
Thesis i presentation(10.14)
Before social networking, people could present different personal images to different groups based on their relationships. However, social networking forces people to present a single image to everyone due to pressures to manage their online reputation. According to a Pew Research Center paper, teens are less enthusiastic about Facebook and prefer other sites that allow for greater self-expression.
Social Media and Mental Health
Social media has made possible to connect with any people across the globe at the same it has cayse immense impact on mental health as well.
Media in our lives
This document summarizes several theories about the effects of media on audiences:
- Laswell's model shows how media communicates messages from a source to an audience. Early theories proposed powerful direct effects but later studies found minimal or indirect effects.
- The two-step flow model suggests media affect individuals through opinion leaders in their social networks.
- Agenda-setting theory holds that media tell people what to think about rather than what to think.
- Uses and gratifications research finds that people choose media to fulfill needs like surveillance, diversion, and socialization. Individuals exercise some control over how media affects them.
Why incompetent people think they're amazing
How good are you with money? What about reading people’s emotions? How healthy are you, compared to other people you know? Knowing how our skills stack up against others is useful in many ways. But psychological research suggests that we’re not very good at evaluating ourselves accurately. In fact, we frequently overestimate our own abilities. David Dunning describes the Dunning-Kruger effect.
Uses and gratification model
It discusses about the importance of the needs of people. How people are uses the media to fulfill their gratifications.
Audience uses and Gratification Theory
The uses and gratification theory holds that people actively seek out media to satisfy specific needs like entertainment, education, social interaction, and identity formation. Some key points:
- People use media for entertainment purposes like enjoyment and escapism from daily stresses.
- Media can also be used to gather information and expand one's knowledge on various topics, especially through online sources like YouTube educational videos.
- Finding identity and social interaction are other motivations, like identifying with media personalities or having topics of conversation.
- Music is particularly useful for both identity and socializing.
The gratification theory
The Uses and Gratifications Theory posits that people actively seek out media to satisfy certain needs. It focuses on why people use media rather than what media does to people. The theory assumes people are not passive media consumers, but rather actively choose media to fulfill needs like diversion, relationships, personal identity, and surveillance. Modern research has applied the theory to understand motivations for using mobile phones and text messaging. The theory identifies four basic human needs that drive media use: diversion, relationships, personal identity, and surveillance.
Media Psychology
Media psychology analyzes the relationships between media and human behavior at both the individual and societal level. It focuses on how media affects people and how they perceive certain media elements. Media psychologists conduct research to study the impact of various media types on people by observing and interviewing their reactions. They often work for broadcasting companies, marketing and advertising firms, or in the education sector to help create more positive media experiences and inform marketing strategies.
Uses and gratifications theory
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
Pr influence of publicopinion
The document discusses several factors that influence and shape public opinion, including environmental factors like family, friends, school, and work. Values are formed early in life from parents and schools and tend to remain stable. Mass media helps determine public opinion by focusing attention on certain issues. Interest groups also seek to influence public opinion on issues important to their members. Opinion leaders play a major role in defining popular issues and influencing individual views. Polls are used to estimate public views on issues through interviewing a representative sample of citizens.
Psychology of Social Media (conducted while at AMP Agency)
Presented by the AMP Agency team at FutureM on September 14,2011
Event Description: Join AMP Agency for a look into the evolution of social media – where it is today, emerging technologies and channels, and what’s to come in the years of innovation ahead. The event will combine an exclusive first-look at findings from AMP’s latest research study, the “Psychology of Social”, and an in-depth panel discussion with leading social experts discussing “what’s next?” in social media. Panelists will explore topics such as “the various triggers that lead to successful consumer adoption of new social channels”, “predicting the future of social” and “how brands will need to adopt to achieve success in the future of social media marketing”.
02FEB_2016_GBM_28-31
Three psychologists studied the concept of self-presentation and the "multiple audience problem". The multiple audience problem occurs when someone has to present themselves to different groups at the same time, such as coworkers, bosses, and spouses at an office holiday party. They found people have a harder time managing their self-presentation online due to not considering their broad audience that could include friends, family and coworkers. The researchers encourage people to be aware of their different audiences and emphasize different parts of themselves appropriately to different groups to avoid offending others.
Key Theories
The document discusses several theories related to how consumers engage with media:
- Uses and gratifications theory identifies 5 common reasons people use media - escapism, entertainment, surveillance, personal identity, and public relations.
- Media dependency theory proposes that people's need for media is influenced by their circumstances rather than a constant dependency, and that media helps with social integration.
- Other theories discussed include reception theory, dominant ideology/hegemony theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs, and the two-step flow theory.
Uses and gratifications
The Uses and Gratifications model focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what media does to people. It identifies four needs that drive media consumption: surveillance to feel informed, identity affirmation, relationship building, and diversion or escapism. However, critics argue this theory gives media too much control and does not hold them responsible for their content.
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The Uses and Gratifications theory proposes that people actively seek out media and content to fulfill personal needs and desires. It focuses on why audiences use media rather than how media affects people. The theory views audiences as active, choosing media based on interests, background, and preferences to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, social interaction, and identity formation. Criticisms of the theory include that gratifications may be dependent on researcher input rather than subjects, different age groups have varying motivations, and self-reported data used in studies can be unreliable.
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The document discusses two media theories: Uses and Gratifications Approach and Dependency Theory. The Uses and Gratifications Approach, introduced in the 1970s, views audiences as active users who seek out specific media and content to fulfill personal needs and gratifications. Dependency Theory, developed in 1976, proposes that people in modern societies rely on mass media for information needed to make daily decisions, and dependence increases as media provides more central functions. Both theories are evaluated based on criteria like logic, consistency, testability, and simplicity, though they have also received some criticism for assuming audiences are completely active without media influence.
Bulmer and katz
The uses and gratifications theory examines how audiences actively engage with media to fulfill various needs. It posits that people use media selectively to satisfy underlying motives like diversion from problems, social interaction, personal identity and surveillance of one's environment. The theory focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what effects media has on people. It suggests media consumption aims to fulfill four needs - diversion, personal relationships, identity, and awareness of one's surroundings.
Audince theory
This document discusses several theories for how audiences interact with and are influenced by media products and texts. It describes the hypodermic/effects model which views audiences as passive receivers of media influence, and cites an experiment showing media violence influencing children's behavior. It also covers cultural effects theory, reception theory which considers how audiences can understand and interpret messages differently, and uses and gratifications theory which positions audiences as actively using media to meet personal needs like identity, education, entertainment and social interaction.
Audience
The document discusses several theories related to mass communication and media influence:
1) The two-step flow theory asserts that information from media moves in two stages - first to opinion leaders who then pass on their interpretations to others in their social networks.
2) Uses and gratifications theory focuses on what audiences do with media rather than what media does to people. It assumes audiences actively interpret and use media to fulfill needs.
3) Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests people are motivated to fulfill basic physiological and safety needs before pursuing higher psychological and social needs.
Blumler & Katz
The Uses and Gratification Theory proposes that people actively seek out specific media and content to fulfill needs like diversion, social interaction, personal identity, and staying informed. It assumes that audiences interpret media based on their own lives and choose media that meets their needs. The theory focuses on how people use media in their daily lives to fulfill various gratifications.
Audience theories
The document summarizes three audience theories:
1) Hypodermic Needle Theory: Audiences are seen as passive recipients who are powerlessly injected with ideas from media like a hypodermic needle.
2) Two-Step Flow Theory: Information from media flows not directly to audiences but through opinion leaders who influence others.
3) Uses and Gratifications Theory: Rather than how media affects people, it focuses on what people do with media and how they use it to fulfill personal needs like diversion, relationships, identity and surveillance.
Audience Theory Research
Audience theory research: hypodermic needle theory - bobo doll experiment, uses and gratifications, two step flow model.
Media theories
The document discusses three media theories:
1) The hypodermic needle model sees audiences as passive receivers of powerful media messages from institutions without question.
2) The gratification model emphasizes that audiences actively use media to fulfill needs like entertainment, social interaction, and escape from daily troubles.
3) Recent theories recognize that audiences now help create media through user-generated content and can determine outcomes, making the audience both producer and consumer of media.
Task 3
The hypodermic needle model suggests that audiences passively accept media messages. However, uses and gratifications theory proposes that audiences actively seek out media to fulfill needs like information, identity, social interaction, and entertainment. Theorists like Katz, Blumer, and McQuail studied how audiences purposefully consume media. Stuart Hall's encoding/decoding model also viewed audiences as active in interpreting meanings based on their own perspectives and experiences. [/SUMMARY]
Audience theory
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs states that human motivation is based on unmet needs, arranged in a hierarchy from basic physiological needs to more advanced needs for esteem and self-actualization. Reception analysis suggests that audiences do not passively receive media messages, but rather make meaning based on their own social and daily experiences, in contrast to theories like hypodermic needle that assume passive audiences. Uses and gratification theory views audiences as active in choosing media to fulfill specific needs based on personal choices and moods.
Audience theories
The document discusses several audience and media theories:
- Reception Theory examines dominant, negotiated, and oppositional readings of media messages.
- Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs proposes that people are motivated to fulfill physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
- Cultivation Theory suggests that heavy TV viewing shapes peoples' beliefs about social reality.
- Dyer's Utopian Solutions Theory argues that media provides escapism from problems in reality through social tensions, inadequacy, and absence.
- Uses and Gratifications Theory proposes that people use media to fulfill surveillance, personal identity, relationships, and entertainment needs.
Audience theories
The document discusses several media theories relevant to creating a magazine, including uses and gratifications theory, utopian theory, two-step flow theory, and hypodermic needle theory. It emphasizes that an effective magazine should fulfill readers' needs for diversion, personal relationships, identity, and surveillance. It also notes the importance of allowing readers to escape from reality through idealized content while still providing real local news and information. Accounting for individual reader characteristics and creating an understanding between publisher and audience through shared codes and conventions is also highlighted.
social_media_impact_on_mental_health_new01.pdf
Newristics is the first company to provide market research & message optimization services based on behavioral science & artificial intelligence. Our AI models are trained on more than 660 known heuristics.
Media theories
The document discusses three media theories: 1) The hypodermic needle model which sees audiences as passive receivers of powerful media messages from institutions; 2) The gratification model which argues audiences actively use media to fulfill needs like entertainment, social interaction, and escapism; 3) New theories of how audiences can now generate and interact with media through things like user-generated content and voting, making them "prosumers" with more power than past passive audiences.
Media theories
The document discusses three media theories: 1) The hypodermic needle model which sees the audience as passive receivers of powerful media messages from institutions; 2) The gratification model which emphasizes that audiences actively use media to fulfill needs like entertainment, social interaction, and escapism; 3) New theories that acknowledge user-generated content and interactive media have given audiences more power to create and influence media.
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What Going to the Doctor is Like as an Adult Comics
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Tom Cruise Daughter: An Insight into the Life of Suri Cruise
Tom Cruise is a name that resonates with global audiences for his iconic roles in blockbuster films and his dynamic presence in Hollywood. But, beyond his illustrious career, Tom Cruise's personal life. especially his relationship with his daughter has been a subject of public fascination and media scrutiny. This article delves deep into the life of Tom Cruise daughter, Suri Cruise. Exploring her upbringing, the influence of her parents, and her current life.
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Introduction: The Fame Surrounding Tom Cruise Daughter
Suri Cruise, the daughter of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes, has been in the public eye since her birth on April 18, 2006. Thanks to the media's relentless coverage, the world watched her grow up. As the daughter of one of Hollywood's most renowned actors. Suri has had a unique upbringing marked by privilege and scrutiny. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of Suri Cruise's life. Her relationship with her parents, and her journey so far.
Early Life of Tom Cruise Daughter
Birth and Immediate Fame
Suri Cruise was born in Santa Monica, California. and from the moment she came into the world, she was thrust into the limelight. Her parents, Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes. Were one of Hollywood's most talked-about couples at the time. The birth of their daughter was a anticipated event. and Suri's first public appearance in Vanity Fair magazine set the tone for her life in the public eye.
The Impact of Celebrity Parents
Having celebrity parents like Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes comes with its own set of challenges and privileges. Suri Cruise's early life marked by a whirlwind of media attention. paparazzi, and public interest. Despite the constant spotlight. Her parents tried to provide her with an upbringing that was as normal as possible.
The Influence of Tom Cruise and Katie Holmes
Tom Cruise's Parenting Style
Tom Cruise known for his dedication and passion in both his professional and personal life. As a father, Cruise has described as loving and protective. His involvement in the Church of Scientology, but, has been a point of contention and has influenced his relationship with Suri. Cruise's commitment to Scientology has reported to be a significant factor in his and Holmes' divorce and his limited public interactions with Suri.
Katie Holmes' Role in Suri's Life
Katie Holmes has been Suri's primary caregiver since her separation from Tom Cruise in 2012. Holmes has provided a stable and grounded environment for her daughter. She moved to New York City with Suri to start a new chapter in their lives away from the intense scrutiny of Hollywood.
Suri Cruise: Growing Up in the Spotlight
Media Attention and Public Interest
From stylish outfits to everyday activities. Suri Cruise has been a favorite subject for tabloids and entertainment news. The constant media attention has shaped her childhood. Despite this, Suri has managed to maintain a level of normalcy, thanks to her mother's efforts.
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Uses and gratifications
- 1. Uses and gratifications Ben Locking
- 2. What is it? Uses and gratifications theory is a concept created by Katz and Blumler. This focuses mainly on the consumer in the actual message of “what people do with media”. It assumed members of the audience are not passive but take an active role in interpreting and integrating media into their own lives.
- 3. Uses and gratifications theory has to fulfil one of the following: Information/Education being able to acquire information and understanding about relevant events learning/self-education seeking advice and influence on decision making Personal Identity seeking model behaviour gaining insight into one's self finding reinforcement for personal values establishing role model values similar to yours Social Interaction finding a basis for conversation gaining a sense of belonging enabling one to connect with others social empathy (understand another's experience) Entertainment escaping the stress of reality and relaxing emotional release receiving aesthetic enjoyment filling time sexual arousal
- 4. Criticism Many people have criticized this theory as they believe the public has no control over the media and what it produces. It can also be said to be too kind to the media, as they are being 'let off the hook' and do not need to take responsibility for what they produce. The theory takes out the possibility that the media can have an unconscious influence over our lives and how we view the world.