power point presentation about urbanization and its effect on food security.you will get all data and chart and pictures here about this topic in respect of BANGLADESH

1. WELCOME

2. URBANIZATION AND ITS
EFFECT ON FOOD
SECURITY
Mahmud Shuvo
MBBS(AFMC)
shuvo.afmc@gmail.com

3. URBANIZATION
Hrishiraj Sarma | 13MUP03 | 2nd Sem | BCHS | 2014
3

4. TO ACQUAINTE WITH
URBANIZATION AND ITS EFFECT
ON FOOD SECURITY
AIM:

5. SCOPE :
a. What is urbanization ?
b. What is food security ?
c. Causes and Effects on food security
d. Urbanization in Bangladesh
e. Recommendation
f. Conclusion

6. INTRODUCTION :
The word Urbanization refers to shift of population
from rural to urban areas.
The gradual increase in the proportion of people
living in urban areas and the ways in which each
society adapts to the change. It predominantly results
in the physical growth of urban areas, be it horizontal
or vertical.

7. CONT…...
Food security “exists when all people at all
times have both physical and economic
access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food
that meets their dietary needs for an active
and healthy life.”
Food security and urbanization are closely
related to each other. It has become a great
challenge to ensure food security in the era
of urbanization.

8. DESCRIPTION :
• Scenerio of Urbanization

9. * People moving form rural settlement to a city
or to a densely populated area calls urbanization.
People move to cities for various reasons, city
provides different services available in the cities.
Job, education, health care, transportation,
entertainment etc are the pull for urbanization.

10. Causes of Urban Growth
Better food supply
Good medical care
Education
Jobs
Specialization of professions
Entertainment

12. Bangladesh is an integral part of the urban
transformation that the world is witness to, and is
gradually making the shift from ‘rural’ to ‘urban’. Though
the level of urbanization is still rather low, only 28.4
percent, it however already had a very large population
42.7 million in 2011, living in the countries nearly 570
urban centres.
Projected Rural and Urban Population: Bangladesh: 2011-2051
Source: Bangladesh Census, and estimations

13. Table 1: Trends of Urbanization in Bangladesh (1901-
2011)

15. The consequences of urbanization for a country is
not a given. Both the experience of Bangladesh as
well as the general global experience is that
urbanization is an inevitable feature of the
development process. However, beyond this very
general trend, urbanization holds both promise
and problems for a country and which feature will
come to dominate will very much depend on the
nature and efficacy of policy engagement with the
urban agenda.

16. There are many reasons why people are flocking
to the urban centres. Most important attraction is
economic: 71% of the reasons cited by Dhaka and
Chittagong residents are for employment, 21% for
business purposes. Similar percentages also apply
in the case of the secondary towns.
But not all of the reasons are narrowly economic.
23.3% cite children’s education as an important
reason for migrating to the two metropolitan
centres. Student migrants percentages are also an
emerging reality: 15.3% of Dhaka and Chittagong
residents are student migrants.

17. IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION

18. These problems are very complex and their
interactions are hard to define. It is very important
to examine problems trough the social-economic-
cultural system. Even the interconnections
between urbanization and food security are now
better known, we still lack exact information on
how the issues are linked, on what degree they
interact and what are the most effective measures.
One problem is to integrate land- and water use
planning to provide food and water security
(UNEP 1999).

19. Probably most of the major environmental problems
of the next century will result from the continuation
and sharpening of existing problems that currently
do not receive enough political attention. The
problems are not necessarily noticed in many
countries or then nothing is done even the situation
has been detected. The most emerging issues are
climate changes, freshwater scarcity, food security,
and fresh water pollution and population growth.

20. Demerits of Urbanization in Bangladesh
Some of the disadvantages of urbanization are:
1. Increase of population
2. Movement of people from rural to urban areas
3. Increase of Industries and factories
4. Increase in pollution in the environment
5. Farmers losing their farms
6. Cutting down forests
8. Distraction in the
eco-system
The Urbanization of Bangladesh is increasing
rapidly, which should be considered as a
good thing! NO…..
7. Global warming

21. As we can see from the graph in the left side,
urbanization is of Bangladesh increasing rapidly. But it
is also clear that with the increase of urbanization
population of our country is also increasing! And with
the raise of population the need for food, clothes and
shelter are also rising…With the increase of basic
needs, people are looking for better jobs and moving
towards the cities, thus making the cities over
crowded and densely populated.
All those are related and are discussed as follows:

22. With
urbanization
industries and
factories are
also
increasing,
which is again
followed by
air, water, soil
and sound
pollutions.

23. We are losing the beauty of our
country as well as the greenery.
Which is due to cutting down
forests and trees to fulfill the
demand of rising population
and for the industries. As such
farmers are losing their farms
and jobs due to pollution
created by those factories and
also because they want to move
in to the cities for better paid
jobs. Which might lead us to a
worse situation…

24. With Urbanization global
warming is increasing.
For which we can say, its
not only effecting human
beings but also all the
living creatures in the
world. Due to
deforestation animals are
losing their homes and
thus some of those r on
their way to extinct.

25. Present Condition of Urbanization in
Bangladesh

26. Due to population growth
cities are becoming
impossible to live in near
future .
As population increases
pollution increases

27. With
urbanization
industries and
factories are also
increasing, which
is again followed
by air, water, soil
and sound
pollutions.

28. IMPACT OF URBANIZATION OVER
ENVIRONMENT
Impact on biosphere
Hrishiraj Sarma | 13MUP03 | 2nd Sem | BCHS | 2014
28
 Modification of Habitats.
 Destruction of Habitats.
 Creation of New Habitats

29. NOW, WHAT’S ABOUT
FOOD SECURITY???

30. FOOD SECURITY INCLUDES THE
FOLLOWING ASPECTS :
• Availability
• Access
• Affordability
• Quality
• Nutrition
• Safety
Think of an example of an issue which may
affect each aspect of food security.

31. Increasing population - In 2009, the
world population was 6 billion. By
2050, it is predicted to reach 9 billion. Our
current output of food is not enough to
feed a population of 9 billion.
Food security is one of the biggest challenges facing
humankind. There are many factors related to urbanization
which have combined to make food security such a large
issue. This includes:

32. Changing diets - As countries develop and
people become richer they tend to eat a
more varied diet, including more meat,
which requires more energy to produce.
This also means there is more
competition for the same types of food.
Reduced arable land - The drive to
produce more biofuels for transport uses
edible crops and has reduced arable land

33. Transport costs - The relatively high price
of oil in recent years has increased the
price of food storage and distribution.
Climate change - Climate change is
leading to a warmer world which will
affect what crops can be grown where.
Climate change can also lead to more
frequent extreme weather events (e.g.
floods) which can damage crops.

34. • Therefore, these factors are negatively affecting on
environment as well as food security. Population
increase, growth of income , lack of planning and
development control are resulting rapid conversion
of agricultural productive land to urban use and
directly or indirectly impending the supply of safe,
sufficient and nutritious food among the people.

35. Current availability and gaps:
The total requirement of cereals in 2010-11 is estimated to
be 23.64 million tons, based on 435.6 g/capita/day
consumption (BBS Household Income and Expenditure
Survey 2010) for a population size of 148.69 million.
Against this, production of cereals (cleaned rice and
wheat) in 2010-11 is estimated at 31.50 million tons after
deduction of 10% for seeds, feed and wastage. Potato
production is reported to be surplus by 6.25 million tons.
Gaps between requirement and production of other
important food crops and livestock products are wide.

36. (Million MT)
Food Items
Food Production
in 2010-11 (mT)
(less 10%)
Requirements in
2015 (mT)
(less 10%)
Production in
2015 (mT)
(less 10%)
Surplus (+)
Gaps (– )
(mT)
Rice & wheat 31.5 25.29 35.00 +9.71
Pulses 0.65 2.32 0.97 -1.35
Oilseeds 0.76 1.28 0.90 -0.38
Vegetables 10.07 9.58 9.82 -0.24
Fruits 3.52 2.90 5.15 -2.25
Potato 7.47 3.48 10.00 +6.52
Fish 2.8 3.25 4.00 +0.75
Meat 1.71 0.98 2.45 -1.47
Milk 2.66 14.29 4.54 -9.75
Egg (million) 54702 16297 11052 -5245
Table 5: Projected requirements and production of major
food items in 2015

37. APPROACHES TO COMBAT
THE HAZARD

38. FOOD SECURITY AND GOVERNANCE
Bangladesh agriculture has achieved significant structural changes over
the past three and half decades. Despite many problems and constraints a
quiet agricultural revolution has taken place which is still evolving in
response to natural calamities, sociopolitical changes, population growth,
and urbanization, new technology in agriculture and new opportunities in
rural non-agriculture sector commercialization and changes in macro
policy and sector intervention in agriculture. Improved national
governance is most needed today to reduce hunger. Democracy is one
useful standard of good governance.
Internal peace: Governments in Bangladesh must do a better job of
preserving internal peace. Where national governments fail to preserve
internal peace, food production and access to food are compromised.
Present government has the utmost priority on internal peace.

39. Rule of law: The prosperity of Bangladesh agriculture is satisfactory
because of good civil and judicial systems or arbitrary and anti-corrupt
governmental administration has tended to encourage private investment.
Public investment in rural infrastructure: Such investments are
moderate strong in Bangladesh, increasing the life chances of the rural
poor. More than 49.8 percent of rural people in the poorest income
quintile live in rural settings, and very few of these poor rural households
enjoy the basic infrastructure needed for a healthy and productive life.
Government support for agricultural research and development:
Between 1971 and 2011, public spending on agricultural research and
development in Bangladesh is increased. One percent of AGDP is
allocated for agricultural research is planned in future. Strong
coordinated efforts by both the public and the private sectors.

40. The WHO states that there are three pillars that
determine food security: food availability, food
access, and food use. The FAO adds a fourth pillar:
the stability of the first three dimensions of food
security over time. In 2009, the World Summit on
Food Security stated that the "four pillars of food
security are availability, access, utilization, and
stability”

41. On the basis of the pillars, there are a number of
measures to be taken through which we can
improve the food security world wide :
i. There is still scope for further increase in rice
production through intensification of land use in
the vast coastal areas and depressed basins as
haor and char land where single crop system
dominates.

42. ii. Expansion of employment in non-cereal
production like vegetables, pulses, oil seeds and
fruits and animal source foods like dairy, poultry
and fisheries and in manufacturing activities is
possible which may improve food security of the
people.
iii. Expansion of food processing and food
preservation activities with effective control of
safety and quality with network of laboratory
support and extension services by the
government across the regions reaching upto
farmer level of the country.

43. iv. Increased investment in increasing quality of
food by giving stress on HACCP and Sanitary and
photo sanitary measures for boosting exports and
ensuring health of domestic consumers.
v. Liberalization of imports of fruits and grains
for food processing enterprises for products
oriented to domestic consumption or for exports

44. vi. Property rights to the farmers in using
common property through community based
organizations as in fish production in using baor,
open water bodies like rivers, plain low fields,
canals with extension services from the
government agencies. The NGOs may be
engaged to see the interests of fish farmers.

45. vii. Increased capacity to import food
through increased export earnings and
remittances from migrant workers.
viii. Increased investment in technology
and skill development for ensuring safe
drinking water throughout the country

46. Table 4:
Production
and
availability of
major food
items (1994-
2011) Food
Items
Production (million tons) Availability ( gm/capita/day)
1994-95 2004-05 2010-11 1994-95 2004-05 2010-11*
Cereals 18.08 26.13 35.0 374 464 647
Potato 1.50 5.95 8.30 32 108 153
Pulses 0.53 0.31 0.72 11 10 13
Oilseed 0.48 0.56 0.84 10 10 15
Vegetable
1.21 6.50 11.19 21 108 207
Fruits 1.41 4.60 3.56 24 68 65
Fish 1.17 2.10 2.89 27 41 53
Meat 0.48 1.06 1.90 11 21 35
Milk
1.52 2.14 2.95 35 42 54.60
Egg (Million)
2400 5623 6078 19** 41** 41

47. ix. Regional variation in food security may be
reduced by diffusing technology and
knowledge among the farmers and
consumers of backward regions.

48. RECOMMENDATION
a. Human resource development
b.Poverty and economic growth
c. Food security and nutrition
d.Population growth & movements
e. Food supply

49. CONCLUSION
To summarize, the objective was that to
outline the relationship between urbanization
and food security and compare food density.
Lessons from successful agricultural and
nutrition related policies and programs in other
societies can be useful in highlighting best
practices. Sound planning, well educational
strategy, and its strong co-ordination of
implementation plan supported by ample
amount of finance is essential to make
relevant policy recommendations.