This is the final projectIn this final assignment, we will revi.docxMARK547399
This document outlines the final project assignment which involves revisiting and analyzing datasets from previous weekly assignments. It provides instructions to analyze mortality data by pooling all cancer causes together, analyze birth data by racial group and seasonality, evaluate a diagnostic test for liver cancer using biomarker data, test for period effects in a medical trial, and analyze differences in physical and cognitive variables by gender and birth order using youth data. It specifies the requirements for completing and formatting the final paper report.
My significant event was losing my father at an early age. So if y.docxrosemarybdodson23141
My significant event was losing my father at an early age. So if you are good at psychology describe how that can affect a young woman without a dad at an early age.
Assignment 1.1: Significant Event Draft
Due Week 4 Note: Students will turn in this assignment twice: first as a draft (Week 4 Assignment) and then as a final paper (Week 8 Assignment). Students will submit first draft of the assignment and then submit the final draft after receiving feedback from the professor and making the recommended changes. They will be graded separately for each submission of the assignment.
Select a significant event (either positive or negative) that occurred before you reached adulthood and that has had a life-shaping effect on your life. In this assignment, you will use what you’ve learned in Weeks 1 thru 4 of this course and base your paper on your readings, along with information from library research, to discuss psychological aspects of your event.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1.Briefly describe your significant event (one to two [1-2] sentences).
2.Describe your event in terms of at least two (2) different perspectives in psychology (e.g., behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, cultural/social, etc.)
3.Determine what learning (e.g., classical, operant, etc.) may have resulted from your event, or arisen because of your event.
4.Discuss why the memory of the event you described may or may not be completely accurate.
5.Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: One of these resources may be your textbook. Articles from professional journals are certainly a high quality resource. Magazine and newspaper articles are also accepted for this assignment. Articles published on the Internet may also be suitable, if they originate with credible persons or organizations. Please note that articles from Wikipedia, ask.com, and the like are not suitable.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
•Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
•Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
•Relate psychological concepts to real-world situations.
•Describe the major theories of learning, memory, cognition, consciousness, development, and social psychology.
•Use technology and information resources to research issues in psychology.
Part 1 of 16 -
Question 1 of 23
1.0 Points
A company operates four machines during three shifts each day. From production records, the data in the table below were collected. At the .05 level of significance test to determine if the number of breakdowns is independent of the sh.
Reflection on LearningWrite a brief 1–2 paragraph weekly rfelipaser7p
Reflection on Learning
Write a brief 1–2 paragraph weekly reflection(one reflection per each week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7) addressing the questions posed in the Reflect section of each week. Edit your Reflection to include each weekly reflection.
Presents information using clear and concise language in an organized manner (Free of errors in English grammar, spelling, syntax, and punctuation).
Include the following sections in your Reflection:
Week 1
Provide one specific example of how you achieved the weekly objectives. ( This week I appraising and determining the Level of Evidence and Grade of Quality for a qualitative study, summarize my findings using the
Johns Hopkins Research Evidence Appraisal Tool
and the
Johns Hopkins Individual Evidence Summary Tool
.)
What did you learn about your capacity to read and appraise original qualitative research? What changed, if anything, following the week's activities?
How will this skill improve your effectiveness as a practice scholar?
[This week's objectives as per professor: Compare and contrast differences and similarities of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method designs. we discovered that, more and more, nurses are using qualitative data to provide a holistic understanding of a phenomenon. As a practice scholar, you'll use qualitative inquiry and data to enrich your understanding of a practice problem. Good qualitative research uses a systematic and rigorous approach that aims to answer questions that address what something is like (such as a patient experience), what people think or feel about something that has occurred, or why something has happened. Different from numbers, qualitative data often takes the form of words or text and images. Nurses with advanced education are called to transform the health of our nation. I have no doubt that you'll answer the call by translating best evidence to gain new insights on needed change.]
Week 2
Provide one specific example of how you achieved the weekly objectives.
What did you learn about your capacity to read and appraise original quantitative research? What changed, if anything, following the week's activities?
How will this skill improve your effectiveness as a practice scholar?
[Profesor comments about week objectives: This week you have Appraising Quantitative Research the
Johns Hopkins Research Evidence Appraisal Tool
and the
Johns Hopkins Individual Evidence Summary Tool
. Let's recap what you learned this week. We continued our dialogue about research designs by examining quantitative inquiry and data. You appraised a quantitative research study with my guidance, and reflected on how quantitative methods differ from qualitative methods. You continued building an evidence summary table, adding two quantitative research studies. That's a lot of progress! I know you gained an understanding of how the research question drives the selection and appraisal of the design. What's more, you explored how the rol ...
Research Topics in Health AdministrationAssignment 1 Final Proj.docxmackulaytoni
Research Topics in Health Administration
Assignment 1: Final Project Part II: Reading a Study.
Using this checklist read and evaluate the article
“Diagnosed with Breast Cancer While on a Family History Screening Programme: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.”
Research Evaluation Checklist
Complete the checklist below for the study/article you are to evaluate.
Definetopicand
need.
·
Whatphenomenon does the study investigate?
·
Isthe phenomenon a problem, an opportunity, or a dilemma?
·
Whatsymptoms (easily observable signs) indicate thatit is a problem, opportunityor a dilemma?
·
How do people who know this organ
i
zation ex
p
l
ain these symptoms? Whatdo administrators wanttoknow about the phenomenon?
·
How can it be expres
s
ed in manageable terms?
Assessrelevant
kn
o
w
ledge.
·
How much is already known?
·
Isadditional background information neces
s
ary? Should this
r
esearch be conducted?
·
Isthe topic a special
c
ase ofa broader, more fundamental and important problem?
Identify
variables
and
measures,
a
ndresearch
questions
and
h
y
potheses.
·
Whatvariables associated with the phenomenon arein
v
estigated? How are the variables measured?
·
Whatare the research question
s
?
·
Whatspecific hypotheses are formulated?
Identify
and
ana
l
y
ze
t
heresearch
design.
·
Whatis the research design—explorato
r
y,d
e
scriptive, or causal research? Isthis non-experimental, quasi-experimental, or experimental research? Whatis the nature ofdata—primary or secondary?
·
Whatis the source ofdata—interviews,questionnaires,existi
n
g databases? Are answers obtained through interviews and questionnaires objective?
Ana
l
yzethe
sample.
·
Whatis the population from which the respondents have been sele
ct
ed? How large is the sample?
·
Isit random, stratif
i
ed,or other sample?
Gather
data
.
·
How are data gathered?
·
Does the procedure ofgathe
r
ing data ensure objectivity?
Ana
l
yze
d
a
ta.
·
Are the data words (qualitativedata) or numbers (quantitative)? How are qualitative da
t
a analyzed?
·
How are quantitative data rec
o
rded and checked foraccuracy? Whatstatistical methods are used toanalyze data?
Assess
results.
·
Whatare the answerstoresearch question
s
? Are hypotheses supported?
·
Whatevidence did the study produce thathelps answer research questions or support/refute hypotheses?
Evaluate
recomme
n
dations
.
Whatrecommendations can be made on the basis ofresults?
Whatrecommendations are made thatcannot be supported with results?
Evaluatethe
stu
d
y
.
·
Whatlimitations does the study have?
·
Whatimprovements in research design can be recommended?
Assignment 2: Final Project Part III: Designing a Study
You are the hospital administrator in a medium-sized, urban, for-profit hospital that caters to middle-income groups. You wonder if patients' satisfaction with the hospital stay will increase significantly if they are given better and more flexible meal options. You decide to conduct .
Study notesSome of the information below may be repetitive of wh.docxhanneloremccaffery
Study notes
Some of the information below may be repetitive of what you have read in Creswell. In chapter 10, Singleton addressed field research, which overlaps with some qualitative designs, but for Singleton it is different from qualitative research because field research often involves quantification and more than simply observation. (Sometimes qualitative research also involves quantification) What Singleton addressed as field research is out the traditions of sociology and anthropology. Field research is probably more like ethnography than it is like other qualitative designs.
In a previous unit, we mentioned the use of existing data for research. Sometimes using data that are available lessens the data gathering task because you do not have to be dependent on others to return a survey or agree to an interview. Here is a good example of the use of existing data in a causal-comparative design. A former Princeton student who was in the Education program and is an assistant principal did her dissertation using existing data. She wanted to know if the reading scores on a standardized test (ITBS) were different after a new approach to teaching reading than before the new approach began. She went back to 1991 and recorded scores of 1st and 2nd graders for a five-year period before the intervention in 1996. Then she obtained scores of 1st and 2nd graders for five years after the new program and then did a number of statistical comparisons. She found significant differences on the comparisons so it would appear that the new approach to reading was effective. She could have set up a quasi-experimental design, but unless she did it for a number of years, she would not have had nearly as much data. This is a case in which it was not feasible to do an experimental design, but she obtained useful data.
Not all research using available data is causal-comparative. Much is descriptive. Probably the use of available data for research is among the top three types of designs used. Think of all the studies that come from the U.S. Census every ten years. You may have some good data stored at your place of employment. One researcher in Arizona has studied the trash/garbage of people for 25 years to find out how they live. Can you imagine sifting through someone's trash for 25 years? He has, however, learned a great deal about how the people whose trash he has swiped in the Tucson area live.
Moving back now to Chapter 10 in Singleton. While qualitative research is simply not acceptable to some researchers, in many ways, it can be more valuable than quantitative research when specificity and correctness are not necessary. Probably about 40% of Princeton students do some type of qualitative research for their dissertations.
Singleton refers to qualitative research as field research. He simply uses a broad category to cover various kinds because qualitative research is done in the real world (field).
One primary difference between quantitative and quali.
TitleABC123 Version X1Inferential Research and Statis.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Inferential Research and Statistics Project PSY/315 Version 7
3
University of Phoenix MaterialInferential Research and Statistics Project
Select one of the following scenarios based on your particular field of interest in psychology:
· Industrial/Organizational Psychology:
A few months ago, the upper management at a large corporation decided they wanted to make major changes in the organization. Leadership is concerned that employees may be resistant to the change, and they want to find out if there is a change management method that would help employees accept change more effectively and keep employee satisfaction high. Two methods they have considered are the ADKAR Framework and the Prosci Change Management Methodology. The company wants to implement a small change in two departments before they make any major organization changes and would like to test the methods. The corporation uses the Devine Company to measure employee satisfaction with an anonymous survey.
· Applied Psychology:
A large medical facility is experiencing too many missed appointments in its primary and specialty care clinics. The facility has noticed that not all patients respond well to reminder calls regarding follow-up appointments. Some patients do not answer calls and do not seem to respond to voice mail requesting they call the facility. The result is that many follow up appointments are missed. Management has read articles that people respond very well to text messages and would like to see which method provides the least amount of missed appointments. Missed appointments are tracked in the facility database on a monthly basis.
· General Psychology:
Clinicians at a small clinic have been introduced to a new method to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their clients for veterans. Research indicates that virtual reality (VR) is a highly effective treatment option for patients with PTSD. Currently, the clinic uses only cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with their patients suffering from PTSD. The clinicians would like to find out whether VR therapy has different results from CPT therapy. The measure used by the clinic to measure PTSD symptoms is the Combat Exposure Scale. Both therapies need to be applied for a minimum of 12 weeks to be effective.
Write a 525- to 750-word paper that addresses the following for your chosen scenario:
· Clearly define the problem or issue you are addressing. Provide a brief background of any research you have found that might affect your research hypothesis.
· Create a research hypothesis based on the information provided in each scenario. You have been given a data set (Excel document) with two sets of interval data (just the numbers, as you must decide what they represent, such as method A results or method B results). This means you are going to test one thing against another, such as which method works best (step 1 of the steps to hypothesis testing). State the null and research hyp ...
Intro to SPSSGeneral tips and hints about using SPSS and opening u.docxnormanibarber20063
Intro to SPSS
General tips and hints about using SPSS and opening up files into SPSS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADDR3_Ng5CA
SPSS Tutorial on Frequencies
Descriptive statistics for continuous variables (age, income, BMI)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zI8tE81IeSk&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
SPSS Tutorial on Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics for other variables like dichotomous and categorical variables (education, gender, marital status, race, etc.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4mGKguUnvc&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
One-Sample t-Test
Comparing one continuous variable with a population mean (etc. is the study population’s BMI different than the population BMI; is the study populations mean age different than the mean age of the general population, etc.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTJdj7ZYmmU&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Paired-Sample t-Tests
Comparing one continuous variable in either two matched samples (blood pressure of participants on new drug versus placebo, matched on age, gender, and race), or in the same sample at two time points (e.g. SAT scores before and after an SAT prep class; BMI before and after a weight-loss intervention, blood pressure before and after meditation)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eanXmHlW5qE&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Two Independent Sample t-Tests
Comparing a continuous variable in two different populations, not matched on any variables: mean age of breast cancer diagnosis in Hispanic versus African-American population; # colds in a year in prechool aged children versus school-aged children; height of children on steroids versus those never had steroids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOH46VVm1Uo&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Correlations
How do two continuous variables relate to one another? As one variable increases, does the other variable decrease, stay the same, or increase? E.g correlation of age and income is generally relatively high and linear – as one gets older, one increases in income
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNrnSEWKJgg&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Chi-Square
Comparison of a dichotomous or categorical outcome across two or more independent groups: e.g. are there more women with cervical cancer among Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Asian-American, Native American, or other racial groups? Comparison of cancer status across racial groups, or across education groups, or across income levels; comparison of BMI across different job types or levels of employment (salaried, hourly, contractor, commission-based, etc.) or different shifts (day-shift, night-shift, varied).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahs8jS5mJKk
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and F-Test
Comparison of a continuous outcome across more than two groups: e.g. BMI comparison of low fat, low calories, low carb, and control groups; blood pressure comparison across those on clinical trial drug A, clinical trial drug B, and a control group.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3-a5jrCjhk
Linear Regression.
This is the final projectIn this final assignment, we will revi.docxMARK547399
This document outlines the final project assignment which involves revisiting and analyzing datasets from previous weekly assignments. It provides instructions to analyze mortality data by pooling all cancer causes together, analyze birth data by racial group and seasonality, evaluate a diagnostic test for liver cancer using biomarker data, test for period effects in a medical trial, and analyze differences in physical and cognitive variables by gender and birth order using youth data. It specifies the requirements for completing and formatting the final paper report.
My significant event was losing my father at an early age. So if y.docxrosemarybdodson23141
My significant event was losing my father at an early age. So if you are good at psychology describe how that can affect a young woman without a dad at an early age.
Assignment 1.1: Significant Event Draft
Due Week 4 Note: Students will turn in this assignment twice: first as a draft (Week 4 Assignment) and then as a final paper (Week 8 Assignment). Students will submit first draft of the assignment and then submit the final draft after receiving feedback from the professor and making the recommended changes. They will be graded separately for each submission of the assignment.
Select a significant event (either positive or negative) that occurred before you reached adulthood and that has had a life-shaping effect on your life. In this assignment, you will use what you’ve learned in Weeks 1 thru 4 of this course and base your paper on your readings, along with information from library research, to discuss psychological aspects of your event.
Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you:
1.Briefly describe your significant event (one to two [1-2] sentences).
2.Describe your event in terms of at least two (2) different perspectives in psychology (e.g., behavioral, cognitive, psychodynamic, cultural/social, etc.)
3.Determine what learning (e.g., classical, operant, etc.) may have resulted from your event, or arisen because of your event.
4.Discuss why the memory of the event you described may or may not be completely accurate.
5.Use at least two (2) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: One of these resources may be your textbook. Articles from professional journals are certainly a high quality resource. Magazine and newspaper articles are also accepted for this assignment. Articles published on the Internet may also be suitable, if they originate with credible persons or organizations. Please note that articles from Wikipedia, ask.com, and the like are not suitable.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
•Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; references must follow APA format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
•Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:
•Relate psychological concepts to real-world situations.
•Describe the major theories of learning, memory, cognition, consciousness, development, and social psychology.
•Use technology and information resources to research issues in psychology.
Part 1 of 16 -
Question 1 of 23
1.0 Points
A company operates four machines during three shifts each day. From production records, the data in the table below were collected. At the .05 level of significance test to determine if the number of breakdowns is independent of the sh.
Reflection on LearningWrite a brief 1–2 paragraph weekly rfelipaser7p
Reflection on Learning
Write a brief 1–2 paragraph weekly reflection(one reflection per each week 1,2,3,4,5,6,7) addressing the questions posed in the Reflect section of each week. Edit your Reflection to include each weekly reflection.
Presents information using clear and concise language in an organized manner (Free of errors in English grammar, spelling, syntax, and punctuation).
Include the following sections in your Reflection:
Week 1
Provide one specific example of how you achieved the weekly objectives. ( This week I appraising and determining the Level of Evidence and Grade of Quality for a qualitative study, summarize my findings using the
Johns Hopkins Research Evidence Appraisal Tool
and the
Johns Hopkins Individual Evidence Summary Tool
.)
What did you learn about your capacity to read and appraise original qualitative research? What changed, if anything, following the week's activities?
How will this skill improve your effectiveness as a practice scholar?
[This week's objectives as per professor: Compare and contrast differences and similarities of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method designs. we discovered that, more and more, nurses are using qualitative data to provide a holistic understanding of a phenomenon. As a practice scholar, you'll use qualitative inquiry and data to enrich your understanding of a practice problem. Good qualitative research uses a systematic and rigorous approach that aims to answer questions that address what something is like (such as a patient experience), what people think or feel about something that has occurred, or why something has happened. Different from numbers, qualitative data often takes the form of words or text and images. Nurses with advanced education are called to transform the health of our nation. I have no doubt that you'll answer the call by translating best evidence to gain new insights on needed change.]
Week 2
Provide one specific example of how you achieved the weekly objectives.
What did you learn about your capacity to read and appraise original quantitative research? What changed, if anything, following the week's activities?
How will this skill improve your effectiveness as a practice scholar?
[Profesor comments about week objectives: This week you have Appraising Quantitative Research the
Johns Hopkins Research Evidence Appraisal Tool
and the
Johns Hopkins Individual Evidence Summary Tool
. Let's recap what you learned this week. We continued our dialogue about research designs by examining quantitative inquiry and data. You appraised a quantitative research study with my guidance, and reflected on how quantitative methods differ from qualitative methods. You continued building an evidence summary table, adding two quantitative research studies. That's a lot of progress! I know you gained an understanding of how the research question drives the selection and appraisal of the design. What's more, you explored how the rol ...
Research Topics in Health AdministrationAssignment 1 Final Proj.docxmackulaytoni
Research Topics in Health Administration
Assignment 1: Final Project Part II: Reading a Study.
Using this checklist read and evaluate the article
“Diagnosed with Breast Cancer While on a Family History Screening Programme: An Exploratory Qualitative Study.”
Research Evaluation Checklist
Complete the checklist below for the study/article you are to evaluate.
Definetopicand
need.
·
Whatphenomenon does the study investigate?
·
Isthe phenomenon a problem, an opportunity, or a dilemma?
·
Whatsymptoms (easily observable signs) indicate thatit is a problem, opportunityor a dilemma?
·
How do people who know this organ
i
zation ex
p
l
ain these symptoms? Whatdo administrators wanttoknow about the phenomenon?
·
How can it be expres
s
ed in manageable terms?
Assessrelevant
kn
o
w
ledge.
·
How much is already known?
·
Isadditional background information neces
s
ary? Should this
r
esearch be conducted?
·
Isthe topic a special
c
ase ofa broader, more fundamental and important problem?
Identify
variables
and
measures,
a
ndresearch
questions
and
h
y
potheses.
·
Whatvariables associated with the phenomenon arein
v
estigated? How are the variables measured?
·
Whatare the research question
s
?
·
Whatspecific hypotheses are formulated?
Identify
and
ana
l
y
ze
t
heresearch
design.
·
Whatis the research design—explorato
r
y,d
e
scriptive, or causal research? Isthis non-experimental, quasi-experimental, or experimental research? Whatis the nature ofdata—primary or secondary?
·
Whatis the source ofdata—interviews,questionnaires,existi
n
g databases? Are answers obtained through interviews and questionnaires objective?
Ana
l
yzethe
sample.
·
Whatis the population from which the respondents have been sele
ct
ed? How large is the sample?
·
Isit random, stratif
i
ed,or other sample?
Gather
data
.
·
How are data gathered?
·
Does the procedure ofgathe
r
ing data ensure objectivity?
Ana
l
yze
d
a
ta.
·
Are the data words (qualitativedata) or numbers (quantitative)? How are qualitative da
t
a analyzed?
·
How are quantitative data rec
o
rded and checked foraccuracy? Whatstatistical methods are used toanalyze data?
Assess
results.
·
Whatare the answerstoresearch question
s
? Are hypotheses supported?
·
Whatevidence did the study produce thathelps answer research questions or support/refute hypotheses?
Evaluate
recomme
n
dations
.
Whatrecommendations can be made on the basis ofresults?
Whatrecommendations are made thatcannot be supported with results?
Evaluatethe
stu
d
y
.
·
Whatlimitations does the study have?
·
Whatimprovements in research design can be recommended?
Assignment 2: Final Project Part III: Designing a Study
You are the hospital administrator in a medium-sized, urban, for-profit hospital that caters to middle-income groups. You wonder if patients' satisfaction with the hospital stay will increase significantly if they are given better and more flexible meal options. You decide to conduct .
Study notesSome of the information below may be repetitive of wh.docxhanneloremccaffery
Study notes
Some of the information below may be repetitive of what you have read in Creswell. In chapter 10, Singleton addressed field research, which overlaps with some qualitative designs, but for Singleton it is different from qualitative research because field research often involves quantification and more than simply observation. (Sometimes qualitative research also involves quantification) What Singleton addressed as field research is out the traditions of sociology and anthropology. Field research is probably more like ethnography than it is like other qualitative designs.
In a previous unit, we mentioned the use of existing data for research. Sometimes using data that are available lessens the data gathering task because you do not have to be dependent on others to return a survey or agree to an interview. Here is a good example of the use of existing data in a causal-comparative design. A former Princeton student who was in the Education program and is an assistant principal did her dissertation using existing data. She wanted to know if the reading scores on a standardized test (ITBS) were different after a new approach to teaching reading than before the new approach began. She went back to 1991 and recorded scores of 1st and 2nd graders for a five-year period before the intervention in 1996. Then she obtained scores of 1st and 2nd graders for five years after the new program and then did a number of statistical comparisons. She found significant differences on the comparisons so it would appear that the new approach to reading was effective. She could have set up a quasi-experimental design, but unless she did it for a number of years, she would not have had nearly as much data. This is a case in which it was not feasible to do an experimental design, but she obtained useful data.
Not all research using available data is causal-comparative. Much is descriptive. Probably the use of available data for research is among the top three types of designs used. Think of all the studies that come from the U.S. Census every ten years. You may have some good data stored at your place of employment. One researcher in Arizona has studied the trash/garbage of people for 25 years to find out how they live. Can you imagine sifting through someone's trash for 25 years? He has, however, learned a great deal about how the people whose trash he has swiped in the Tucson area live.
Moving back now to Chapter 10 in Singleton. While qualitative research is simply not acceptable to some researchers, in many ways, it can be more valuable than quantitative research when specificity and correctness are not necessary. Probably about 40% of Princeton students do some type of qualitative research for their dissertations.
Singleton refers to qualitative research as field research. He simply uses a broad category to cover various kinds because qualitative research is done in the real world (field).
One primary difference between quantitative and quali.
TitleABC123 Version X1Inferential Research and Statis.docxherthalearmont
Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Inferential Research and Statistics Project PSY/315 Version 7
3
University of Phoenix MaterialInferential Research and Statistics Project
Select one of the following scenarios based on your particular field of interest in psychology:
· Industrial/Organizational Psychology:
A few months ago, the upper management at a large corporation decided they wanted to make major changes in the organization. Leadership is concerned that employees may be resistant to the change, and they want to find out if there is a change management method that would help employees accept change more effectively and keep employee satisfaction high. Two methods they have considered are the ADKAR Framework and the Prosci Change Management Methodology. The company wants to implement a small change in two departments before they make any major organization changes and would like to test the methods. The corporation uses the Devine Company to measure employee satisfaction with an anonymous survey.
· Applied Psychology:
A large medical facility is experiencing too many missed appointments in its primary and specialty care clinics. The facility has noticed that not all patients respond well to reminder calls regarding follow-up appointments. Some patients do not answer calls and do not seem to respond to voice mail requesting they call the facility. The result is that many follow up appointments are missed. Management has read articles that people respond very well to text messages and would like to see which method provides the least amount of missed appointments. Missed appointments are tracked in the facility database on a monthly basis.
· General Psychology:
Clinicians at a small clinic have been introduced to a new method to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their clients for veterans. Research indicates that virtual reality (VR) is a highly effective treatment option for patients with PTSD. Currently, the clinic uses only cognitive processing therapy (CPT) with their patients suffering from PTSD. The clinicians would like to find out whether VR therapy has different results from CPT therapy. The measure used by the clinic to measure PTSD symptoms is the Combat Exposure Scale. Both therapies need to be applied for a minimum of 12 weeks to be effective.
Write a 525- to 750-word paper that addresses the following for your chosen scenario:
· Clearly define the problem or issue you are addressing. Provide a brief background of any research you have found that might affect your research hypothesis.
· Create a research hypothesis based on the information provided in each scenario. You have been given a data set (Excel document) with two sets of interval data (just the numbers, as you must decide what they represent, such as method A results or method B results). This means you are going to test one thing against another, such as which method works best (step 1 of the steps to hypothesis testing). State the null and research hyp ...
Intro to SPSSGeneral tips and hints about using SPSS and opening u.docxnormanibarber20063
Intro to SPSS
General tips and hints about using SPSS and opening up files into SPSS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADDR3_Ng5CA
SPSS Tutorial on Frequencies
Descriptive statistics for continuous variables (age, income, BMI)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zI8tE81IeSk&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
SPSS Tutorial on Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics for other variables like dichotomous and categorical variables (education, gender, marital status, race, etc.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c4mGKguUnvc&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
One-Sample t-Test
Comparing one continuous variable with a population mean (etc. is the study population’s BMI different than the population BMI; is the study populations mean age different than the mean age of the general population, etc.)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jTJdj7ZYmmU&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Paired-Sample t-Tests
Comparing one continuous variable in either two matched samples (blood pressure of participants on new drug versus placebo, matched on age, gender, and race), or in the same sample at two time points (e.g. SAT scores before and after an SAT prep class; BMI before and after a weight-loss intervention, blood pressure before and after meditation)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eanXmHlW5qE&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Two Independent Sample t-Tests
Comparing a continuous variable in two different populations, not matched on any variables: mean age of breast cancer diagnosis in Hispanic versus African-American population; # colds in a year in prechool aged children versus school-aged children; height of children on steroids versus those never had steroids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qOH46VVm1Uo&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Correlations
How do two continuous variables relate to one another? As one variable increases, does the other variable decrease, stay the same, or increase? E.g correlation of age and income is generally relatively high and linear – as one gets older, one increases in income
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cNrnSEWKJgg&list=UUXLbK1bH-w1oklGm4dLYrHw
Chi-Square
Comparison of a dichotomous or categorical outcome across two or more independent groups: e.g. are there more women with cervical cancer among Caucasian, African-American, Hispanic, Asian-American, Native American, or other racial groups? Comparison of cancer status across racial groups, or across education groups, or across income levels; comparison of BMI across different job types or levels of employment (salaried, hourly, contractor, commission-based, etc.) or different shifts (day-shift, night-shift, varied).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ahs8jS5mJKk
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and F-Test
Comparison of a continuous outcome across more than two groups: e.g. BMI comparison of low fat, low calories, low carb, and control groups; blood pressure comparison across those on clinical trial drug A, clinical trial drug B, and a control group.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3-a5jrCjhk
Linear Regression.
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week6_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
A sports researcher gave a standard written test of eating habits to 12 randomly selected professionals, four each from baseball, football, and basketball. The results were as follows:
Eating Habits Scores
Baseball Players
Football Players
Basketball Players
34
27
35
18
28
44
21
67
47
65
42
61
Is there a difference in eating habits among professionals in the three sports? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Determine effect size.
2.
To study the effectiveness of treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study with 12 participants.
Four participants were instructed to count sheep (Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions. Over the next few days, measures were taken of how many minutes it took each participant to fall asleep. The average times for the participants in the Sheep Condition were 14, 28, 27, and 31; for those in the Breathing Condition, 25, 22, 17, and 14; and for those in the control condition, 45, 33, 30, and 41.
Do these results suggest that the different techniques have different effects?
(Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain your findings (including the logic of comparing within-group to between-group population variance estimates, how each of these is figured, and the
F
distribution).
High school juniors planning to attend college were randomly assigned to view one of four videos about a particular college, each differing according to what aspect of college life was emphasized: athletics, social life, scholarship, or artistic/cultural opportunities. After viewing the videos, the students took a test measuring their desire to attend this college. The results were as follows:
Desire to Attend this College
Athletics
Social Life
Scholarship
Art/Cultural
68
89
74
76
56
78
82
71
69
81
79
69
70
77
80
65
Do these results suggest that the type of activity emphasized in a college film affects desire to attend that college? (Use the .01 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is unfamiliar with the analysis of variance.
A team of psychologists designed a study in which 12 psychiatric patients diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to one of three new types of th.
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Con.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.
A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:
Introduction:
The introduction states a specific hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to previous research.
Methods:
The methods section describes the details of how the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in that particular way.
Results:
The results section is where the raw uninterpreted data is presented.
Discussion:
The discussion section is where an argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis, the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as possible future directions for this type of research.
Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research. You will create a research report based on a
hypothetical
problem, sample, results, and literature review. Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:
Apply key concepts of inferential hypothesis tests.
Interpret the research findings of the study.
Examine the assumptions and limitations of inferential tests.
Develop a practical application of the research principles covered in this course.
Focus of the Research Report
To begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below. Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study. You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:
Recent research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory. Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests improved scores significantly. Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on memory tests after eating chocolate.
There were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger population.
A
t
-test was conducted to compare men and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The results showed an independent
t
-test value of
t
.05(99) = 3.43;
p
< .05
Your research study must contain the following:
Title Page
Title of your report
Your name
The course
Instructor
Date
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose of the paper and the resea.
Research ReportWrite a research report based on a hypothetical rmyrljjcpoarch
Research Report
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.
A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:
Introduction:
The introduction states a specific hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to previous research.
Methods:
The methods section describes the details of how the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in that particular way.
Results:
The results section is where the raw uninterpreted data is presented.
Discussion:
The discussion section is where an argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis, the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as possible future directions for this type of research.
Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research. You will create a research report based on a
hypothetical
problem, sample, results, and literature review. Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:
Apply key concepts of inferential hypothesis tests.
Interpret the research findings of the study.
Examine the assumptions and limitations of inferential tests.
Develop a practical application of the research principles covered in this course.
Focus of the Research Report
To begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below. Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study. You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:
Recent research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory. Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests improved scores significantly. Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on memory tests after eating chocolate.
There were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger population.
A
t
-test was conducted to compare men and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The results showed an independent
t
-test value of
t
.05(99) = 3.43;
p
< .05
Your research study must contain the following:
Title Page
Title of your report
Your name
The course
Instructor
Date
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose of the ...
The document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two variables. Researchers propose a null hypothesis, which states there is no relationship between the variables, and an alternative or experimental hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. Statistical tests are used to analyze data and determine whether to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The document provides examples of different types of hypotheses and statistical tests used, including t-tests and z-tests.
This document discusses different dimensions of research including topic, novelty, technology, scope, mode, and methodology. It describes various types of research based on these dimensions such as original investigations that create new data versus literature reviews, studies that develop new methods versus use existing ones, case studies versus those on samples, observational versus interventionist studies, and qualitative versus quantitative approaches. Examples are provided to illustrate different dimensions and types of research.
This document discusses different dimensions for characterizing research projects, including topic, novelty, technology, scope, mode, methods, ideology, politics, and utility. It provides examples of different types of projects that fall under each dimension, such as observational vs. interventionist studies. The document emphasizes that research projects can be understood as existing in a multidimensional space defined by these dimensions, and that considering all relevant dimensions is important for designing and conducting a high-quality project.
Week 6 Assignment 2
Application: Chi-Square Study: Intelligence and Self-Esteem
Previously in this course, you worked with parametric statistics like t tests, ANOVAs, and correlations. In order to use parametric procedures, your dependent variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale. For this Assignment you will examine the nonparametric procedure called chi-square, which allows you to analyze nominal data compared to parametric tests that allow you to analyze interval and ratio data. Consider this example: You are curious whether males report that they like statistics more frequently than females report that they like statistics. You decide you will ask them a yes-or-no question, and that involves nominal data. You would then count the numbers of responses of yes and no for males and for females.
Nonparametric procedures allow you to compare the male responses to the female responses and determine if gender and enjoyment of statistics are independent from each other (not related). Understanding chi-square will help you to more fully understand research studies that utilize nominal variables.
Scenario:
To prepare for this Assignment, imagine that you have information about 30 other participants’ self-esteem and intelligence, but for these individuals you only have data on whether they have average or above average intelligence, and whether they have high or low self-esteem. You do not have their actual scores for each variable. The observed frequencies are reported here:
Intelligence
Average
Above Average
Self-Esteem
Low
7
8
High
5
10
Assignment:
To complete this Assignment, submit by Day 7 your answers to the following. Based on the scenario, use SPSS to determine if intelligence is related to self-esteem in your sample by computing the appropriate chi-square test. Save and submit both the SPSS data and output files.
· Explain what scale of measurement is used to measure intelligence in this example. How do you know?
· Explain what scale of measurement is used to measure self-esteem. How do you know?
· Before computing the chi-square, state your null and alternative hypotheses in words (not formulas).
· State whether this scenario requires a one-way or two-way chi-square test. Explain your answer.
· Identify the obtained χ2.
· Identify the degrees of freedom and explain how it is calculated.
· Identify the p value.
· Explain whether you should retain or reject the null hypothesis and why.
· Explain what you can determine about the relationship between self-esteem and intelligence, based on this set of data.
· Submit three documents for grading: your text (Word) document with your answers and explanations to the application questions, your SPSS Data file, and your SPSS Output file.
Week 6 Learning Resources
This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week's assigned Learning Resources.
Required Resources
Readings
· Heiman,.
PSY 326 Research Methods Week 2 GuidanceWelcome to Week 2 of Res.docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY 326 Research Methods Week 2 Guidance
Welcome to Week 2 of Research Methods! This week, you will have an overview of qualitative versus quantitative, and experimental versus non-experimental research approaches. Required resources are sections 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, and 5.2 of the textbook (Newman, 2016), two research studies (Blixen, Perzyski, Bukah, Howland, & Sajatovic, 2016; Boyers & Rowe, 2018), and three helpful videos about writing research questions and hypotheses. The videos are linked in the Course Materials and the written assignment prompt.
Assignments for the week include a discussion, an interactive learning activity and quiz, a journal exercise, and a written assignment. To see how your assignments will be graded, look at the rubrics accessible through a link on the screen for each discussion or assignment.
The Week 2 discussion is Method Comparisons. Your initial post is due by Day 3, and all replies are due by Day 7. To prepare for the discussion, read the sections of the textbook listed above and the lecture portion of this instructor guidance. Your initial discussion post will have two parts. The first part is the same for everyone. Explain the similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Then, explain the difference between experimental and non-experimental research.
The second part of the post is a jigsaw puzzle. Instead of having the entire class read and report on four categories of research, each person will research and report on one category. Categories are assigned based on the first letter of your last name. When you determine your assigned category, use the Research Methods research guide and the databases in the Ashford University Library to find at least two scholarly/peer-reviewed articles about that type of research. Then, describe the features of the research category, name at least one specific research design in the category, and suggest a suitable topic for this type of research. Document your sources in APA style.
At least three replies to the initial posts of classmates will be required for this discussion, because you must read and respond to at least one post about each of the other three research categories. As the expert on your assigned category, you will also be expected to respond to questions posted on your thread by others. See the discussion prompt for complete details.
After you have learned about the research design categories from the assigned readings and participating in the discussion, you will be ready to do the interactive learning activity and take the quiz called Name That Design Category, due by Day 6. In the first part of the learning activity, match the name of the design category with its description. In the scenarios presented in the second part of the learning activity, you must select all categories of research that apply, and not select any that do not apply to the described research situation. When you have mastered the interactive learning activity, ...
LAB 2:
Descriptive Statistics
1
Descriptive statistics are numerical estimates that organize and sum up or present the data.
For quantitative variables (scale)
Mean with Standard deviation are used to summarize non-skewed scale variables
Median with range or interquartile range are used to summarize skewed scale variables
The three steps to evaluate the normality assumption are:
Compare the statistics values ( mean versus median)
Obtain the histogram with normal curve
Obtain the Box-Whiskers plot
For this class,
If there is any extreme outliers, median with range should be used to summarize the variable of interest
If there is any outliers (regular outliers), you need to based your decision regarding the best measure (mean with SD or median with range) to summarize the variable of interest on the shape of the histogram
Introduction
2
For qualitative variable (nominal or ordinal)
Frequency distributions (number with percentages) are used to summarize qualitative variables
Descriptive statistics for multiple groups:
Use Split file option in SPSS to obtain the measures of central tendency and the measures of variation for quantitative variables.
After you split your file by the grouping variable, you should follow the previous steps to select the most appropriate measures to summarize your variable of interest.
Please note that you have to un-split the data before running further analysis
Use Crosstabs option in SPSS to obtain the frequency distributions (number with percentages) for the qualitative variables
Introduction
3
4
Types of variables
Continuous (Quantitative) Variables
Qualitative (Categorical) Variables
Nominal/ Ordinal
Interval/Ratio
Number and Percent
N (%)
Normal distribution
1- Statistics {Mean and Median}
2- Histogram with Normal Curve
3- Box-Whiskers Plot
No
Median with Range
Yes
Mean with Standard Deviation
Box-Whiskers Plot
5
6
7
Box-Whiskers Plot
Source: http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63347/HTML/default/viewer.htm#statug_boxplot_sect017.htm
8
Extreme outliers (values greater than 3 IQR from Q1/Q3)
Outliers (values between 1.5 and 3 IQRs from Q1/Q3)
Whisker extends to furthest observation within Q3 + 1.5*IQR
Whisker extends to furthest observation within Q1 - 1.5*IQR
9
Example
Types of Variables
Procedures
Un-split the data before running further analysis
Descriptive Statistics for Multiple Groups
10
Split File
Qualitative or Categorical Variable (Grouping variable)
Crosstabs
Qualitative or Categorical Variable
Qualitative or Categorical Variable
Continuous or Quantitative Variable
Men (Gender)
Baseline Pulse
Females (Gender)
Widowed (Marital Status)
Example:
Following is a dictionary for a data set. The data collected on a number of people from Cornwall, Ontario, Canada who at ...
Mo 208 40 points Project 2 CONNECTIONS - REFLECTIONS.docxraju957290
Mo 208 40 points
Project 2 CONNECTIONS - REFLECTIONS
The purpose of this second project is for you to connect what you are learning in this
class to the world around you. This project will consist of three short papers and a
project conclusion organized into a project that demonstrates your understanding of
statistical inference.
Over the next two weeks open your ears and eyes to watch for examples of statistical
inference used in our society. Write a one page paper, connecting and reflecting, about
once a week, and then organize your three examples with an introductory page and a
closing page explaining the logic into a final project.
More details:
1. Papers
A) Your ideas for a paper may come from any media
or professional source. (Please include the source
in your paper.)
B) Title each paper. Describe the example you found and clearly
relate it to a specific model of statistical inference we have studied
in class. (You may reflect on any problems, ethical issues, or
societal values you wish to discuss.)
C) Hand in one completed paper (with the scoring sheet for papers
below) by the due date in your calendar for feedback.
An example paper is attached.
The criteria used to grade papers is also attached.
D) Your three papers should connect with any three distinctly
different models of statistical inference we have studied in class.
For example:
Paper 1 - Confidence Interval (using model p )
Paper 2 - Hypothesis Test
(model: population mean µ )
Paper 3 - Comparing Two Groups p
2. Project - due ____ (see calendar)
A) Introduction, including a definition of statistical inference in your
own words.
B) Three papers.
C) Conclusion, closing statements. Be sure to include your personal
answer to "How do researchers use sample data to answer
questions about large populations?". “What role does the
significance level α play?”
D) Table of contents should be included after your title page.
This project should be presented in a professional manner, of high enough quality that
you could include it in your employment portfolio. (Word processing required.)
If you have any questions e-mail or call me.
Sample paper 1:
Holiday Hungry
It’s beginning to look like Christmas. Red, green, and white overwhelm every
store, sales and price tags become topics of conversation and cookies, pies, and fruitcakes
fill the table. It is no surprise that people gain weight during holidays. In a “growing”
country, holiday weight gain is either treated as something inevitable, or as a myth. A
study done by the University of Oklahoma found on pubmed.gov indicates that college
student participants considered overweight before thanksgiving, on average, gained more
weight over Thanksgiving than participants of normal weight. As the results state,
participants classified as overweight gained 1.0 kg (2.2 lbs) of ...
Bio 500 grand canyon entire course latestActivity Mode
BIO 500 GC Week 1 Discussion 1 Latest
Search for 2 or 3 SPSS tutorials to help you learn how to use SPSS. Answer the following about the websites. Provide the website for the 2 or 3 tutorials that you found on SPSS? What specific things were you searching for in these tutorials? What did you like or dislike about the tutorials? What did you find the most useful in these tutorials?
Arts 230 week 3 learning team assignment shaping the environment presentationshyaminfopvtltd
arts 230 week 3 individual assignment raphael drawing to painting paper new,arts 230 week 3 individual ideal community environment new,arts 230 week 3 learning team assignment shaping the environment presentation new,uop arts 230,arts 230 new,uop arts 230 week 3 tutorial,arts 230 week 3 assignment,uop arts 230 week 3 help
ant 101 week 5 dq 1 feminization of poverty new,ant 101 week 5 dq 2 consumption and globalization new,ant 101 week 5 final paper new,ash ant 101,ant 101,ash ant 101 week 5 tutorial,ant 101 week 5 assignment,ash ant 101 week 5 help
Uop mha 610 week 6 discussion health and nutritional status newshyaminfopvtltd
The document discusses a health and nutrition survey of U.S. children and adults conducted since 1971. It provides an Excel file with health data on 1,576 youths from the 2012 survey, including height, weight, gender, race/ethnicity and age. Students are asked to analyze whether BMI varies between these factors and with age, with options like t-tests or ANOVA cited. Comparing methods is encouraged, with the goal of interpreting results to address public health.
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES Enter your answers in the spaces pr.docxwendolynhalbert
WEEK 7 – EXERCISES
Enter your answers in the spaces provided. Save the file using your last name as the beginning of the file name (e.g., ruf_week6_exercises) and submit via “Assignments.” When appropriate,
show your work
. You can do the work by hand, scan/take a digital picture, and attach that file with your work.
A sports researcher gave a standard written test of eating habits to 12 randomly selected professionals, four each from baseball, football, and basketball. The results were as follows:
Eating Habits Scores
Baseball Players
Football Players
Basketball Players
34
27
35
18
28
44
21
67
47
65
42
61
Is there a difference in eating habits among professionals in the three sports? (Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Determine effect size.
2.
To study the effectiveness of treatments for insomnia, a sleep researcher conducted a study with 12 participants.
Four participants were instructed to count sheep (Sheep Condition), four were told to concentrate on their breathing (Breathing Condition), and four were not given any special instructions. Over the next few days, measures were taken of how many minutes it took each participant to fall asleep. The average times for the participants in the Sheep Condition were 14, 28, 27, and 31; for those in the Breathing Condition, 25, 22, 17, and 14; and for those in the control condition, 45, 33, 30, and 41.
Do these results suggest that the different techniques have different effects?
(Use the .05 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain your findings (including the logic of comparing within-group to between-group population variance estimates, how each of these is figured, and the
F
distribution).
High school juniors planning to attend college were randomly assigned to view one of four videos about a particular college, each differing according to what aspect of college life was emphasized: athletics, social life, scholarship, or artistic/cultural opportunities. After viewing the videos, the students took a test measuring their desire to attend this college. The results were as follows:
Desire to Attend this College
Athletics
Social Life
Scholarship
Art/Cultural
68
89
74
76
56
78
82
71
69
81
79
69
70
77
80
65
Do these results suggest that the type of activity emphasized in a college film affects desire to attend that college? (Use the .01 significance level.)
a.
Use the five steps of hypothesis testing.
b.
Sketch the distribution involved.
c.
Figure the effect size of the study.
d.
Explain the logic of what you have done to a person who is unfamiliar with the analysis of variance.
A team of psychologists designed a study in which 12 psychiatric patients diagnosed as having generalized anxiety disorder were randomly assigned to one of three new types of th.
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Con.docxarnoldmeredith47041
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.
A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:
Introduction:
The introduction states a specific hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to previous research.
Methods:
The methods section describes the details of how the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in that particular way.
Results:
The results section is where the raw uninterpreted data is presented.
Discussion:
The discussion section is where an argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis, the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as possible future directions for this type of research.
Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research. You will create a research report based on a
hypothetical
problem, sample, results, and literature review. Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:
Apply key concepts of inferential hypothesis tests.
Interpret the research findings of the study.
Examine the assumptions and limitations of inferential tests.
Develop a practical application of the research principles covered in this course.
Focus of the Research Report
To begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below. Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study. You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:
Recent research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory. Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests improved scores significantly. Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on memory tests after eating chocolate.
There were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger population.
A
t
-test was conducted to compare men and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The results showed an independent
t
-test value of
t
.05(99) = 3.43;
p
< .05
Your research study must contain the following:
Title Page
Title of your report
Your name
The course
Instructor
Date
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose of the paper and the resea.
Research ReportWrite a research report based on a hypothetical rmyrljjcpoarch
Research Report
Write a research report based on a hypothetical research study. Conducting research and writing a report is common practice for many students and practitioners in any of the behavioral sciences fields.
A research report, which is based on scientific method, is typically composed of the different sections listed below:
Introduction:
The introduction states a specific hypothesis and how that hypothesis was derived by connecting it to previous research.
Methods:
The methods section describes the details of how the hypothesis was tested and clarifies why the study was conducted in that particular way.
Results:
The results section is where the raw uninterpreted data is presented.
Discussion:
The discussion section is where an argument is presented on whether or not the data supports the hypothesis, the possible implications and limitations of the study, as well as possible future directions for this type of research.
Together, these sections should tell the reader what was done, how it was done, and what was learned through the research. You will create a research report based on a
hypothetical
problem, sample, results, and literature review. Organize your data by creating meaningful sections within your report. Make sure that you:
Apply key concepts of inferential hypothesis tests.
Interpret the research findings of the study.
Examine the assumptions and limitations of inferential tests.
Develop a practical application of the research principles covered in this course.
Focus of the Research Report
To begin, create a hypothetical research study (you do not have to carry out the study; you will just have to describe it) that is based on the three pieces of information listed below. Once you have your hypothetical study created, write a three- to four-page research report (excluding title and reference pages) that outlines the study. You are encouraged to be creative with your research study, but be sure to follow the format outlined below and adhere to APA formatting as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
Your hypothetical research study should be based on the following information:
Recent research has indicated that eating chocolate can improve memory. Jones and Wilson (2011) found that eating chocolate two hours before taking math tests improved scores significantly. Wong, Hideki, Anderson, and Skaarsgard (2009) found that women are better than men on memory tests after eating chocolate.
There were 50 men and 50 women who were randomly selected from a larger population.
A
t
-test was conducted to compare men and women’s performance on an assessment after eating chocolate. The results showed an independent
t
-test value of
t
.05(99) = 3.43;
p
< .05
Your research study must contain the following:
Title Page
Title of your report
Your name
The course
Instructor
Date
Introduction
Introduce the research topic, explain why it is important, and present the purpose of the ...
The document discusses hypotheses in research. A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two variables. Researchers propose a null hypothesis, which states there is no relationship between the variables, and an alternative or experimental hypothesis, which predicts a relationship. Statistical tests are used to analyze data and determine whether to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The document provides examples of different types of hypotheses and statistical tests used, including t-tests and z-tests.
This document discusses different dimensions of research including topic, novelty, technology, scope, mode, and methodology. It describes various types of research based on these dimensions such as original investigations that create new data versus literature reviews, studies that develop new methods versus use existing ones, case studies versus those on samples, observational versus interventionist studies, and qualitative versus quantitative approaches. Examples are provided to illustrate different dimensions and types of research.
This document discusses different dimensions for characterizing research projects, including topic, novelty, technology, scope, mode, methods, ideology, politics, and utility. It provides examples of different types of projects that fall under each dimension, such as observational vs. interventionist studies. The document emphasizes that research projects can be understood as existing in a multidimensional space defined by these dimensions, and that considering all relevant dimensions is important for designing and conducting a high-quality project.
Week 6 Assignment 2
Application: Chi-Square Study: Intelligence and Self-Esteem
Previously in this course, you worked with parametric statistics like t tests, ANOVAs, and correlations. In order to use parametric procedures, your dependent variables must be measured on either an interval or a ratio scale. For this Assignment you will examine the nonparametric procedure called chi-square, which allows you to analyze nominal data compared to parametric tests that allow you to analyze interval and ratio data. Consider this example: You are curious whether males report that they like statistics more frequently than females report that they like statistics. You decide you will ask them a yes-or-no question, and that involves nominal data. You would then count the numbers of responses of yes and no for males and for females.
Nonparametric procedures allow you to compare the male responses to the female responses and determine if gender and enjoyment of statistics are independent from each other (not related). Understanding chi-square will help you to more fully understand research studies that utilize nominal variables.
Scenario:
To prepare for this Assignment, imagine that you have information about 30 other participants’ self-esteem and intelligence, but for these individuals you only have data on whether they have average or above average intelligence, and whether they have high or low self-esteem. You do not have their actual scores for each variable. The observed frequencies are reported here:
Intelligence
Average
Above Average
Self-Esteem
Low
7
8
High
5
10
Assignment:
To complete this Assignment, submit by Day 7 your answers to the following. Based on the scenario, use SPSS to determine if intelligence is related to self-esteem in your sample by computing the appropriate chi-square test. Save and submit both the SPSS data and output files.
· Explain what scale of measurement is used to measure intelligence in this example. How do you know?
· Explain what scale of measurement is used to measure self-esteem. How do you know?
· Before computing the chi-square, state your null and alternative hypotheses in words (not formulas).
· State whether this scenario requires a one-way or two-way chi-square test. Explain your answer.
· Identify the obtained χ2.
· Identify the degrees of freedom and explain how it is calculated.
· Identify the p value.
· Explain whether you should retain or reject the null hypothesis and why.
· Explain what you can determine about the relationship between self-esteem and intelligence, based on this set of data.
· Submit three documents for grading: your text (Word) document with your answers and explanations to the application questions, your SPSS Data file, and your SPSS Output file.
Week 6 Learning Resources
This page contains the Learning Resources for this week. Be sure to scroll down the page to see all of this week's assigned Learning Resources.
Required Resources
Readings
· Heiman,.
PSY 326 Research Methods Week 2 GuidanceWelcome to Week 2 of Res.docxwoodruffeloisa
PSY 326 Research Methods Week 2 Guidance
Welcome to Week 2 of Research Methods! This week, you will have an overview of qualitative versus quantitative, and experimental versus non-experimental research approaches. Required resources are sections 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, and 5.2 of the textbook (Newman, 2016), two research studies (Blixen, Perzyski, Bukah, Howland, & Sajatovic, 2016; Boyers & Rowe, 2018), and three helpful videos about writing research questions and hypotheses. The videos are linked in the Course Materials and the written assignment prompt.
Assignments for the week include a discussion, an interactive learning activity and quiz, a journal exercise, and a written assignment. To see how your assignments will be graded, look at the rubrics accessible through a link on the screen for each discussion or assignment.
The Week 2 discussion is Method Comparisons. Your initial post is due by Day 3, and all replies are due by Day 7. To prepare for the discussion, read the sections of the textbook listed above and the lecture portion of this instructor guidance. Your initial discussion post will have two parts. The first part is the same for everyone. Explain the similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Then, explain the difference between experimental and non-experimental research.
The second part of the post is a jigsaw puzzle. Instead of having the entire class read and report on four categories of research, each person will research and report on one category. Categories are assigned based on the first letter of your last name. When you determine your assigned category, use the Research Methods research guide and the databases in the Ashford University Library to find at least two scholarly/peer-reviewed articles about that type of research. Then, describe the features of the research category, name at least one specific research design in the category, and suggest a suitable topic for this type of research. Document your sources in APA style.
At least three replies to the initial posts of classmates will be required for this discussion, because you must read and respond to at least one post about each of the other three research categories. As the expert on your assigned category, you will also be expected to respond to questions posted on your thread by others. See the discussion prompt for complete details.
After you have learned about the research design categories from the assigned readings and participating in the discussion, you will be ready to do the interactive learning activity and take the quiz called Name That Design Category, due by Day 6. In the first part of the learning activity, match the name of the design category with its description. In the scenarios presented in the second part of the learning activity, you must select all categories of research that apply, and not select any that do not apply to the described research situation. When you have mastered the interactive learning activity, ...
LAB 2:
Descriptive Statistics
1
Descriptive statistics are numerical estimates that organize and sum up or present the data.
For quantitative variables (scale)
Mean with Standard deviation are used to summarize non-skewed scale variables
Median with range or interquartile range are used to summarize skewed scale variables
The three steps to evaluate the normality assumption are:
Compare the statistics values ( mean versus median)
Obtain the histogram with normal curve
Obtain the Box-Whiskers plot
For this class,
If there is any extreme outliers, median with range should be used to summarize the variable of interest
If there is any outliers (regular outliers), you need to based your decision regarding the best measure (mean with SD or median with range) to summarize the variable of interest on the shape of the histogram
Introduction
2
For qualitative variable (nominal or ordinal)
Frequency distributions (number with percentages) are used to summarize qualitative variables
Descriptive statistics for multiple groups:
Use Split file option in SPSS to obtain the measures of central tendency and the measures of variation for quantitative variables.
After you split your file by the grouping variable, you should follow the previous steps to select the most appropriate measures to summarize your variable of interest.
Please note that you have to un-split the data before running further analysis
Use Crosstabs option in SPSS to obtain the frequency distributions (number with percentages) for the qualitative variables
Introduction
3
4
Types of variables
Continuous (Quantitative) Variables
Qualitative (Categorical) Variables
Nominal/ Ordinal
Interval/Ratio
Number and Percent
N (%)
Normal distribution
1- Statistics {Mean and Median}
2- Histogram with Normal Curve
3- Box-Whiskers Plot
No
Median with Range
Yes
Mean with Standard Deviation
Box-Whiskers Plot
5
6
7
Box-Whiskers Plot
Source: http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63347/HTML/default/viewer.htm#statug_boxplot_sect017.htm
8
Extreme outliers (values greater than 3 IQR from Q1/Q3)
Outliers (values between 1.5 and 3 IQRs from Q1/Q3)
Whisker extends to furthest observation within Q3 + 1.5*IQR
Whisker extends to furthest observation within Q1 - 1.5*IQR
9
Example
Types of Variables
Procedures
Un-split the data before running further analysis
Descriptive Statistics for Multiple Groups
10
Split File
Qualitative or Categorical Variable (Grouping variable)
Crosstabs
Qualitative or Categorical Variable
Qualitative or Categorical Variable
Continuous or Quantitative Variable
Men (Gender)
Baseline Pulse
Females (Gender)
Widowed (Marital Status)
Example:
Following is a dictionary for a data set. The data collected on a number of people from Cornwall, Ontario, Canada who at ...
Mo 208 40 points Project 2 CONNECTIONS - REFLECTIONS.docxraju957290
Mo 208 40 points
Project 2 CONNECTIONS - REFLECTIONS
The purpose of this second project is for you to connect what you are learning in this
class to the world around you. This project will consist of three short papers and a
project conclusion organized into a project that demonstrates your understanding of
statistical inference.
Over the next two weeks open your ears and eyes to watch for examples of statistical
inference used in our society. Write a one page paper, connecting and reflecting, about
once a week, and then organize your three examples with an introductory page and a
closing page explaining the logic into a final project.
More details:
1. Papers
A) Your ideas for a paper may come from any media
or professional source. (Please include the source
in your paper.)
B) Title each paper. Describe the example you found and clearly
relate it to a specific model of statistical inference we have studied
in class. (You may reflect on any problems, ethical issues, or
societal values you wish to discuss.)
C) Hand in one completed paper (with the scoring sheet for papers
below) by the due date in your calendar for feedback.
An example paper is attached.
The criteria used to grade papers is also attached.
D) Your three papers should connect with any three distinctly
different models of statistical inference we have studied in class.
For example:
Paper 1 - Confidence Interval (using model p )
Paper 2 - Hypothesis Test
(model: population mean µ )
Paper 3 - Comparing Two Groups p
2. Project - due ____ (see calendar)
A) Introduction, including a definition of statistical inference in your
own words.
B) Three papers.
C) Conclusion, closing statements. Be sure to include your personal
answer to "How do researchers use sample data to answer
questions about large populations?". “What role does the
significance level α play?”
D) Table of contents should be included after your title page.
This project should be presented in a professional manner, of high enough quality that
you could include it in your employment portfolio. (Word processing required.)
If you have any questions e-mail or call me.
Sample paper 1:
Holiday Hungry
It’s beginning to look like Christmas. Red, green, and white overwhelm every
store, sales and price tags become topics of conversation and cookies, pies, and fruitcakes
fill the table. It is no surprise that people gain weight during holidays. In a “growing”
country, holiday weight gain is either treated as something inevitable, or as a myth. A
study done by the University of Oklahoma found on pubmed.gov indicates that college
student participants considered overweight before thanksgiving, on average, gained more
weight over Thanksgiving than participants of normal weight. As the results state,
participants classified as overweight gained 1.0 kg (2.2 lbs) of ...
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1. UOP MHA 610 Week 6 Assignment Final Project
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Final Project. In this final assignment, we will
revisit datasets that we have utilized in previous
assignments, but with new objectives.
• In the Week One assignment, you looked at
mortality in your particular state, with two
different metrics: the first was numbers of deaths,
and the second was years of life lost. For this
question, return to the original dataset, but this
time first pool all cancer causes of death together,
so that cancer constitutes the only category for
2. cause of death. Then, repeat your analyses from
Week One. How do your conclusions change?
• In the Week Two assignment, you looked at sex
ratios for births in your state.
o Take the data you have assembled from the
second part of your Week Two assignment,
namely, numbers of first-born boy and girl births
in your state between 2007 and 2012, separately
by racial group (i.e., American Indians, Asians,
Blacks, and Whites). Form a two-by-four
contingency table from these data: the two row
categories are female (girl) and male (boy), and
the four column categories are the four racial
groups. Calculate the chi-square statistic from this
contingency table, and interpret the result.
o Return to the CDC Wonder website, and obtain
the numbers of births in your state between 2007
and 2012, by month. (Disregard gender, or race, or
birth order—you want all births). Calculate a chi-
square statistic to assess whether there is any
seasonality to births. (Your null hypothesis is that
births should be equally likely to occur in any of
the 12 months. We are ignoring the varying
lengths of the months to simplify calculations.)
How would you interpret your findings? Explain in
3. 500 words in APA format supported by scholarly
sources.
BONUS: Give a graphical representation of your
findings for this portion highlighting what you
consider significant.
• In the Week Three assignment, you were given
levels of tumor-associated antigens in a sample of
90 normal (non-cancer) individuals, and 160
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Here is a
proposed diagnostic test for HCC:
o For each individual, calculate a numerical score:
score = -3.95 + 10.7 * HCC1 - 4.14 * P16 + 13.95 *
P53 + 28.92 * P90 + 6.48 * survivin♣
(This equation was derived from logistic
regression.)♣
o If this score is positive (i.e., > 0), diagnose this
individual as an HCC patient; if this score is
negative (i.e., <0), diagnose this individual as
normal (i.e., non-cancer).
o Apply this rule to the entire cohort of 250
individuals. Report the sensitivity of this rule, the
4. specificity, the false positive rate, the false
negative rate, and the overall accuracy. Do you
think the score function provides a good
diagnostic test for HCC? Explain.
• In the Week Four assignment, we considered a
simple two-by-two crossover trial of a new
experimental treatment for interstitial cystitis. We
calculated t tests for carryover and treatment
effects, but we have not yet considered period
effects. It is unlikely that there are any period
effects in this trial, but we may want to test this
formally. If there were a period effect, then patient
responses under either treatment would likely be
systematically higher in one period than the other.
(Here's an analogy: Think of taking the same test
twice. You would likely perform better on the test
the second time, since you have learned from your
experience of taking the first test.) Explain how
you would devise a t test for assessing a period
effect in this trial. (Hint: look at the explanation of
the t test for treatment effects given in the Week
Four assignment. There, we based the test on the
random variable X - Y. Suppose we look instead at
X + Y?)
• In the Week Five assignment, you investigated
measures of brain size and intelligence in a sample
5. of 20 youths. A potential shortcoming of your prior
analyses is that you did not take into account all
available information in the dataset, in particular,
gender. Answer the following questions and
explain your answers:
o Do any of the physiologic variables CCSA, HC,
TOTSA, TOTVOL, and WEIGHT differ significantly
between males and females?
o Do IQs differ significantly by gender?
o Undertake a paired analysis of IQs, in order to
assess whether firstborns have higher IQs than
non-firstborns. In this regard, there are 10 pairs of
related youths, as denoted by the variable PAIR.
Completing the Final Project
The Final Project:
1. Must include a title page with the following:
a. Title of paper
b. Student’s name
c. Course name and number
d. Instructor’s name
6. :2. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that
has a succinct thesis statement.
3. Must address the topic of the paper with critical
thought.
4. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your
thesis.
5. Must use a minimum of 3-5 scholarly, peer-
reviewed sources published within the last five
years (not including the course text) or those
applicable to the data sets.
6. Must document all sources in APA style, as
outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
7. Must include a separate reference page,
formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center. The number of pages must
be applicable to the specific data sets outlined in
the Final Project assignment.
7. :2. Must begin with an introductory paragraph that
has a succinct thesis statement.
3. Must address the topic of the paper with critical
thought.
4. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your
thesis.
5. Must use a minimum of 3-5 scholarly, peer-
reviewed sources published within the last five
years (not including the course text) or those
applicable to the data sets.
6. Must document all sources in APA style, as
outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
7. Must include a separate reference page,
formatted according to APA style as outlined in the
Ashford Writing Center. The number of pages must
be applicable to the specific data sets outlined in
the Final Project assignment.