UNIT-II - Social Development-part-1.2.pptx

Humanities
Definition of Human
Human being
Human and Social development
Aspects of Consciousness
-Physical
-Vital
-Mental
-Spiritual
Scientific Method - Anthropology

Scientific approach to the study of
human beings:
• The scientific method is a method of investigation used by
researchers to identify a problem, observe associated
variables, and collect data to reach conclusions about the
problem.
• An approach is a way in which a person starts looking at social
facts, social phenomenon or social behaviors etc.

Scientific approach to the study of human
beings:
• The goal of human development researchers is to
understand, describe, and predict changes that can occur
throughout a person's lifespan.
• They must utilize the scientific method to conduct this
research in order to validate the assumptions that are being
made.
• In the social sciences, such as the study of human growth and
development, different methods of research are used more
often.
• Assumptions and inferences must be allowed as well.

human beings:
• People are much more difficult to understand, predict, and
control than chemicals or laboratory conditions.
• There are also ethical concerns in the study of people.
• Because of the different methods of research used, results of
the research in the field of human development can be a bit
more complex, even though the basic scientific steps being
applied are still the same.

beings:
• The scientific method allows for human growth and
development research to occur in an objective and systematic
way.
• This means that the conclusions being reached will still be
significant.
• An approach is accompanied by appropriate concepts, theory
or theories, methods and techniques for studying society.

human beings:
• The focus of the social sciences has been on studying the
external behavioral characteristics of individuals and groups
which can be observed and often measured ‘objectively', as
objects, by our senses.
• In turn the social sciences tend to discount or ignore the
inner ‘subjective' experience of human beings, because
psychological events are not directly observable externally
and cannot be independently verified by multiple observers.

beings:
• Limiting the scientific study of humanity to externalities
simply because that lends itself more readily to observation
has ultimately led many scientists to ignore or even deny the
relevance of psychological experience to a proper study of
human behavior.

• Number of sociological approaches have developed in Western
Sociology as well as in Indian Sociology.
• Sociology requires new, alternative approaches for the
understanding of meaning in social life.
• According to Yogendra Singh there are four types of
approaches in Indian Sociology.
▪ Indological approach,
▪ culturological approach,
▪ Structural approach
▪ historical approach.

Indology
 G.S .Ghurye – Father of Indian Sociology/Modern
Indology
 He proposed different theories on Caste, Tribe,
Kinship, race, Family, Religion in Indian society

Indology
 It studies Indian society with respect to Indian Culture, Language,
Literature, history with ethnographical studies.
 There is huge difference between western & Indian Society.
 Indology served as a sympathetic & Positive count of Indian
Society with brings positive prospect of Indian Society.
 Academic study of history & cultures, languages & literature of
the Indian Subcontinent.
 Indian society & culture are unique.
 We need different tools to study India.
 We should study Indian through Indian texts like- Vedas,
Ramayana, Mahabharata, Novels

Indology
⮚ Is a branch dealing with interpretation of ancient texts, &
linguistic studies of problem of ancient Indian culture
would be more fruitful if supplemented by
archaeological, sociological, anthropological etc.
⮚ This approach rested on the assumption that historically,
Indian society & culture are unique and that this
contextually specificity of Indian social realities could be
grasped better through the texts.
⮚ Indologists use ancient history, epics, religious
manuscripts and texts in the study of Indian social
institutions.
⮚ Indologists analyse social phenomena by interpreting the
classical texts.it is called textual view or textual
perspective of social phenomena as it depends upon
texts.

Indological Approach
⮚ Indology literally means a systematic study of Indian society and
culture.
⮚ Indian society could be understood only through the concepts,
theories and frameworks of Indian civilization.
⮚ It gives more importance to the culture of Indian society than to
the empirical structure.
⮚ Indology is an independent discipline in itselfas
well as an approach in Indian Sociology.
⮚ Indological studies comprise investigations of language, ideas,
beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institutions, tools, techniques,
works of art, rituals, ceremonies and other related components of
the Indian culture and civilization.
⮚ The sources of Indological studies are primarily classical texts,
manuscripts, archaeological artifacts, and symbolic expressions.
⮚ The aim of Indological studies is to gain a deeper understanding of
the Indian culture.

⮚ The Indological approach within Indian Sociology is much
developed, sophisticated and nuanced than the writings of the
British school of Indology.
⮚ Within the broader frameworks of Sociology it has enlarged our
understanding of Indian family, marriage, kinship, religion, art,
culture, language, mythology and civilization.
⮚ Recently, under the influence of Louis Dumont and Mckim
Marriott, culturological writings on India have fruitfully utilized
the insight of Indological approaches.
Indological Approach

Culturological Approach
⮚ Culturological approach in Sociology is a non standardised term, Within it a variety of
viewpoints are included.
⮚ The common thread which runs through all these viewpoints is the primacy of culture as
the object of study.
⮚ Culturological approach is more popular in America and France than in Britain or
Germany.
⮚ It is primarily concerned with person as a cultural being.
⮚ The study of culture covers ideas and values, social organization, technology, language,
myth, history and religion.
⮚ In America it is primarily represented by cultural analysis. It is conceptualized as a system
of symbols by cultural analysts like Clifford Geertz and David Schneider.
⮚ The culturological approach in Indian Sociology has, however, many similarities with th
Indological approach.
⮚ The other important variety of culturological approach has come from the method of
cultural analysis and theories of culture.

Culturological Approach
⮚The followers of this approach have produced a very substantial body of work.
Marriott and his peers, have developed an ‘Ethnosociology’ of India.
⮚There is a shift in culturological approach from the study of facts to the study of
‘people’s ideas’.
⮚They also try to discover the relationship between knowledge and reality as
reflected in the people’s own model.
⮚This approach has developed very sophisticated methods and techniques of cultural
analysis.

Structural Approach
⮚Structural approach claims that Sociology is a universal science of society and its
concepts, theories and assumptions can be fruitfully utilized beyond Europe for
comparative analysis.
⮚It gives more importance to the empirical structure in the field than to the normative
framework of culture.
⮚The central concept within this approach is social structure.
⮚Social structure usually, refers to any recurring pattern of social behaviour.
⮚Structural approach in Indian Sociology is the most popular, most developed and most
coherent approach in Sociology after the independence.
⮚This approach has been adopted to study village communities, caste structure, family
structure, kinship structure, religious structure, political structure etc.

Structural Approach
⮚In the structural approach special consideration is given to comparative study of social
categories such as caste and class and their implication for the nature of the society in
India.
⮚The main limitations of the majority of structural studies include neglect of cultural
dimensions or historical dimensions.
⮚They, usually, overlook the hidden contradictions and present a more consensual view
of the social structure.

Historical Approach
⮚Historical Sociology is a particular kind of comparative study of social groups, their
composition, their interrelationships and the social conditions which support or
undermine them.
⮚Historical approach in Sociology is primarily concerned with the problems of social
development, especially the historical processes of industrialisation, urbanisation,
democratisation and modernisation.

Historical Sociology has the following theoretical
concerns
Sociologyis specifically concerned with the transition to industrialism as an
historical process.
Sociology is concerned with the dynamic interaction between human agency
and social structure, not as an abstract problem, but as an empirical issue in
world history.
Sociology is concerned with the pattern of freedom and constraint in the life
histories of individuals in social contexts.
The historical approach gives greater emphasis to social structure and its
dynamic aspects.

Evolution of Human Kind
-What is it
-Concepts in Evolutionary Theory
-Scientific Evidence
-The Scrutiny

Factors of Evolution
-Transition to Civilization
-Habitat and Population
-Consciousness and thought
-Motivation and Emotion
-culture
-Language
-Spirituality and Religion
-Philosophy and Self-reflection

Stages in Human Evolution
-Dryopithecus
-Ramapithecus
-Australopithecus
-Home erectus
-Homo sapiens neanderthalensis
-Homo sapiens

Introduction
⮚ Social change may refer to the notion of social progress or sociocultural evolution,
the philosophical idea that society moves forward by evolutionary means.
⮚ It may refer to a paradigmatic change in the socio-economic structure, for instance a
shift away from feudalism and towards capitalism.
⮚ Accordingly, it may also refer to social revolution, such as the Socialist revolution
presented in Marxism, or to other social movements, such as Women's suffrage or
the Civil rights movement.
⮚ Social change may be driven by cultural, religious, economic, scientific or
technological forces.

Social Change :Introduction
 The Term Social Change comprises of two words: Social &
Change. Social Change is meant the change in the
situation of the society over a period of time.
 The change that occurs in the social organization, social
structure, manner of living in the society or social
relationships, customs, traditions and beliefs is called as
social change.
 Def 1: Social change may be defined as modification in
ways of doing and thinking of the people
 Def 2: when we speak of social change we simply assert
that there is some change in social behavior and in social
structure.

Social Change Characteristics
 Social change is Universal because it is present in all societies
and at all times. No society remains completely static. The rate
or the degree of change may vary from society to society from
time to time but every society keeps on changing.
 Social change is Continuous process. In the process of
change every society grows and decays , where it finds
renewal and accommodates itself to various changing
conditions. The sources, directions, rate & forms of change
may vary time to time but it is always continuous.
 Change is Inevitable, it is the human nature that desires
change and also it is his tendency to bring change and to
oppose or accept change. human wants are unlimited which
always keep on changing. To satisfy these wants social change
has become a necessity to society.

Social Change Characteristics
 Change can occur in the entire social structure or in one of
its organization.
 It is not necessary for all changes to be permanent. The
permanent being perceived today, may further change in
the future.
 This is not necessary that the changes occurring in the
society will take it towards progress. Sometimes some
changes lead the society towards degrees also.

Social change definition
⮚ Ginsberg (By social change I understand a change in the social structure).
⮚ Kingsley Doris "By social change is meant only such alternations as occur in
social organization i.e. the structure & functions of society".
⮚ Merril & Elbridge "Social change means, that large no. of persons are engaging in
activities that differ from those which they or their immediate fore-fathers engaged
in some time before."
⮚ Gillin & Gillin "Social changes are variations from the accepted mode of life,
whether due to alteration in geographical condition, in cultural equipment,
composition of the population. Or ideologies & whether brought about by diffusion
or inventions within the group."
⮚ Jones' "Social change is a term used to describe variations in or modification of
any aspect of social process, social patterns, social interaction or social
organization."
⮚ M.D.Jenson – Describes –Social change as "modification in ways of doing &

Theories of Social Change
 Technological Theory
 Linear Theory
 Cyclic theory

Technological Theory
 Basis of all types of social changes as those changes
occurring in the technological field and established
relationship between social change and inventions.

Linear Theory
 Sequence od social development is historical and they
imagined such a society where the cycle of change will
stabilize
 Auguste Comte has said that all societies passed through
three stages of growth- theological stage, Metaphysical
Stage, Scientific Stage

Cyclic Theory
 According to Sorokin. There are three classes of society –
abstract , emotional and idealistic , which brings a change
in the society as per the time.
 Spranger has mentioned three cycles of social incidences-
Birth, maturity, and end which are responsible for brining
about the a change in the society.

Forms of Social Change
 Evolutionary Change: Change does not occurs in the
society all of a sudden, rather it occurs on the basis of
already present circumstances. This type of changes do not
occur all of the sudden, rather they occur gradually , but it
appears that they have occurred suddenly, the process of
evolutionary change is continuous.
 Fluctuating Change: This is the changes which fluctuating
like waves. As the waves of water go up and down, in the
same way, this type of change occurs in the society
sometimes towards progress and sometimes towards
degrees.

Forms of Social Change
 Cyclic Change: This changes occurs in a cyclic manner. In
this the previous events reoccurs in the society, for
example: unemployment goes down due to employment
schemes, but they rise again due to population increase
and its effects a change in society. In the same day change
in fashion occurs in this manner. Sometimes the bottoms of
trousers go wide and sometimes narrow, thus the vents
undergo a cyclic change.

Factors affecting social
changes
⮚Demographic factors: it plays very important role. Increase or
decrease in size of population ,makes social change probable.
Population of India increased massively, which has brought
down the standard of life of people, poverty , unemployment,
crimes, pollution brings social change to a great extent.
⮚Biological factors: if the population is bearing weak offspring
due to heredity, then it would have its impact on social life also,
on the other hand not only inter-caste , inter-religion marriages
but also marriage with foreign nationals are occurring, which
effecting social change
⮚Natural factors: the nature is the chief basis of change. The
land surface doesn’t remains static, several types of problems
are faced due to flood, famine, earthquake, diseases etc.

changes
⮚Technological factors: Technological factors are very
important cause of social change. The modern age is that
of technology. The invention of any new machines or tool
has its effect on social life.
⮚Cultural Factors: Our Social life is based on religion,
traditions, beliefs, values etc, and any change in them
affects our social life also.
⮚Social Change by Law: The laws framed by the government
are helpful in maintaining social control and are also helpful
in social change. Massive changes were brought in Indian
way of life by laws, such as prohibition of zamindari,
untouchability , sati practices etc so the law is an important
factor of brining about social change.

changes
⮚Political factor: History of Human society pervades with
political upheavals chiefly, most of the changes in society
are due to political reasons.
⮚Social change by war: war is deformed social disintegration
. Causes massive loss of life and property life of Indians
affected grately due to wars with china and Pakistan after
independence

Factors Resisting social
changes
 Fear of Novelty : There are many people who are satisfied
with their social conditions, so they don’t bring any change
in the society.
 Cultural Inertia: by cultural inertia is meant those values,
beliefs and traditions inherited from our ancestors which e
are reactant to give up. In such a case, it is not possible to
effect social change in any way.
 Vested Interests: there are several people also who do only
those thins which are rooted in their vested interests and
they don’t want to do any such things which may be an
obstacle in their selfish interests.

Factors Resisting social
changes
 Isolation: there are such people in variety who want to
isolate themselves from others and desires that their culture
should be preserved, so they don’t want to come into
contact with others.

Properties of social changes
 Social change is continuous
 Social change is temporal
 Social change is environmental
 Social change is human change
 Social change results from interaction of a number of factors
 Social change may create chain reaction
 Social change involves tempo(or rate) and direction of change
 Social change may be planned or unplanned
 Short versus long-run changes
 Social change is an objective term

Types of social changes
 Evolutionary Social Change - occurs in course of a long period slowly and
gradually and through evolutionary process.
 Revolutionary Social Change - It is the opposite of evolutionary change.
When the changes in various sectors of our social system occur suddenly,
drastically and sufficiently

 Examples of Social Change (Negative)
 Smoking
 Domestic Violence
 Divorce

Examples of Social Change (positive)
• Women Empowerment
• Education in rural area
• Acceptance of parents for inter cast marriage

Media and Social Change
⮚Media plays a vital role for social
society.
⮚Shrunk the size of the world.
⮚Played vital role in controlling
population by advertising various
effects of high population.
⮚One of the best media which bring
social change is Internet.

Role of education in social changes
⮚ Promoting society for
accepting social change.
⮚ Education of Women.
⮚ Education of SCs, STs, and
OBCs.
⮚ Nature of Social Changeand Its
Impact on Education.
⮚ Changes in Knowledge
and Technology.
⮚ Transmission of social culture.
⮚ Maintaining human and
social relations.

Industrial revolution
⮚ Prior to the Industrial Revolution, which began in Britain in the late 1700s,
manufacturing was often done in people's homes, using hand tools or basic
machines. Industrialization marked a shift to powered, special-purpose
machinery, factories and mass production.
⮚ Industrial revolution is defined as the changes in manufacturing and
transportation that began with fewer things being made by hand but instead
made using machines in larger-scale factories.
⮚ The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in
the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
⮚ For example, prior to the Industrial Revolution, textiles were primarily made of
wool and were hand spun. ... Machinery such as the spinning wheel to produce
textiles, the water wheel used to power machinery and the steam engine were
invented. These inventions aided in speeding up the production of manufactured
items.

A handloome weaving from William
Hogarth's Industry and Idleness in
1747

A model of the spinning jenny in a museum in Wuppertal.
Invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, the spinning jenny
was one of the innovations that started the revolution.

The only surviving example of a spinning mule built by the
inventor Samuel Crompton, the mule produced high-quality thread
with minimal labour, now on display at Bolton Museum in Greater
Manchester

Industrial revolution
⮚ Thus, the traditional textile industry of India went under de-
industrialization during British rule. Nonetheless,
modernization of India's textile industry took place during the
early 19th century; the first textile mill in the country was
established at Fort Gloster near Calcutta in 1818.
⮚ The industrial revolution finally came to India in 1854, when
the first steam-powered cotton mill in Asia opened in
Bombay. Growth was slow and the expansion of these
modernized cotton mills didn’t pick up until the 1870s and
80s.
⮚ India now has the sixth largest economy in the world.

Industrial Revolution in India:
⮚ The industrial revolution came late to India, due to its
complicated political and economic relationship with Great
Britain.
⮚ Although India, which was a British colony, dominated the
global cotton textile markets in the 18th century, the Indian
textile industry took a hit when the industrial revolution began
in Great Britain.
⮚ The use of steam power in British mills reduced the cost of
British cotton by 85 percent, making its textile goods
internationally competitive for the first time. Britain quickly
became a leading world exporter of textiles, displacing India
in the process.
⮚ In addition, in order to protect its new textile industry, Great
Britain began to restrict textile imports from India and other
countries by establishing tariffs and other protective policies.
Great Britain instead began to export its own textiles to India.

Industrial Revolution in India:
⮚ This halted any plans Great Britain may have had to develop India’s
textile industry and instead led to India’s deindustrialization, with British
lawmakers pushing the country to become more agrarian than industrial.
⮚ New colonial laws forced Indian farmers to devote most of their fields to
cotton crops, instead of food, which led to widespread famine and
poverty in India.
⮚ Therefore, the industrial revolution reversed India’s economic relationship
with Great Britain so that it was now merely a supplier of raw materials
for Great Britain and an importer of British textiles, instead of a producer
of textile goods.
⮚ As a result, it took decades before India started adopting modern
industrial practices, such as steam power and mechanized spinning and
weaving, in its textile manufacturing.

The industrial revolution in India saw the emergence of
a number of industries, especially in the latter half of the
19th century.
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Availability Of Raw Materials
India had abundant natural resources like minerals, cotton and
jute, which were essential raw materials for many industries.
Large deposits of coal and iron ore helped fuel the growth of
metal industries. Cotton and jute production was abundant,
which the textile industry relied on. This availability of raw
materials at low costs helped industries to start and grow in
India.
Advancements In Transportation
Improvements in transportation, like railways, helped in the
movement of raw materials to factories and the transport of
finished goods to markets. The railway network expanded
rapidly under the British, connecting different parts of the
country. This allowed for easier transportation of resources,
workers and finished products, aiding the growth of industries.

British Colonial Rule
The British government's policies promoted
industrialization in India. British companies set up
factories and mills to produce goods and raw materials
for their own industries. The British imported cheap raw
materials from India and exported finished
manufactured products back. Their policies favoured
the growth of industries that produced for their needs.

Six Causes of Industrialization
⮚Natural Resources. Abundance of
Forests: Cheap resource for building material.
...
⮚India had abundant natural resources like
minerals, cotton and jute, which were essential
raw materials for many industries. Large
deposits of coal and iron ore helped fuel the
growth of metal industries. Cotton and jute
production was abundant, which the textile
industry relied on. This availability of raw
materials at low costs helped industries to start
and grow in India.

⮚Growing Population.Population growth will cause an
increase of demand. ...
⮚Improved Transportation. ...
⮚High Immigration. ...
⮚New Inventions. ...
⮚Investment Capital.

The National Policy on Education
⮚The National Policy on Education, 1986 provides
scope for equal access to education to all
irrespective of class, caste, creed or gender.
⮚It envisages a common educational structure like
10+2+3 and a common core curriculum
throughout the country.
⮚It also sought to remove disparities by catering to
the needs of women, scheduled castes,
scheduled tribes, the handicapped and certain

National Policy of Education
 The National Policy of Education(NPE) is a policy
formulated by the government of India to promote education
amongst India’s People.
 The Policy covers elementary education in colleges in both
rural & urban India.
 The 1st NPE was promulgated in 1968 by the government of
Prime Minister Indira Gandhi & second by Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi in 1986.
 The NPE lays special emphasis on the removal of
disparities and the equalization of educational opportunities
by attending to the specific needs of those who have been
denied equality so far.

Needs of the Policy
 Qualitative Development of Education
 Enhancement of Percentage of Literacy
 Implementation of Free & Compulsory Education
 Removal of wastage and stagnation in Education
 Modernization of Curriculum and improvement of Examination
system

Salient Features of NPE 86
 Common Educational Structure: 10+2+3
 National Curriculum Framework with a common core:
promote the values of India’s egalitarianism , Inculcation of
Scientific temper, Democracy and secularism, common
cultural heritage, Equality of sexes, removal of social of
barriers and protection of the environment
 Minimum levels of learning

Goals of NPE, 86
 1. Education for all: The major task was to established a
national system of education which implies that all students
irrespective of their castes, creed, sex and religion have
access to education for a comparable equality.
 2. Human resource Development: to create an awareness
about rapid population growth, creating an awareness
about increasing levels of pollution & the hazards of
environment
 3. Scientific and Technological Development: strengthen
educational television and audio program capabilities and
provide wider access to them., improve science education
in schools

Goals of NPE, 86
 4. Social and cultural Development: to create awareness
regarding our cultural heritage, to develop appreciation of
diverse cultures of our country.
 5. equalization of Opportunities: equal opportunities to be
given to scheduled caste & tribes, backward classes and
minorities.
 6. Education for Women’s Equality
 7.Vocationalisation: these elements are meant to enhance
individual employability.

The new thrust in national education after
1986 has been on:
• Universal enrolment upto 14 years with improved quality of education.
• Free and compulsory education to all children up to 14 years of age.
• To provide quality education, special schools under the name of Navodaya Vidyalay
were opened in different parts of the country.
• Vocational education as a distinct stream to prepare students for identified
occupations spanning several areas of activity.
• Autonomous colleges (mostly private) and autonomous departments within
universities on a selective basis.
• Indira Gandhi National Open University and the National Open School have come
up to take care of non-formal and flexible forms of education.
• Gradually, an attempt is being made to delink degrees from jobs in the era of
liberalisation and globalisation.
• The National Literacy Mission to achieve total literacy in the age group of 15 to 35
years . The Total Literacy Campaign is the principal strategy adopted for eradication

⮚Education in contemporary
India
is a source
of
modernization, social change and national
development.
⮚From the cultural point of view contemporary
education is oriented to promoting values of
an urban, industrial, secular, democratic
consumer society.
⮚Thus, while education has contributed to the
building of modern India

⮚ The 1986 National Policy on Education was modified in 1992 by the
P.V. Narasimha Rao government.
⮚ In 2005, Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh adopted a new
policy based on the "Common Minimum Programme" of his United
Progressive Alliance (UPA) government.
⮚ Programme of Action (PoA), 1992 under the National Policy on
Education (NPE), 1986 envisaged conduct of a common entrance
examination on all India basis for admission to professional and
technical programmes in the country.
⮚ For admission to Engineering and Architecture/Planning
programmes, Government of India vide Resolution dated 18 October
2001 has laid down a Three – Exam Scheme (JEE and AIEEE at the
National Level and the State Level Engineering Entrance
Examinations (SLEEE) for State Level Institutions
– with an option to join AIEEE).
⮚ This takes care of varying admission standards in these programmes
and helps in maintenance of professional standards. This also solves
problems of overlaps and reduces physical, mental and financial
burden on students and their parents due to multiplicity of entrance
examinations.

⮚District Primary Education Program (DPEP)
⮚Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA)/
⮚Right to Education (RTE)
⮚ National Programme for Education of Girls at
Elementary Level (NPEGEL)
⮚RashtriyaMadhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA)
for development of secondary education,
launched in 2009.
⮚Inclusive Education for the Disabled at
Secondary Stage (IEDSS)
⮚Saakshar Bharat (Saakshar Bharat)/Adult Education
⮚RashtriyaUchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)

Health And Health Care
⮚ Health policy refers to decisions, plans, and actions that
are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals
within a society. An explicit health policy can achieve
several things: it defines a vision for the future which in
turn helps to establish targets and points of reference for
the short and medium term.
⮚ Policy in healthcare is vitally important as it sets a
general plan of action used to guide desired outcomes
and is a fundamental guideline to help make decisions.
The purpose of healthcare policy and procedures is to
communicate to employees the desired outcomes of the
organization.

Three goals of NHP
There are three goals of any health care system and
of policies to influence that system:
(1) to maximize the quality of health care available.
(2) to minimize total national expenditures on
health care.
(3) to achieve equitable distribution of the benefits
of quality health care and of the burden of costs.

⮚The National Health Policy of 1983 and the National
Health Policy of 2002 have served well in guiding the
approach for the health sector in the Five-Year Plans.
⮚The current context has however changed in four
major ways.
– First, the health priorities are changing. There is growing
burden on account of non-communicable diseases and
some infectious diseases.
– The second important change is the emergence of a robust
health care industry estimated to be growing at double
digit.
– The third change is the growing incidences of catastrophic
expenditure due to health care costs, which are presently
estimated to be one of the major contributors to poverty.
– Fourth, a rising economic growth enables enhanced fiscal
National Health Policy

⮚ The main objective of the National Health Policy 2017 is to achieve the
highest possible level of good health and well-being, through a preventive
and promotive health care orientation in all developmental policies, and to
achieve universal access to good quality health care services without
anyone having to face financial hardship as a consequence.
⮚ In order to provide access and financial protection at secondary and
tertiary care levels, the policy proposes free drugs, free diagnostics and free
emergency care services in all public hospitals.
⮚ The policy envisages strategic purchase of secondary and tertiary care
services as a short term measure to supplement and fill critical gaps in the
health system.
⮚ The NHP, 2017 advocates a positive and proactive engagement with the
private sector for critical gap filling towards achieving national goals.

⮚ It envisages private sector collaboration for strategic purchasing, capacity building,
skill development programmes, awareness generation, developing sustainable
networks for community to strengthen mental health services, and disaster
management.
⮚ The policy also advocates financial and non-incentives for encouraging the private
sector participation.
⮚ Policy envisages providing larger package of assured comprehensive primary health
care through the Health and Wellness Centers’.
⮚ This policy denotes important change from very selective to comprehensive primary
health care package which includes geriatric health care, palliative care and
rehabilitative care services.
⮚ The policy advocates allocating major proportion (upto two-thirds or more) of
resources to primary care followed by secondary and tertiary care.
⮚ The policy aspires to provide at the district level most of the secondary care which is
currently provided at a medical college hospital.

⮚The policy assigns specific quantitative targets
aimed at reduction of disease
prevalence/incidence, for health status and
programme impact, health system performance
and system strengthening.
⮚It seeks to strengthen the health, surveillance
system and establish registries for diseases of
public health importance, by 2020.
⮚It also seeks to align other policies for medical

⮚ The primary aim of the National Health Policy, 2017, is to inform, clarify,
strengthen and prioritize the role of the Government in shaping health
systems in all its dimensions- investment in health, organization and
financing of healthcare services, prevention of diseases and promotion of
good health through cross sectoral action, access to technologies,
developing human resources, encouraging medical pluralism, building the
knowledge base required for better health, financial protection strategies
and regulation and progressive assurance for health.
⮚ The policy emphasizes reorienting and strengthening the Public Health
Institutions across the country, so as to provide universal access to free
drugs, diagnostics and other essential healthcare.
⮚ The broad principles of the policy is centered on Professionalism, Integrity
and Ethics, Equity, Affordability, Universality, Patient Centered & Quality of
Care, Accountability and pluralism.

⮚ Policy thrust
⮚ Ensuring Adequate Investment - The policy proposes a
potentially achievable target of raising public health
expenditure to 2.5% of the GDP in a time bound manner.
⮚ Preventive and Promotive Health - The policy identifies
coordinated action on seven priority areas for improving the
environment for health:
⮚ The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
⮚ Balanced, healthy diets and regular exercises.
⮚ Addressing tobacco, alcohol and substance abuse
⮚ Yatri Suraksha – preventing deaths due to rail and road traffic
accidents
⮚ Nirbhaya Nari – action against gender violence
⮚ Reduced stress and improved safety in the work place
⮚ Reducing indoor and outdoor air pollution
⮚ Organization of Public Health Care Delivery - The policy

UNIT-II - Social Development-part-1.2.pptx

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