IOTA

1. Internet of Things (IoT) and Its
Applications
UNIT II – M2M and IoT Architecture

2. Why IoT Matters? (Motivation)
• Connecting devices, people, and processes
• Applications: Smart homes, wearables,
healthcare, industry
• IoT = M2M + Cloud + Data + Applications

3. Building IoT Architecture (Overview)
• Layers: Perception → Network → Edge →
Application → Business
• Data flows from devices to decision-making
systems

4. 5 Layer Architecture of Internet of Things

5. IoT Architecture: Perception Layer
• Devices, sensors, actuators
• Data collection begins here

6. IoT Architecture: Network Layer
• Role: Transmission of sensor data
• Technologies: Wi-Fi, Zigbee, LoRa, 4G/5G
• Choice depends on range, speed, power
consumption

7. IoT Architecture: Edge Layer
• Pre-processing & filtering near devices
• Reduces cloud load & latency

8. IoT Architecture: Application &
Business Layer
• Application Layer: User interfaces and apps
• Business Layer: Insights and decision-making

9. Devices in IoT
• Sensors, actuators, RFID, cameras, smart
meters
• Embedded systems enable device intelligence

10. Gateways in IoT
• Connect devices to cloud
• Protocol translation, security, local processing

11. Local Networking in IoT
• Wi-Fi: High speed, high power
• Bluetooth: Short range, low power
• Zigbee: Mesh networking

12. Wide Area Networking in IoT
• Cellular (4G/5G) – Long range, high speed
• LPWAN (LoRa, NB-IoT) – Long range, low
power
• Used in smart city & industrial applications

13. Data Management in IoT
• Collection → Storage → Processing → Security
• Real-time vs batch data processing

14. Everything as a Service (XaaS)
• SaaS – Software applications
• PaaS – Developer tools
• IaaS – Cloud infrastructure
• IoT services built on cloud models

17. IoT Analytics & Knowledge
Management
• Analytics types: Descriptive, Predictive,
Prescriptive
• Knowledge management = Actionable insights
• AI & ML enhance IoT decision-making

18. IoT Reference Model (Cisco IoTWF)
• 7 Layers:
• 1. Perception 2. Network 3. Edge
• 4. Processing 5. Application
• 6. Business 7. Security