The document summarizes the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. The theory was developed by Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin and proposes that countries will export goods that make intensive use of their abundant and cheap factors of production, and import goods that make intensive use of their scarce and expensive factors. It outlines the key assumptions of the theory, including two countries, two goods, two factors of production (labor and capital), and differences in relative factor abundance between the countries. The theory predicts that the capital-abundant country will specialize in and export capital-intensive goods, while the labor-abundant country will specialize in and export labor-intensive goods.

1. Branch - MBA
International Business Management
Unit-2: Lecture – 4
International Trade Theories:
Factor Endowment Theory
By
Dr. B. B.Tiwari
Professor
Department of Management
Shri Ramswaroop Memorial Group of Professional Colleges, Lucknow
DR.APJABDULKALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

2. Origin of the theory:
Introduction
•The theory was developed by the Swedish economist Bertil Ohlin (1899–
1979) on the basis of work by his teacher the Swedish economist Eli Filip
Heckscher (1879–1952).
•In recognition of his ideas as described in his path-breaking book,
“Interregional and International Trade” (1933), For his work on the
theory, Ohlin was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges
Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel) in 1977.
•Ohlin served as head of the Liberal Party in Sweden from 1944 to 1967.
He was a member of the Riksdag (parliament) from 1938 to 1970 and was
minister of commerce (1944–45) in Sweden’s wartime government.

3. The Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem
 Definition:
 A nation will export the commodity whose production requires the
intensive use of the nation’s relatively abundant and cheap factor and
import the commodity whose production requires the intensive use of
the nation’s relatively scare and expensive factor.
 Or: the relatively labor-rich nation exports the relatively labor-intensive
commodity and imports the relatively capital -intensive commodity.
 This means that Nation 1 exports X because X is the L-intensive
commodity and L is relatively abundant and cheap factor in Nation 1.

4. Assumptions of the
Theory
A. The Assumptions
1) Thereare two nations(1&2), two commodities (X&Y),
twofactors of production (labor & capital).
Used to illustrate the theory in a two-dimensional figure.
2) Both nations use the same technology in production.
Means both
the same
nations have access to and use
general production techniques.
3) Commodity X is labor intensive and Y is capital intensive in
both nations.
Means the labor-capital ratio (L/K) is higher for X than Y in both
nations at the same relative factor prices.

5. both nations.
Means that increasing the amount of L and K will increase
output in the same proportion
5) There is incomplete specialization in production in both
nations.
Means that even with free trade both nations continue to
produce both commodities. This implies neither nation is very
small.
6) Tastes are equal in both nations.
Cont….
4).Both commodities are produced under constant returns
to scale in

6. Cont….
7)
.There is perfect competition in both
and factor markets in both nations.
commodities
•Means that producers, consumers, and traders of X&Y in both
nations are each too small to affect prices of commodities. Also,
in the L-R commodity prices equal their costs, leaving no
economic profit.
8) There is perfect factor mobility within each nation but no
international factor mobility.
•Means K&L are free to move from areas and industries of lower
earnings to those of higher earnings until earnings are the same
in all areas, uses and industries of the nation. International
differences in earnings persist due to zero international factor
mobility in the absence of international trade.

7. trade. If transportation costs and tariffs were
specialization would proceed only until prices differed
allowed,
by no
more than the costs and tariffs on each until of the commodity
traded.
10)All resources are fully employed in both nations.
Means there are no unemployed resources in either nation.
11) International trade between the two nations is balanced.
Means that the total value of each nation’s exports equals the
Cont….
9) .There are no transportation costs, tariffs, or other
obstructions to the free flow of international trade.
Means specialization in production proceeds until relative (and
absolute) commodity prices are the same in both nations with

8. Comment
On the basis of these assumes, the Heckscher-Ohlin
theorem predicted that the capital surplus country
specializes in the production and exports of capital intensive
goods, and the labor surplus country specialize in the
production and exports of labor intensive goods.

9. Factor Intensity, Factor Abundance,
and the Shape of the Production
F
F
ar
co
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r I
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ie
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ns
(iP
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: )
 In a world of 2 commodities and 2 factors, Y is capital intensive
if its (K/L) is greater than (K/L) of X.
 If production of Y requires 2K and 2L, then K/L=1.
 If production of X requires 1K and 4L, then K/L=1/4.
 We say that Y is K intensive and X is L intensive.
 Measuring K and L intensity depends on K/L
rather than the absolute amount of K and L.
 In the figure (On next slide), Nation 1 can produce 1Y using 2K-
2L, and 2Y using 4K-4L. Thus, K/L=1, this gives the slope of Y
in Nation 1.

10. FIGURE : Factor Intensities for Commodities X and Y
in Nations 1 and 2.
Nation 1 can produce 1X using 1K-4L, and 2X using 2K-8L. Thus,
K/L=1/4, this gives the slope of the ray of X in Nation 1.
 In Nation 2, K/L=4 for Y and 1 for X.

11. Explanation:
Therefore, Y is the K-intensive commodity, and X is the L-
intensive in Nation 2 also. This is shown by the fact that the
ray from the origin for good Y is steeper than that of X in
both nations.
 Even though Y is K-intensive relative to X in both nations,
Nation 2 uses a higher K/L than Nation 1.
 For Y
, K/L=4 in Nation 2 but K/L=1 in Nation 1.
 For X, K/L=1 in Nation 2 but K/L=1/4 in Nation 1.

12. Factor Abundance and the Shape of the
Production Frontier
 Since Nation 2 is K-abundant and
Y is K-intensive, Nation 2 can
produce relatively
more of Y than Nation 1.
 Since Nation 1 is L-abundant
and X is L-intensive, Nation 1
can produce relatively more of
X than Nation 2.
 This gives a production frontier
for Nation
1 that is relatively flatter and wider
that that of Nation 2.
The Shape of the Production Frontiers of
Nation 1 and Nation 2.

13. THANK YOU