This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB) including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and the nurse's role. It begins by defining TB as a chronic bacterial infection spread through inhaled droplets from an infected person which affects the lungs and can spread throughout the body. It describes TB as a major global health issue and lists the objectives of understanding TB. The document then covers the pathophysiology, types, risk factors, methods of assessment and diagnosis, medical and nursing management, prevention strategies, and references.
This ppt gives you idea about pathophysiology of tuberculosis and the pharmacology of drugs used to treat this infection. And it also give deep introduction of molecular interaction of mycobacteria with body i.e.. immune response by human to this mycobacteria.
it also gives you idea about treatment regimens and strategy for TB. discussed the different types of TB and mechanism of development of resistance by mycobacteria for anti-TB drugs.
This ppt gives you idea about pathophysiology of tuberculosis and the pharmacology of drugs used to treat this infection. And it also give deep introduction of molecular interaction of mycobacteria with body i.e.. immune response by human to this mycobacteria.
it also gives you idea about treatment regimens and strategy for TB. discussed the different types of TB and mechanism of development of resistance by mycobacteria for anti-TB drugs.
This presentation give a brief background about infection control, source of infection, what microorganisms need to grow and impact of infection on patients and healthcare system.
This presentation includes introduction, properties, transmission, epidemiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, immunity and hypersensitivity, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.
The causative agent of tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Belonging to the Family Mycobacteriaceae.
The other strains that cause tuberculosis are
M. bovis
M. africanum
M. carnetti
M. microti etc
The morphological features of the bacteria are that it is a small, straight, slender rod shaped, non-motile, non-capsulated, non-spore forming, aerobic organism.
The presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall is a characteristic feature due to which the bacteria gets resistance towards various antibiotics and disinfectants, and escapes from the phagocytic mechanism of the host.
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UNIT I Lecture I Disorders spread by droplet infections.pptx
1. Tropical and Communicable Diseases
Prepared by:
Abdul Rahman
Lecturer in IUNC
MBA in Health, BSN
Unit I
Lecture I
Disorders of
Spread by
Droplet
Infections
2. Objectives
At the end of this unit, Students will be able to:
Define Tuberculosis.
Discuss the factors/causes for Tuberculosis.
Share clinical manifestations of Tuberculosis.
Discuss management of Tuberculosis.
Explain the role of nurse in prevention and control of Tuberculosis
in hospital and Community setting.
3. Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis is one of the most prevalent infections of human beings
and contributes considerably to illness and death around the world.
It is spread by inhaling tiny droplets of saliva from the coughs or
sneezes of an infected person.
It is a slowly spreading, chronic, granulomatous bacterial infection,
characterized by gradual weight loss.
TB is the world’s second most common cause of death from
infectious disease after HIV/AIDS.
4. Cont.…
Tuberculosis is the
infectious disease primarily
affecting lung parenchyma is
most often caused by
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis.
It may spread to any part of
the body including meninges,
kidney, bones and lymph-
nodes.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Ftb%2Ftopic%2Fbasics%2Fhowtbspreads.htm&psig=AOvVaw1Uap76
mUCHq6p0oquWvSoq&ust=1676366995543000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiC5MPrl5L9AhUZmycCHcLWBUAQr4kDegUIARDUAQ
5. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infection caused by the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that involves the lungs but may
spread to other organs. TB is a contagious disease that can infect
anyone exposed to MTB.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticles%2F10.3389%2Ffcimb.2020.618414%2Ffull&psig=AOvVaw06D9N1HAHYn
CvBPsbAiXRA&ust=1676367046429000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwiG0OWDmJL9AhVwpycCHdzIBMoQr4kDegQIARA5
8. Pathophysiology
Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a type of bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
It's spread when a person with active TB disease in their lungs
coughs or sneezes and someone else inhales the expelled droplets,
which contain TB bacteria.
9. Cont.….
(Initial infection or primary infection)
Entry of micro organism through droplet nuclei
Bacteria is transmitted to alveoli through airways
Deposition and multiplication of bacteria
Bacilli are also transported to other parts of the body via blood
stream and phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages
10. Cont.….
Mycobacterium
Pulmonary alveoli
Immune system has lodged in (Alveolar Macrophages)
Detects presence of pathogen and engulf the bacteria
Mycobacterium bacteria inhibits the Macrophages (phagosome+
Lysosome) to forms phagolysosome and remains protected inside
the macrophages.
11. Cont.….
Starts replication inside macrophages.
Primary infection occurs.
Cell mediated immunity gets activated, surrounds the cell to forms
granuloma (3weeks)
Leads to necrosis of tissues at infection site
Calcification of cone complex (Latent TB or Active T.B.)
16. Diagnosis Findings
Biopsy of the affected tissue (rare)
Bronchoscopy
Chest CT scan
Chest x-ray
Acid- Fast Bacilli (AFB) tests are most often used to diagnose an
active tuberculosis (TB) infection
Sputum examination and cultures
Thoracentesis
Tuberculin skin test (also called a PPD test)
17. Nursing Diagnosis
Assessment
Obtain history of exposure to TB
Assess for symptoms of active disease
Auscultate lungs for crackles
During drug therapy assess for liver function
18. Risk factors
Close contact with some one who have active TB.
Immuno compromised status (elderly, cancer).
Drug abuse and alcoholism.
People lacking adequate health care.
Pre existing medical conditions (diabetes mellitus, chronic renal
failure).
Immigrants from countries with higher incidence of TB.
Institutionalization (long term care facilities)
Living in substandard conditions.
Occupation (health care workers)
19. Medical Management
The usual treatment is: 2 antibiotics (isoniazid and rifampicin) for 6
months.
2 additional antibiotics (pyrazinamide and ethambutol) for the first 2
months of the 6-month treatment period.
20. Nursing Management
Ineffective breathing pattern related to pulmonary infection and
potential for long term scarring with decreased lung capacity.
Interventions.
Administer and teach self administration of medications ordered.
Encourage rest and avoidance of exertion.
Monitor breath sounds respiratory rates , sputum production and
dyspnea.
Provide supplemental oxygen as ordered.
Encourage increased fluid intake.
Educate patient about etiology transmission and effects of TB.
21. Cont.…
Be aware that TB is transmitted by respiratory droplets.
Use high efficiency particulate masks for high risk procedures
including endoscopy.
Educate patient to control the spread of infection by covering
mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing.
Isolation of patient.
Instruct about risk of drug resistance if drug regimen is not strictly
and continuously followed.
Carefully monitor vital signs and observe for temperature changes.
Explain that TB is a communicable disease and that taking
medications is most effective way of preventing transmission
Instruct about medications schedule and side effects
22. Prevention
Isolation
Ventilate the room
Cover the mouth
Wear mask
Finish entire course of medication
Vaccinations
Good ventilation: as TB can remain suspended in the air for several
hours with no ventilation.
Good hygiene: covering the mouth and nose when coughing or
sneezing reduces the spread of Tb bacteria.