Human Development

1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

2. • Read about and analyze the diversity of development
throughout the lifespan.
• Apply various developmental theories to physical, cognitive,
and socio-emotional development.
• Write about and distinguish the effects of nature and nurture
on human development.

3. DEVELOPMENT
• Development refers to the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes
that occur throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic
predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture).
• Prenatal: the moment of conception, when the father’s sperm unites with the
mother’s egg, and then the development in the womb.
• Infancy: the developmental stage that begins at birth and continues to one year.
• Childhood: the period between infancy and the onset of puberty.
• Adolescence: the years between the onset of puberty till age 18 years.
• Adulthood: the stages of adulthood itself, including emerging, early, middle, and
older adulthood; and finally, the preparations for and eventual facing of death.

4. Pre- Natal Development

5. Reflexes
at Birth.

6. Reflex at birth:
these reflexes
are primitive in
nature and
have an
evolutionary
base. They
disappear
within 2 years.

7. Physi

12. Adolescent
development
of identity

13. Kohlberg’s
theory of
Moral
development

15. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
• Adolescent: changes in the physical body with the development of secondary sex
characteristics.
• Adulthood: Menopause- the cessation of periods in women.
• Late Adulthood: begins at 60 years.
• Physical decline and cognitive decline leading to Alzheimer's or dementia
• Dementia is defined as a progressive neurological disease that includes loss of
cognitive abilities significant enough to interfere with everyday behaviors, and
Alzheimer’s disease is a form of dementia that, over a period of years, leads to a
loss of emotions, cognitions, and physical functioning,

16. SOCIAL CHANGES IN LATE ADULTHOOD.
• Continue to work part time past retirement, in order to ease into
retirement status slowly.
• Plan for retirement
• Retire with someone.
• Have a happy marriage. Couples that work on their marriages can make
their retirements a lot easier.
• Take care of physical and financial health
• Retire early from a stressful job
• Retire “on time”.
• Empty nest syndrome.

17. DEATH, DYING, AND BEREAVEMENT
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross describes five phases of grief through which people
pass in grappling with the knowledge that they or someone close to them is
dying:
1. Denial: “I feel fine.” “This can’t be happening; not to me.”
2. Anger: “Why me? It’s not fair!” “How can this happen to me?” “Who is to
blame?”
3. Bargaining: “Just let me live to see my children graduate.” “I’d do anything
for a few more years.” “I’d give my life savings if…”
4. Depression: “I’m so sad, why bother with anything?” “I’m going to die.
What’s the point?” “I miss my loved ones—why go on?”
5. Acceptance: “I know my time has come; it’s almost my time.”v