Dimensionalizing Cultures_ The Hofstede Model in Context.pdfssusercbd35c
This document discusses Geert Hofstede's model of six dimensions of national culture:
1) Power Distance 2) Uncertainty Avoidance 3) Individualism vs Collectivism 4) Masculinity vs Femininity
5) Long Term vs Short Term Orientation 6) Indulgence vs Restraint. It describes how Hofstede developed these dimensions through factor analysis of a large IBM employee survey across many countries. The dimensions empirically validated conceptual frameworks from prior researchers on standard issues across cultures. The dimensions are enduring aspects that cultures vary along and that correlate with other cultural measures.
Dimensionalizing cultures the hofstede model in contextThanh Thanh
This document summarizes Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions and how it was developed based on prior conceptual work. It discusses how earlier researchers proposed dimensions to classify cultures but had weaknesses in clearly defining levels of analysis. Hofstede's model improved on this by focusing only on national cultures and empirically identifying dimensions. It describes some of the dimensions proposed by earlier researchers that influenced Hofstede, such as individualism-collectivism and power distance. Hofstede's study validated three dimensions identified in an earlier review as being consistently identified in studies of national character: relation to authority, conception of self, and ways of dealing with primary dilemmas.
Dimensionalizing Cultures_ The Hofstede Model in Context.pdfRobertDelia3
This document discusses Geert Hofstede's model of six dimensions of national culture: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It describes how the model was developed based on factor analysis of a large IBM employee survey across over 50 countries. The dimensions identified common problems faced by employees in different societies. The model has been validated through correlations with over 400 other cross-cultural studies and remains relevant for describing enduring differences between national cultures.
Developmental researchers study human development across the lifespan using various scientific methods to describe, explain, predict, and intervene in developmental changes. They examine physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development across multiple levels of environmental influence. Research incorporates longitudinal, cross-sectional, and experimental designs while adhering to strict ethical guidelines to protect participants. The overarching goal is to understand the complex interplay between nature and nurture over time in order to optimize well-being.
In this book, as summary and conclusion, we will list a number of basic and fundamental assertions that could be elevated to the category of universal ethical principles.
These ethical principles could help to resolve cultural, religious, nationalist or political conflicts between nations, as well as the problems of world hunger, corruption of ruling elites, social injustices and evils, and moral degradation of families and individuals.
They could also serve to regulate harmonious and peaceful coexistence between individuals, families, communities, nations and civilizations that ultimately leads to a stable and lasting world peace
This document summarizes a lead article from Applied Psychology: An International Review in 1997 about immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. The summary is as follows:
1) It introduces concepts like acculturation, psychological acculturation, adaptation, and acculturation strategies to describe how individuals adjust when moving between cultural contexts.
2) It outlines a framework with four acculturation strategies (integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization) based on an individual's interest in maintaining their original culture versus having relationships with other groups.
3) It discusses factors like voluntariness of migration, mobility, and permanence that influence the acculturation process and outcomes for different groups like immigrants, refugees
An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values (2).pdfMujganYilmaz
This document provides an overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values. It identifies 10 core values that are recognized across cultures: self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, and universalism. These values form a circular motivational continuum based on the conflicts and compatibilities between pursuing each value. While the values and structure are universal, individuals and groups differ in their relative priorities of these values. Empirical studies provide support for the theory across over 80 countries.
Dimensionalizing Cultures_ The Hofstede Model in Context.pdfssusercbd35c
This document discusses Geert Hofstede's model of six dimensions of national culture:
1) Power Distance 2) Uncertainty Avoidance 3) Individualism vs Collectivism 4) Masculinity vs Femininity
5) Long Term vs Short Term Orientation 6) Indulgence vs Restraint. It describes how Hofstede developed these dimensions through factor analysis of a large IBM employee survey across many countries. The dimensions empirically validated conceptual frameworks from prior researchers on standard issues across cultures. The dimensions are enduring aspects that cultures vary along and that correlate with other cultural measures.
Dimensionalizing cultures the hofstede model in contextThanh Thanh
This document summarizes Geert Hofstede's model of cultural dimensions and how it was developed based on prior conceptual work. It discusses how earlier researchers proposed dimensions to classify cultures but had weaknesses in clearly defining levels of analysis. Hofstede's model improved on this by focusing only on national cultures and empirically identifying dimensions. It describes some of the dimensions proposed by earlier researchers that influenced Hofstede, such as individualism-collectivism and power distance. Hofstede's study validated three dimensions identified in an earlier review as being consistently identified in studies of national character: relation to authority, conception of self, and ways of dealing with primary dilemmas.
Dimensionalizing Cultures_ The Hofstede Model in Context.pdfRobertDelia3
This document discusses Geert Hofstede's model of six dimensions of national culture: Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Long/Short Term Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint. It describes how the model was developed based on factor analysis of a large IBM employee survey across over 50 countries. The dimensions identified common problems faced by employees in different societies. The model has been validated through correlations with over 400 other cross-cultural studies and remains relevant for describing enduring differences between national cultures.
Developmental researchers study human development across the lifespan using various scientific methods to describe, explain, predict, and intervene in developmental changes. They examine physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional development across multiple levels of environmental influence. Research incorporates longitudinal, cross-sectional, and experimental designs while adhering to strict ethical guidelines to protect participants. The overarching goal is to understand the complex interplay between nature and nurture over time in order to optimize well-being.
In this book, as summary and conclusion, we will list a number of basic and fundamental assertions that could be elevated to the category of universal ethical principles.
These ethical principles could help to resolve cultural, religious, nationalist or political conflicts between nations, as well as the problems of world hunger, corruption of ruling elites, social injustices and evils, and moral degradation of families and individuals.
They could also serve to regulate harmonious and peaceful coexistence between individuals, families, communities, nations and civilizations that ultimately leads to a stable and lasting world peace
This document summarizes a lead article from Applied Psychology: An International Review in 1997 about immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. The summary is as follows:
1) It introduces concepts like acculturation, psychological acculturation, adaptation, and acculturation strategies to describe how individuals adjust when moving between cultural contexts.
2) It outlines a framework with four acculturation strategies (integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization) based on an individual's interest in maintaining their original culture versus having relationships with other groups.
3) It discusses factors like voluntariness of migration, mobility, and permanence that influence the acculturation process and outcomes for different groups like immigrants, refugees
An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values (2).pdfMujganYilmaz
This document provides an overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Human Values. It identifies 10 core values that are recognized across cultures: self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, achievement, power, security, conformity, tradition, benevolence, and universalism. These values form a circular motivational continuum based on the conflicts and compatibilities between pursuing each value. While the values and structure are universal, individuals and groups differ in their relative priorities of these values. Empirical studies provide support for the theory across over 80 countries.
1. Researchers have typically measured values through self-report methods like rating or ranking scales. The most widely used ranking tool is the Rokeach Value Survey which ranks terminal and instrumental values.
2. Shalom Schwartz identified 10 universal human values that are consistently distinguished across cultures. His circumplex model explains how these values relate and the tradeoffs people make between competing values.
3. Values originate from psychological theories like reinforcement, social learning, and cognitive consistency, as well as life experiences that trigger self-examination. Strategies like values self-confrontation aim to change values by exposing contradictions.
This document provides an introduction to developmental science, outlining five key characteristics:
1) It is multidisciplinary, drawing from many academic fields.
2) It studies people of all kinds, everywhere, seeking universal patterns as well as individual differences.
3) Development is studied across multiple contexts like family, culture, and history.
4) Developmental science recognizes cultural diversity and the social construction of concepts like race and ethnicity.
5) Human traits demonstrate plasticity and change over time rather than being fixed.
The scientific method is applied through hypotheses testing using methods like observation, experimentation, surveys and case studies.
This lecture - given at the Colombo Institute of Research and Psychology - covers the philosophical underpinnings of key debates in psychology, including nature versus nurture, nomothetic versus idiography, free will versus determinism and reductionism versus holism.
Beyond four forces_the_evolution_of_psychotherapy (1)jayapratha9
This document discusses the evolution of psychotherapy theory through different "forces" or paradigms that have shaped the field over time. It describes how the first three forces were commonly identified as psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic-existential approaches. The document then examines various theoretical models that have been described as the "fourth force" in the field, including transpersonal psychology, family systems theory, feminist psychology, multiculturalism, ecopsychology, and social constructivism. Recently, social justice and advocacy have been identified as the "fifth force." The document argues that integrative approaches represent an emerging "sixth force" and that the field is evolving toward a more comprehensive and holistic approach to address diverse individual and
The document provides an introduction to social science. It defines social science as fields of human knowledge that deal with all aspects of group life and human behavior. The main social science disciplines discussed are anthropology, sociology, geography, history, economics, political science, and psychology. For each discipline, the document outlines key areas of focus and concepts. Major approaches in social science research like the historical method and case study method are also summarized. Theories of social evolution from thinkers like Darwin, Comte, Spencer, Morgan, Marx and Engels are briefly explained in the context of how societies develop and change over time.
The document provides an overview of the science of human development. It discusses key concepts like the characteristics of development (multidirectional, multicontextual, plastic), methods of studying development (longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, experiments, surveys), and ensuring ethical research practices through codes of ethics and institutional review boards. The science of development seeks to understand how and why people change over time using empirical research and the scientific method.
Intro to Teaching Approaches in Secondary Social Studies.pptxDan Lhery Gregorious
The "New" Social Studies aims to achieve the following: provide students with a more engaging and relevant social studies education, develop students' cognitive skills to think critically about social issues, foster students' sense of civic responsibility, and teach social science concepts through hands-on learning activities. The document discusses cognitive, affective, and psychomotor taxonomies and how behavioral objectives in social sciences relate to these domains of learning.
The "New" Social Studies aims to achieve the following: provide students with a more engaging and relevant social studies education, develop students' cognitive skills to think critically about social issues, foster students' sense of civic responsibility, and teach social science concepts through hands-on learning activities. The document discusses cognitive, affective, and psychomotor taxonomies and how behavioral objectives in social sciences relate to these domains of learning.
A Comparison of Youth’s Value Systems: The Case of Vietnamese Ethnic Groups Sam Rany
This document compares the value systems of youth from Vietnamese ethnic minority and majority groups. It analyzes data from a survey of 102 students using Rokeach's Value Survey to measure terminal and instrumental values. The findings show both groups emphasize personal and political terminal values over social values. Minority youth showed less emphasis on relationships while majority youth cared less about hedonism and individualism. Both groups prioritized moral instrumental values over competence and intrinsic values. Minority youth placed more importance on achievement and competence compared to majority youth. The terminal values of the two groups were more similar than their instrumental values, with a few significant differences found between some specific values.
This document compares the value systems of youth from Vietnamese ethnic minority and majority groups. It examines terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (modes of conduct) using Rokeach's Value Survey. The findings show both groups emphasize personal and political terminal values over social values. Minority youth showed less emphasis on relationships while majority youth cared less about hedonism and individualism. Both groups prioritized moral instrumental values over competence and intrinsic values. Minority youth emphasized accomplishment and competence more. The groups' terminal values were more similar than their instrumental values, with a few significant differences found. The study contributes to understanding value exchanges during globalization in Vietnam.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental science, including:
1) Developmental science seeks to understand how and why people change over time using empirical research and the scientific method.
2) Development is influenced by both nature and nurture, as well as multiple contexts like family, history, culture, and society.
3) Researchers use various methods like observation, experiments, surveys and case studies to test hypotheses and further our understanding of human development.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental science, including its multidisciplinary nature and focus on understanding human development and change over time. It discusses five main characteristics of development - that it is multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and demonstrates plasticity. It also cautions that developmental scientists must consider correlations versus causation, use both quantitative and qualitative data, and ensure research follows ethical standards and studies issues crucial to human development.
The document discusses key aspects of life span psychology including:
1) It studies changes in people from conception to death using scientific methods across diverse groups.
2) Development is influenced by both nature (genes) and nurture (environment).
3) Researchers use various methods like observation, experimentation, surveys and longitudinal studies to understand development over time.
4) Several theories aim to explain human development including psychoanalytic, cognitive, and ecological systems approaches.
“A Social Psychiatry Manifesto”
Vincenzo Di Nicola , MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Psychiatric Grand Rounds
VA Boston Mental Health Care System
Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency
April 4, 2020 at 12:00 PM Eastern Time
Purpose Statement
To give an overview of the history and current status of Social Psychiatry with some applications of relevance Veterans and their families
Several sentences that describe the training.
• What is the current knowledge deficit, or gap?
A better understanding of the contributions of social psychiatry
• How does the information you are presenting fill that gap?
By providing the broader context of social psychiatry to understand veterans and their families
• How will it benefit Veterans?
By providing a broader context, the presenter hopes to inform clinicians and policy-makers of the importance of social context and family and social relationships
Objectives
The objectives are what the learners will be able to do after attending the training. It is best that each objective has only one item being focused on.
At the conclusion of this educational program, learners will be able to:
1. Describe and define Social Psychiatry;
2. List the three main branches of Social Psychiatry;
3. Name two major public health projects of Social Psychiatry;
4. Give at least two examples of the clinical and policy relevance of Social Psychiatry for Veterans and their families.
1. The document discusses the concept of race and argues that it is an outdated and flawed concept. It proposes an alternative framework called the "Comprehensive socio-cultural persecution complex" to account for alleged differences in IQ scores across cultures.
2. It summarizes the author's earlier work on the "Certainty uncertainty principle for the social sciences" which argues that certain social factors must be considered before attributing differences to genetics.
3. The objective is to get to the truth while recognizing the complex social factors involved, in order to empower people from all backgrounds and contribute to development.
1. The document discusses the concept of race and argues that it is an outdated and flawed concept. It proposes an alternative framework called the "Comprehensive socio-cultural persecution complex" to account for alleged differences in IQ scores across cultures.
2. It summarizes the author's earlier work on the "Certainty uncertainty principle for the social sciences" which argues that certain social factors must be considered before attributing differences to genetics.
3. The objective is to get to the truth while recognizing the complex social factors involved, in order to empower people from all backgrounds and contribute to development.
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental science, including defining development, characteristics of development, developmental study as a science, and cautions from science.
2. It discusses different research methods used in developmental science like cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential research designs to study change over time.
3. Key concepts discussed include nature vs nurture, teratogens and their effects, dynamic systems theory, the ecological approach, plasticity of the brain, and ensuring research is done ethically.
This document discusses methods for conducting social research. It explains that social scientists use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods are used to study large populations and establish relationships between variables, but cannot capture the richness of individual experiences. Qualitative methods focus on understanding meanings and interpretations through techniques like interviews and observation. The document also notes that social research aims to move beyond common sense understandings and challenge prejudices by taking a scientific approach.
Implications and scope of Cross cultural psychologyLaiba Aftab Malik
Cross-cultural psychology involves the comparative study of human behavior and mental processes across different cultures. It emerged in response to criticisms that early psychology research overly relied on Western subjects and generalized findings to all cultures. Cross-cultural psychologists aim to identify both universal behaviors and unique cultural influences on areas like family, education, and social experiences. They employ emic and etic approaches - studying cultures from insider and outsider perspectives. The field also examines ethnocentrism and seeks to rectify biases in psychological research. Cross-cultural psychology continues to grow through investigating cultural differences and establishing principles like recognizing culture-specific phenomena versus universal traits. Its overarching goal is removing bias and promoting understanding of other cultures on their own
Cover LetterOne aspect of strategic planning is to develop a str.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter
One aspect of strategic planning is to develop a strong team of people. Discovering and retaining top talent may lead a company to success. Your goal for this journal assignment is to showcase why you would make a good candidate for an organization. To stand out from other candidates, you will want to write a cover letter for each position in which you apply. Cover letters allow you an opportunity to highlight your skills and competencies for potential employers.
For this assignment, you will develop a cover letter, reflect on your most relevant skills, and assess what action steps you can take to make your cover letter stronger.
To write an impactful cover letter, you should answer the following questions before you begin composing it. Starting with these questions will help provide a clear and concise message for the person reading your cover letter.
Why are you interested in the position? Consider what makes the position, organization, or company interesting to you.
What three skills or competencies do you possess that match the skills the employer is seeking in a candidate?
You can find these skills by viewing the job description. These specific skills are the reason every cover letter should be unique for each job you apply for.
Begin by reviewing the following Forbes’ articles:
Forget Cover Letters – Write A Pain Letter, Instead! (Links to an external site.)
Stop! Don’t Send That Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Tips For The Perfect Resume And Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Once you have reviewed the articles, identify a position of interest as a potential job opportunity. You may use any job search website. Two popular employment websites are
Indeed (Links to an external site.)
and CareerBuilder. After you identify a position of interest, use the job description to identify three skills or qualifications that match your background. Next, develop a cover letter by creating a three- to four-sentence paragraph highlighting your matching skills.
Carefully review the
Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Required Resources
Text
Abraham, S. (2012).
S
trategic management for organizations
. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
Chapter 1: Strategic Management
Chapter 2: Leadership, Governance, Values, and Culture
Chapter 3: Strategic Thinking
Articles
Collamer, N. (2014, February 4).
The perfect elevator pitch to land a job (Links to an external site.)
.
Forbes
. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2013/02/04/the-perfect-elevator-pitch-to-land-a-job/
This article provides information about how a 30 second summary about being the perfect candidate can help during a job interview and will assist you in your Elevator Speech discussion forum this week.
Accessibility Statement does not exist.
Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)
Ryan, L. (2014, October 12).
Forget cov.
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio Toussaint Casimir.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio
Toussaint Casimir
Walden University
NURS 6660 PMH Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child and Adolescent
February 3, 2019
Personal Philosophy Statement
Patient care is complex system that is delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Its success requires perfect harmony between the all the involving members. It is vital that the care we deliver as healthcare professional is patient – centered. Therefore, it is important to know the population that we are serving, its needs and its cultural background. In the United States more than any other country, healthcare providers should develop their cultural awareness and competence.
The stigma around the mental illness and the quality of treatment that mentally ill individuals receive have inspired me to become a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP). I have felt the necessity to stand up and do what is right as my contribution to fix this urgent issue. In our society, physical or medical diseases provoke empathy, but we demonstrate disdain for people impacted by mental conditions. Like we always say, “See it and fix it”. So, passivity is as wrong as the wrong doing.
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I will have the opportunity to care for a multicultural population with different conceptions or point of view about mental health. It is my role and responsibility to understand the cultural differences and provide support to those in need. I have learned that in the healthcare system, we should not be judgmental. My personal philosophy is to treat each and every patient as I would like to be treated. It is a moral obligation to use my knowledge to serve and educate individuals in my community. As a healthcare professional, I believe that I have the capability to change to way mentally ill individuals are viewed and treated. Through my philosophy, I will be able to advocate for holistic and empathic care for individuals with mental health conditions.
Self – Assessment
I have decided to transition from registered nurse (RN) to psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) to better serve my community. So, I have always said and believe that the more someone has the he/she can give. When I decided to go back to school to pursue my goal, I said to myself “I have to choose one of the best schools”. Finally, I have chosen Walden University that I believe meet my expectations. For my Practicum, I have chosen the Compass Health System which has been established in the South Florida since 1990, and it is well respected in the community. They offer their services through their offices and most of the hospital with mental health crisis. They are one the major teaching facilities in mental health in the South Florida.
I have selected preceptors who have been working with Compass Health System for several years. So, they acquired a very solid experience in the field. I have taken great advantage of their experience to strengthen my assessment s.
More Related Content
Similar to Unit 4 General Psychological Issues in Cultural PerspectiveS.docx
1. Researchers have typically measured values through self-report methods like rating or ranking scales. The most widely used ranking tool is the Rokeach Value Survey which ranks terminal and instrumental values.
2. Shalom Schwartz identified 10 universal human values that are consistently distinguished across cultures. His circumplex model explains how these values relate and the tradeoffs people make between competing values.
3. Values originate from psychological theories like reinforcement, social learning, and cognitive consistency, as well as life experiences that trigger self-examination. Strategies like values self-confrontation aim to change values by exposing contradictions.
This document provides an introduction to developmental science, outlining five key characteristics:
1) It is multidisciplinary, drawing from many academic fields.
2) It studies people of all kinds, everywhere, seeking universal patterns as well as individual differences.
3) Development is studied across multiple contexts like family, culture, and history.
4) Developmental science recognizes cultural diversity and the social construction of concepts like race and ethnicity.
5) Human traits demonstrate plasticity and change over time rather than being fixed.
The scientific method is applied through hypotheses testing using methods like observation, experimentation, surveys and case studies.
This lecture - given at the Colombo Institute of Research and Psychology - covers the philosophical underpinnings of key debates in psychology, including nature versus nurture, nomothetic versus idiography, free will versus determinism and reductionism versus holism.
Beyond four forces_the_evolution_of_psychotherapy (1)jayapratha9
This document discusses the evolution of psychotherapy theory through different "forces" or paradigms that have shaped the field over time. It describes how the first three forces were commonly identified as psychoanalytic, behavioral, and humanistic-existential approaches. The document then examines various theoretical models that have been described as the "fourth force" in the field, including transpersonal psychology, family systems theory, feminist psychology, multiculturalism, ecopsychology, and social constructivism. Recently, social justice and advocacy have been identified as the "fifth force." The document argues that integrative approaches represent an emerging "sixth force" and that the field is evolving toward a more comprehensive and holistic approach to address diverse individual and
The document provides an introduction to social science. It defines social science as fields of human knowledge that deal with all aspects of group life and human behavior. The main social science disciplines discussed are anthropology, sociology, geography, history, economics, political science, and psychology. For each discipline, the document outlines key areas of focus and concepts. Major approaches in social science research like the historical method and case study method are also summarized. Theories of social evolution from thinkers like Darwin, Comte, Spencer, Morgan, Marx and Engels are briefly explained in the context of how societies develop and change over time.
The document provides an overview of the science of human development. It discusses key concepts like the characteristics of development (multidirectional, multicontextual, plastic), methods of studying development (longitudinal research, cross-sectional research, experiments, surveys), and ensuring ethical research practices through codes of ethics and institutional review boards. The science of development seeks to understand how and why people change over time using empirical research and the scientific method.
Intro to Teaching Approaches in Secondary Social Studies.pptxDan Lhery Gregorious
The "New" Social Studies aims to achieve the following: provide students with a more engaging and relevant social studies education, develop students' cognitive skills to think critically about social issues, foster students' sense of civic responsibility, and teach social science concepts through hands-on learning activities. The document discusses cognitive, affective, and psychomotor taxonomies and how behavioral objectives in social sciences relate to these domains of learning.
The "New" Social Studies aims to achieve the following: provide students with a more engaging and relevant social studies education, develop students' cognitive skills to think critically about social issues, foster students' sense of civic responsibility, and teach social science concepts through hands-on learning activities. The document discusses cognitive, affective, and psychomotor taxonomies and how behavioral objectives in social sciences relate to these domains of learning.
A Comparison of Youth’s Value Systems: The Case of Vietnamese Ethnic Groups Sam Rany
This document compares the value systems of youth from Vietnamese ethnic minority and majority groups. It analyzes data from a survey of 102 students using Rokeach's Value Survey to measure terminal and instrumental values. The findings show both groups emphasize personal and political terminal values over social values. Minority youth showed less emphasis on relationships while majority youth cared less about hedonism and individualism. Both groups prioritized moral instrumental values over competence and intrinsic values. Minority youth placed more importance on achievement and competence compared to majority youth. The terminal values of the two groups were more similar than their instrumental values, with a few significant differences found between some specific values.
This document compares the value systems of youth from Vietnamese ethnic minority and majority groups. It examines terminal values (end-states of existence) and instrumental values (modes of conduct) using Rokeach's Value Survey. The findings show both groups emphasize personal and political terminal values over social values. Minority youth showed less emphasis on relationships while majority youth cared less about hedonism and individualism. Both groups prioritized moral instrumental values over competence and intrinsic values. Minority youth emphasized accomplishment and competence more. The groups' terminal values were more similar than their instrumental values, with a few significant differences found. The study contributes to understanding value exchanges during globalization in Vietnam.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental science, including:
1) Developmental science seeks to understand how and why people change over time using empirical research and the scientific method.
2) Development is influenced by both nature and nurture, as well as multiple contexts like family, history, culture, and society.
3) Researchers use various methods like observation, experiments, surveys and case studies to test hypotheses and further our understanding of human development.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental science, including its multidisciplinary nature and focus on understanding human development and change over time. It discusses five main characteristics of development - that it is multidirectional, multicontextual, multicultural, multidisciplinary, and demonstrates plasticity. It also cautions that developmental scientists must consider correlations versus causation, use both quantitative and qualitative data, and ensure research follows ethical standards and studies issues crucial to human development.
The document discusses key aspects of life span psychology including:
1) It studies changes in people from conception to death using scientific methods across diverse groups.
2) Development is influenced by both nature (genes) and nurture (environment).
3) Researchers use various methods like observation, experimentation, surveys and longitudinal studies to understand development over time.
4) Several theories aim to explain human development including psychoanalytic, cognitive, and ecological systems approaches.
“A Social Psychiatry Manifesto”
Vincenzo Di Nicola , MPhil, MD, PhD, FRCPC, DFAPA
Psychiatric Grand Rounds
VA Boston Mental Health Care System
Harvard South Shore Psychiatry Residency
April 4, 2020 at 12:00 PM Eastern Time
Purpose Statement
To give an overview of the history and current status of Social Psychiatry with some applications of relevance Veterans and their families
Several sentences that describe the training.
• What is the current knowledge deficit, or gap?
A better understanding of the contributions of social psychiatry
• How does the information you are presenting fill that gap?
By providing the broader context of social psychiatry to understand veterans and their families
• How will it benefit Veterans?
By providing a broader context, the presenter hopes to inform clinicians and policy-makers of the importance of social context and family and social relationships
Objectives
The objectives are what the learners will be able to do after attending the training. It is best that each objective has only one item being focused on.
At the conclusion of this educational program, learners will be able to:
1. Describe and define Social Psychiatry;
2. List the three main branches of Social Psychiatry;
3. Name two major public health projects of Social Psychiatry;
4. Give at least two examples of the clinical and policy relevance of Social Psychiatry for Veterans and their families.
1. The document discusses the concept of race and argues that it is an outdated and flawed concept. It proposes an alternative framework called the "Comprehensive socio-cultural persecution complex" to account for alleged differences in IQ scores across cultures.
2. It summarizes the author's earlier work on the "Certainty uncertainty principle for the social sciences" which argues that certain social factors must be considered before attributing differences to genetics.
3. The objective is to get to the truth while recognizing the complex social factors involved, in order to empower people from all backgrounds and contribute to development.
1. The document discusses the concept of race and argues that it is an outdated and flawed concept. It proposes an alternative framework called the "Comprehensive socio-cultural persecution complex" to account for alleged differences in IQ scores across cultures.
2. It summarizes the author's earlier work on the "Certainty uncertainty principle for the social sciences" which argues that certain social factors must be considered before attributing differences to genetics.
3. The objective is to get to the truth while recognizing the complex social factors involved, in order to empower people from all backgrounds and contribute to development.
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental science, including defining development, characteristics of development, developmental study as a science, and cautions from science.
2. It discusses different research methods used in developmental science like cross-sectional, longitudinal, and cross-sequential research designs to study change over time.
3. Key concepts discussed include nature vs nurture, teratogens and their effects, dynamic systems theory, the ecological approach, plasticity of the brain, and ensuring research is done ethically.
This document discusses methods for conducting social research. It explains that social scientists use both quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative methods are used to study large populations and establish relationships between variables, but cannot capture the richness of individual experiences. Qualitative methods focus on understanding meanings and interpretations through techniques like interviews and observation. The document also notes that social research aims to move beyond common sense understandings and challenge prejudices by taking a scientific approach.
Implications and scope of Cross cultural psychologyLaiba Aftab Malik
Cross-cultural psychology involves the comparative study of human behavior and mental processes across different cultures. It emerged in response to criticisms that early psychology research overly relied on Western subjects and generalized findings to all cultures. Cross-cultural psychologists aim to identify both universal behaviors and unique cultural influences on areas like family, education, and social experiences. They employ emic and etic approaches - studying cultures from insider and outsider perspectives. The field also examines ethnocentrism and seeks to rectify biases in psychological research. Cross-cultural psychology continues to grow through investigating cultural differences and establishing principles like recognizing culture-specific phenomena versus universal traits. Its overarching goal is removing bias and promoting understanding of other cultures on their own
Similar to Unit 4 General Psychological Issues in Cultural PerspectiveS.docx (20)
Cover LetterOne aspect of strategic planning is to develop a str.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter
One aspect of strategic planning is to develop a strong team of people. Discovering and retaining top talent may lead a company to success. Your goal for this journal assignment is to showcase why you would make a good candidate for an organization. To stand out from other candidates, you will want to write a cover letter for each position in which you apply. Cover letters allow you an opportunity to highlight your skills and competencies for potential employers.
For this assignment, you will develop a cover letter, reflect on your most relevant skills, and assess what action steps you can take to make your cover letter stronger.
To write an impactful cover letter, you should answer the following questions before you begin composing it. Starting with these questions will help provide a clear and concise message for the person reading your cover letter.
Why are you interested in the position? Consider what makes the position, organization, or company interesting to you.
What three skills or competencies do you possess that match the skills the employer is seeking in a candidate?
You can find these skills by viewing the job description. These specific skills are the reason every cover letter should be unique for each job you apply for.
Begin by reviewing the following Forbes’ articles:
Forget Cover Letters – Write A Pain Letter, Instead! (Links to an external site.)
Stop! Don’t Send That Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Tips For The Perfect Resume And Cover Letter (Links to an external site.)
Once you have reviewed the articles, identify a position of interest as a potential job opportunity. You may use any job search website. Two popular employment websites are
Indeed (Links to an external site.)
and CareerBuilder. After you identify a position of interest, use the job description to identify three skills or qualifications that match your background. Next, develop a cover letter by creating a three- to four-sentence paragraph highlighting your matching skills.
Carefully review the
Grading Rubric (Links to an external site.)
for the criteria that will be used to evaluate your assignment.
Required Resources
Text
Abraham, S. (2012).
S
trategic management for organizations
. Retrieved from https://content.ashford.edu/
Chapter 1: Strategic Management
Chapter 2: Leadership, Governance, Values, and Culture
Chapter 3: Strategic Thinking
Articles
Collamer, N. (2014, February 4).
The perfect elevator pitch to land a job (Links to an external site.)
.
Forbes
. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2013/02/04/the-perfect-elevator-pitch-to-land-a-job/
This article provides information about how a 30 second summary about being the perfect candidate can help during a job interview and will assist you in your Elevator Speech discussion forum this week.
Accessibility Statement does not exist.
Privacy Policy (Links to an external site.)
Ryan, L. (2014, October 12).
Forget cov.
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio Toussaint Casimir.docxmarilucorr
Cover Letter, Resume, and Portfolio
Toussaint Casimir
Walden University
NURS 6660 PMH Nurse Practitioner Role I: Child and Adolescent
February 3, 2019
Personal Philosophy Statement
Patient care is complex system that is delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Its success requires perfect harmony between the all the involving members. It is vital that the care we deliver as healthcare professional is patient – centered. Therefore, it is important to know the population that we are serving, its needs and its cultural background. In the United States more than any other country, healthcare providers should develop their cultural awareness and competence.
The stigma around the mental illness and the quality of treatment that mentally ill individuals receive have inspired me to become a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP). I have felt the necessity to stand up and do what is right as my contribution to fix this urgent issue. In our society, physical or medical diseases provoke empathy, but we demonstrate disdain for people impacted by mental conditions. Like we always say, “See it and fix it”. So, passivity is as wrong as the wrong doing.
As a psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner, I will have the opportunity to care for a multicultural population with different conceptions or point of view about mental health. It is my role and responsibility to understand the cultural differences and provide support to those in need. I have learned that in the healthcare system, we should not be judgmental. My personal philosophy is to treat each and every patient as I would like to be treated. It is a moral obligation to use my knowledge to serve and educate individuals in my community. As a healthcare professional, I believe that I have the capability to change to way mentally ill individuals are viewed and treated. Through my philosophy, I will be able to advocate for holistic and empathic care for individuals with mental health conditions.
Self – Assessment
I have decided to transition from registered nurse (RN) to psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner (PMHNP) to better serve my community. So, I have always said and believe that the more someone has the he/she can give. When I decided to go back to school to pursue my goal, I said to myself “I have to choose one of the best schools”. Finally, I have chosen Walden University that I believe meet my expectations. For my Practicum, I have chosen the Compass Health System which has been established in the South Florida since 1990, and it is well respected in the community. They offer their services through their offices and most of the hospital with mental health crisis. They are one the major teaching facilities in mental health in the South Florida.
I have selected preceptors who have been working with Compass Health System for several years. So, they acquired a very solid experience in the field. I have taken great advantage of their experience to strengthen my assessment s.
This document outlines the sections and methodology for a research proposal. It includes sections for an executive summary, introduction, research questions, data collection methods, sampling design, data analysis, and ethics. The proposal will explore a defined research problem, generate 2-4 research questions to address, collect both primary and secondary data using qualitative and quantitative methods, analyze the data using statistical techniques, and address any ethical considerations.
couse name Enterprise risk management From your research, dis.docxmarilucorr
couse name : Enterprise risk management
From your research, discuss whether or not your organization has ISO 27001 certification. Outside of overall protection from cyber-attacks, describe, in detail, some other benefits your organization will achieve in obtaining this certification. If your company does not have this certification, how can they go about obtaining it?
.
Courts have reasoned that hospitals have a duty to reserve their b.docxmarilucorr
Courts have reasoned that hospitals have a duty to reserve their beds and facilities for patients who genuinely need them.” (Showalter) Who do you feel this ‘duty’ is owed to? (Current patients? Future patients? Staff? Shareholders? Community? Others?)
Requirements: 250 words minimum APA Style
.
Court Operations and Sentencing GuidelinesPeriodically, se.docxmarilucorr
Court Operations and Sentencing Guidelines
Periodically, sentencing guidelines will be changed at both the federal and state court levels. When this occurs impacted courts must realign their operations to accommodate the changes that have occurred. Sentencing guidelines alterations can alter court operations along a wide range from simply updating sentencing documents all the way to complex changes in overall court operations (e.g., method for handling sentencing hearings).
In your initial response,
A) Evaluate how sentencing guideline changes can impact the administration of court operations.
B) As part of your response discuss steps that court personnel must take to realign court operations to accommodate new sentencing guidelines when the changes have a major impact on the way offenders are sentenced.
Assignment Instructions:
1) Based on research, and
2) Using professional, scholarly sources, and
3) Submitted in APA 6th ed style, and
4) A minimum of 450 words, excluding the references list.
.
Course Competencies/ Learning Objectives
Course Learning Objectives
Assessment Method
Recognize the activities involved in securing the operations of an enterprise and identify the technologies used to maintain network and resource availability.
Labs, case project, and exams
Identify the effects of various hardware and software violations on the system, and recognize how different types of operational and life-cycle assurance are used to secure operations.
Labs, case project, and exams
Determine the effects of different attacks on the network and identify the consequences of those effects.
Labs, case project, and exams
Recognize how different auditing and monitoring techniques are used to identify and protect against system and network attacks.
Labs, case project, and exams
Recognize the need for resource protection, distinguish between e- mail protocols, and identify different types of e-mail vulnerability.
Labs, case project, and exams
Identify basic mechanisms and security issues associated with the Web, and recognize different technologies for transferring and sharing files over the Internet.
Labs, case project, and exams
Recognize key reconnaissance attack methods and identify different types of administrative management and media storage control.
Labs, case project, and exams
Identify the appropriate security measures and controls for creating a more secure workspace.
Labs, case project, and exams
.
Coursework 2 – Presentation Report The aim of this 1000-word r.docxmarilucorr
Coursework 2 – Presentation Report:
The aim of this 1000-word report is to develop ideas discussed and questions asked during the delivery of the presentation. This will allow the development of analytical and critical investigative skills, along with skills of communication and presentation. This can be written in the style of a mini essay, in which you can further elaborate on concepts raised in the presentation, and also offer references to the relevant resources used.
they idea is not to repeat what I wrote but more on to think more about questions raised and explore them and other questions.
Harvard referencing and bibliography.
I have uploaded the presentation and the rubric below as well as the reading list for this topic from my course(more readings in the power point presentation reference list).
.
COURSE InfoTech in a Global Economy Do you feel that countri.docxmarilucorr
COURSE: InfoTech in a Global Economy
Do you feel that countries and companies need explicit strategies for technology development, given the tremendous amount of largely spontaneous creativity that occurs today, often in areas where new technologies are not expected to exert a great influence. Why or why not?
please cite properly in APA
At least one scholarly source should be used in the initial discussion thread.
.
Course Themes Guide The English 112 course will focus o.docxmarilucorr
Course Themes Guide
The English 112 course will focus on a central theme that runs throughout the course. Students
will choose a theme, and then use this theme when completing assignments under modules 2-4.
Course Themes:
o Addiction
o Aging, death, and dying
o Body image/eating disorders
o Coming of Age
o Heterosexual gender roles: equality and civil rights
o Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender roles: equality and civil rights
o Mental illness: schizophrenia, OCD, bipolar disorder
o Physical disability, impairment, and disfigurement
o Psychosis and violence
o War and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Module Two: Course Theme Literary Analysis
In Module Two, students will work on a literary analysis. To complete the analysis, course theme
will have to be paired with a fictional work (such as a fictional short story, poem, play, or film).
Below are some suggested fictional works listed under their corresponding course themes.
Author names are provided parenthetically. Most of the suggested stories/poems/plays can be
found through a quick web search. If a story is unavailable, inform the instructor so he or she
may assist you.
Addiction:
“Babylon Revisited” (F. Scott Fitzgerald)
“Sonny’s Blues” (James Baldwin)
Aging, death, and dying
“Thanatopsis” (William Cullen Bryant)
“Midterm Break” (Seamus Heaney);
“Death Be Not Proud” (John Donne)
Time Flies (David Ives)
Body image/eating disorders
“Barbie Doll” (Marge Piercy)
Wasted (Marya Hornbacher)
Coming of Age
“A&P” (John Updike)
“How Far She Went” (Mary Hood)
“Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?” (Joyce Carol Oates)
Heterosexual gender roles: equality and civil rights
“A Work of Artifice” (Marge Piercy)
“The Curse” (Andre Dubus)
“Yellow Wallpaper” (Charlotte Perkins Gilman)
Trifles (Susan Glaspell)
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender roles: equality and civil rights
“Life After High School” (Joyce Carol Oates)
“Paul’s Case” (Willa Cather)
A Streetcar Named Desire (Tennessee Williams)
Mental illness: schizophrenia, OCD, bipolar disorder
“A Rose for Emily” (William Faulkner)
“The Tale-Tell Heart” (Edgar Allan Poe)
“Bartleby” (Herman Melville)
Physical disability, impairment, and disfigurement
“Everyday Use” (Alice Walker)
“Good Country People” (Flannery O’Connor)
“The Birthmark” (Nathaniel Hawthorne)
Psychosis and violence
“A Good Man Is Hard to Find” (Flannery O’Connor)
“The Curse” (Andre Dubus)
“The Cask of Amontillado” (Edgar Allan Poe)
“Hunters in the Snow” (Tobias Wolff)
War and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The Red Badge of Courage (Stephen Crane)
“Soldiers Home” (Ernest Hemingway)
“The Things They Carried” (Tim O’Brien)
“The Thing in the Forest” (A.S. Byatt)
Modules Three and Four: Course Theme Research
In Modules Three and Four, you will research your course themes in the social and natural
sciences. Keywords will.
Course SyllabusPrerequisitesThere are no prerequisites for PHI20.docxmarilucorr
Course Syllabus
Prerequisites
There are no prerequisites for PHI208.
Course Description
This course explores key philosophical concepts from an ethical perspective. Students will analyze selected assertions of knowledge and the methods of reasoning humans use to justify these claims. Through research into theories of science and religion, as well as the theoretical and empirical challenges these institutions of thought face, students will also investigate how the mind constructs and understands reality. This will provide a foundation for an exploration into questions of morality, in which students will look at traditional and contemporary ethical theories, and apply these theories to contemporary moral issues.
Course Design
In this course, students will be introduced to various ethical theories and practical ethical issues. 1) Students will examine and engage dominant theories of ethics, as well as relativism, and how the relativist position argues against universal ethical principles. Students will utilize what they learn about those ethical theories to examine a contemporary ethical issue and reflect on their own ideas about relativism. 2) Students will examine consequentialist ethical theory and responses to the consequentialist position. 3) Students will examine deontological ethical theory. 4) Students will examine virtue ethics. 5) Students will examine feminist ethics and how feminist ethics relate and attempt to break free from the previous ethical positions. While students are learning about the various ethical theories they will also examine articles that utilize the theories to make arguments in relation to contemporary moral problems. Students will ultimately be asked to choose a contemporary moral problem and apply the ethical theories to the moral problem, while also explaining which theory they find to provide the strongest position.
Course Learning Outcomes
Upon successful completion of this course, students will be able to:
Define the nature and scope of morality and ethics.
Differentiate among traditional ethical theories.
Interpret philosophical thought through critical thinking.
Apply the concepts of ethical and moral reasoning to contemporary issues.
Determine one’s own ethical perspectives through personal reflection.
Course Map
The course map illustrates the careful design of the course through which each learning objective is supported by one or more specific learning activities in order to create integrity and pedagogical depth in the learning experience.
LEARNING OUTCOME
WEEK
ASSIGNMENT
Define the nature and scope of morality and ethics.
1
1
1
2
2
3
4
4
5
5
Week One Discussion
Week One Readings Quiz
Week One Media Quiz
Week Two Readings Quiz
Week Two Media Quiz
Week Three Readings Quiz
Week Four Readings Quiz
Week Four Media Quiz
Week Five Readings Quiz
Final Exam
Differentiate among traditional ethical theories.
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
5
Week One Readings Quiz
Week Two Readings Quiz
Week Two Media Quiz
Week Three .
COURSE SYLLABUSData Analysis and Reporting Spring 2019.docxmarilucorr
COURSE SYLLABUS
Data Analysis and Reporting
Spring 2019
I. Class
· Course Description: Students will gain practical experience in using advanceddatabase techniques and data visualization, data warehousing, reporting and other Business Intelligence (BI) tools. Contemporary BI tools and technologies will be used to create intelligent solutions to realistic problems.
· Course Objectives:
1. Effectively understand the evolution of business analytics needs and to develop an appreciation for issues in managing data/information/knowledge.
2. Apply in advanced database techniques in designing and executing complex queries in enterprise level database management information systems (Oracle,
SQL server, DB2 …).
3. Understand data warehousing administration and security issues.
4. Apply data extraction, transformation, and load (ETL) processes.
5. Administer and build reports
BI. Required Course Materials
· Free eBooks and other software resources will be posted on Blackboard.
· We use the Microsoft SQL Server 2017 in this class through a virtual machine that you can access from home or from campus.
· The on-campus computer lab in the business building located off the Atrium is available for student use and has the necessary computers and software. Computer lab hours can be found at: http://ualr.edu/cob/student-services/advising/advising-faq/
· Some of the assignments will require Microsoft Office software (e.g., MS Word, Excel, etc.). One way to get access to the MS Office software is get a free subscription to MS Office 365 ProPlus. Get the MS Office software here for free..
2
IV.
Course Grading
Course grading will be the combination of exams, term project, assignments, and quizzes. Grades are based on: A: 90~ 100%, B: 80~ 89%, C: 70~ 79%, D: 60~ 69%, F: 59 as described below. Graduate students will be evaluated using the same criteria as the undergraduate students. However, they will have to submit an additional assignments and/or extra project.
Grade Element
%
A.
Participation
10%
B.
Reading Quizzes
20%
C.
Assignments
30%
D.
Assignment Quizzes
10%
E.
Exams (three)
30%
Total
100%
A. Participation
You will be responsible for various in-class activities that will allow you to exercise your skills and knowledge, stimulate your critical thinking, and perform your assignments. You are expected to attend all the sessions, come to the class before it starts, stay in class for lectures and assignments, and participate with all class activities. Failure in any of these four areas will impact your participation grade.
Class attendance, measured as a percentage of classes attended where role is called, sets the baseline for the participation grade (e.g., 80% means you attended 8 out of 10 classes and did not leave those classes early). Additional points may be removed for non-participation in classroom activities or discussions.
· Class attendances will be verified at the beginning of each class. Students will be count.
COURSE SYLLABUS ADDENDUM INTEGRATED CASE ANALYSIS CRITERIA.docxmarilucorr
COURSE SYLLABUS ADDENDUM
INTEGRATED CASE ANALYSIS CRITERIA
Management 350: Administrative Communications
Instructor: Anna Phillips
An individual integrative case analysis, which applies pertinent course concepts and theories to illustrate actual organizational issues, will be due on date of presentation.
One (1) page, typed, double-spaced DRAFT of Integrative Case Analysis
Identify the organization (manufacturing, service, government, import/export, etc)
Identify human relations theory, communication issues, intercultural relationships, and ethics as they relate to your organization.
Explain your role in the organization, if any.
The research report will determine 40 points towards the final grade for the course.
The written integrative case analysis should be:
typed, double-spaced, a minimum of ten (10) pages and a maximum of fifteen (15) pages.
use MLA format.
Do Not use Wikipedia as a resource.
Presentation paper will be accompanied by a 10- minute oral presentation on a business topic to be agreed upon with instructor.
1 page, typed, double-spaced DRAFT of Integrative Case Analysis (see schedule)
Remember to use the RULE of 3. Three (3) theories or concepts and three (3) examples of each theory or concept in the analysis of the case. Clearly you cannot address all of the theories or concepts identified in the text – suggest selecting 3 theories or concepts which relate to your case and then provide 3 examples of how the theory or concept applies to the case
Individual 10 minute oral PowerPoint presentation.
Written and oral report will determine 40% of a student’s final grade for the course. (see individual presentation rating sheet)
Overview of paper
Cover Page
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
Human Relations Theory
Communication issues
Intercultural
Ethics
Conclusion
Works Cited
Written Analysis will include all of the information on the Rating sheet. The structure of the written assignment is as follows:
Cover Page … with the name of your topic, a list of the students presenting the topic, the date and the course name
The Table of Contents which is a listing of the topics the written paper will cover
The Executive Summary outlines the observations of the organization. The Executive Summary is the first section of the paper however it is the last section to be written.
The reason for writing this section last is that you need to have written the entire document so that you are able to identify the key ideas the reader expects in the paper.
REMEMBER the Executive Summary is for the EXECUTIVE. This means it needs to attract the Executive to either read the rest of the document or, more likely, refer the document to the appropriate staff person to read e.g. marketing, production, legal, etc.
This section can be as long as 1 pages and is clearly longer than a paragraph.
The Body of the written analysis will feature those theories or concepts attached to the case (see the.
Course SuccessHabits Matter1. Professors are influenced by you.docxmarilucorr
Course Success
Habits Matter
1. Professors are influenced by your behaviors (texting, excessively late/absent, etc.) which could impact your grade.
2. Do your best with every assignment by asking questions and making corrections because details matter!
3. Do work early, procrastination will usually result in poor work quality or failure to submit assignments.
4. Participation helps collective classroom learning and increases the chance of receiving a favorable letter of recommendations.
Communicating Via Email
1. Start off by indicating your course name/section, day and time.
2. Subject: Intro. Criminal Justice 111-02 (Tues. 6pm.) Class Absence
3. Always type in your “main reason” for the email.
4. It should be an “attention getter” such as a newspaper heading.
5. Proof read your e-mail! Download and use Ginger application on phone
6. Always end email with your full name and student ID #
Writing Format
1. Use Times New Roman 12 point Font.
2. Keep margins at 1 inch
3. Click “No Spacing” at the top of your Microsoft Word document
4. “Single space” discussion boards and “double space” reports, midterm and final papers.
5. Subtitles should be bold and flush left/upper and lower case(center for research papers and don’t bold).
6. Indent (TAB .5) at the beginning of every paragraph.
7. Write short, clear and concise sentences (Do not type I think, I belive, I feel, etc. just state your point).
8. A paragraph is a minimum of 5 sentences. You must have additional paragraphs for sections having more than 12 sentences.
Subtitles
Use subtitles in every essay! This ensures that both you and the reader will remain focused on the topic in each section (see your college textbook). When a professor is reading an average of one hundred papers, one right after another, it can become confusing attempting to figure out what your specific paper is about.
Your subtitles should be like newspaper headings, short and grabs the readers attention. You should consider using subtitles for sections having more thanfour paragraphs. The ‘References’ subtitle (which is always last) should be centered. Look at the effectiveness of subtitles from Dr. King’s Autobiography.
Early Years
Born as Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929, Martin Luther King Jr. was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. The King and Williams families were rooted in rural Georgia. Martin Jr.'s grandfather, A.D. Williams, was a rural minister for years and then moved to Atlanta in 1893. He took over the small, struggling Ebenezer Baptist church with around 13 members and made it into a forceful congregation. He married Jennie Celeste Parks and they had one child that survived, Alberta. Michael King Sr. came from a sharecropper family in a poor farming community. He married Alberta in 1926 after an eight-year courtship. The newlyweds moved to A.D. Williams home in Atlanta.
Michael King Sr. stepped in as pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church upon the death of h.
Course ScenarioYou have been hired as the Human Resources Di.docxmarilucorr
Course Scenario
You have been hired as the Human Resources Director for a global organization that is headquartered in the United States. Your job is to evaluate and make recommendations in the area of diversity for your company. Each section will contain specific areas within diversity for you to focus on. You will be tasked with choosing from one of the diversity areas that are provided to you. Be sure to conduct research using the university library and other relevant sources.
Diversity Areas
(Select one, and continue to use for all modules)
· Race
· Gender
· Sexual orientation
· Religion
· Ethnicity
Instructions
In your first days of your new role, you have noticed a lack of diversity initiatives. Your CEO has come to you and asked for a brief executive summary outlining the importance of your selected diversity group in the workplace.
For your report you have been asked to reflect and address the following sets of questions:
· Introduce the diversity area you have selected through an executive summary.
· What are two benefits of having your selected diversity group represented in the workplace?
· How does the diversity group contribute to a collaborative and innovative environment?
· Conclude your report; why it is important to address this diverse group in the workplace?
1-2 Pages
.
Course ScenarioPresently, your multinational organization us.docxmarilucorr
Course Scenario
Presently, your multinational organization uses steel at locations across the U.S. and globally with operations in Mexico, Russia, India, and China. Your boss is tasked with developing a global Request for Proposal (RFP) for gathering and comparing steel suppliers. In preparation for the RFP, he
has tasked you with building an internal data collection tool to identify key questions to include within the RFP
. The purpose of your survey is to identify all key information that is needed for the RFP, and the data collection tool will be sent to managers across the U.S. and globe. The data collection tool is a survey administered through email. Furthermore, the tool must contain a maximum of 10 questions and include the following:
Cost
Volume
Locations
Safety
You will also need to create templates supporting the project plan, including an action list, meeting minutes, and a risk management tool with strong supporting evidence. The time allotment from start to finish for this project by your boss is three months.
.
COURSE RTM 300 (Recreation and Community Development (V. Ward)).docxmarilucorr
COURSE: RTM 300 (Recreation and Community Development (V. Ward))
Paper Content Checklist
This is provided to assist you with your paper organization, thought process and making connections of material you find. For example, after collecting all of your social media entries into the chart provided below, you could also make your own summary chart sorted by the type of media and the key findings from each that could be incorporated into the paper itself.
Type of Evidence Informing and Supporting Your Paper
Key Concepts or Ideas from Evidence/ Source
Programs and
Solution
s for Tourism, Parks, Hospitality, Recreation and Entertainment Industry Professionals
Citation in APA Format
Peer-reviewed, Published Journal Articles
Proposal for building housing for homeless individuals in Chatsworth. The idea is to bring dozens of units of homeless housing to Chatsworth. The Homelessness and Poverty Committee passed its concept.
The programs proposed is building units of houses to reduce the homelessness. The building will create a new image in the region, thus attract development of recreational facilities such as swimming pool and slides for kids. Other facilities such as entertainment and hospitality will develop
Reyes, E. A. (2019). Hotly contested plan for homeless housing in Valley district moves forward. Los Angeles Times, Retrieved from https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2019-09-18/homeless-housing-vote-chatsworth
Community-focused publications by professional organizations or non-profits, NGOs
It ensures optimal services for children and families by providing the required tools and information to program evaluations and strategic planning.
The Research Department offers a professional community assessment for any project. It focuses on solutions to the wellbeing of child care to diminish homelessness. Improve the SMEs and hospitality industries.
Ccrclacl. (n.d.). Child Care Resource Center. Retrieved from https://www.ccrcca.org/resources/research-evaluation
Media: Television broadcasts, public television specials, radio, social media tracking of the topic (homelessness), e.g., KABC Facebook site on Homelessness and blog posts
Approval of HHH Funding to build houses in Chatsworth. It defines ideas that were met by the Homelessness Committee to approve the building of proposed Topanga Apartments development
The approval of the project will see Chatsworth develop into a business area. This new attraction will push solution for tourism Parks and hospitality industries. They will be prepared to meet the basic entertainments and recreations needs of the residents.
Linton, J., & Newton, D. (2019, September 19). Committee Narrowly Approves HHH Funding for Chatsworth Housing, Over Opposition From Councilmember Lee. Retrieved from https://la.streetsblog.org/2019/09/19/committee-narrowly-approves-hhh-funding-for-chatsworth-housing-over-opposition-from-councilmember-lee/
REMEMBER: Cite the source (including web addresses) of any tables or .
Course: Retail Management
Par
t1:
D
ra
ft
Par
t2:
F
in
a
l
R
e
p
o
r
t
Par
t
3: Presentation
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
research
pr
o
j
e
c
t
You need to prepare a Draft For this Assignment,
Y
o
u
w
il
l
b
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
t
o
s
u
b
m
i
t
a
dra
ft
in
W
eek
5
t
u
t
o
r
i
a
l
,
w
hi
c
h
w
il
l
b
ew
ort
h
10%
.
M
a
k
e
s
ur
e
tha
t
you
ha
v
e
l
i
s
t
e
d
a
l
l
t
h
e
h
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
an
d
s
u
b
h
e
a
d
i
n
g
s
i
n
th
e
dra
ft
s
o
t
h
a
t
the
l
e
c
t
ur
e
r
c
a
n
s
eew
ha
t
y
o
u
ar
e
pr
o
p
o
s
i
n
g
t
o
und
e
rtak
e.
Thi
sw
i
l
l
a
s
s
i
s
t
y
o
u
i
n
pr
e
p
a
r
i
n
g
a
c
o
m
pr
e
h
e
n
s
i
v
e
r
e
por
t
tha
t
w
il
l
h
e
l
p
y
o
u
t
o
o
b
t
a
i
n
a
b
e
tt
er
m
a
r
k
.
F
o
r
t
h
e
t
e
a
m project,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
l
s
o
p
r
e
s
e
nt
ed
to
th
e
c
l
a
s
s
d
ur
i
n
g
t
h
e
l
a
s
t
s
e
s
s
i
o
n
,
s
tud
e
nt
s
need
t
o
addr
e
s
s
on
e
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
ll
o
w
i
n
g
t
o
p
i
c
s
an
d
pr
e
par
e
a
3
,
500w
or
d
a
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
:
A
.
R
e
t
a
ili
n
g
in
(
y
o
uc
a
nc
hoo
s
ef
ro
m
:
an
yc
ountr
y
in
t
h
e
A
s
i
a
n
Pa
cific
R
egi
on
).
I
n
t
h
i
s
a
ss
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
y
o
u
n
eed
t
o
ex
p
l
a
i
n
i
n
d
e
pt
h
how
r
e
t
a
i
l
i
n
g
d
i
ff
e
r
s
i
n
y
ou
rc
ountr
y
o
f
c
h
o
i
c
e
f
r
o
m
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
.
If
y
o
uc
hoo
s
e
t
h
i
s
a
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
y
o
u
w
il
l
pr
e
f
e
r
a
b
l
y
Be
w
e
ll
a
c
q
u
a
i
n
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
u
ntr
y
o
f
y
ou
r
c
h
o
i
c
e
t
h
r
ou
g
h
b
e
i
n
g
bor
n
th
e
r
e
o
r
hav
i
n
g
l
i
v
ed
t
h
e
r
e.
I
t
i
s
a
l
s
o
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
t
o
d
o
t
h
i
s
a
s
s
i
g
n
m
e
n
t
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
h
a
v
i
n
g
v
i
s
i
t
e
d
t
h
e
c
o
untr
y
bu
t
y
o
u
w
il
l
th
en
n
eed
t
o
r
e
ly
m
o
r
e
o
n
pu
b
li
s
h
e
d
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
.
T
h
e
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
tha
t
may
b
e
r
e
l
e
v
a
n
t
w
o
u
l
d
e
x
a
m
i
n
e
t
o
p
i
c
s
s
u
ch
a
s
:
ar
e
th
e
r
e
shopping
c
e
nte
rs
in
t
h
e
s
a
me
f
o
r
m
a
s we
h
a
v
e
i
n
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
?
If
not
,
ho
w
d
o
th
ey
d
i
ff
e
r
?
A
r
e
t
h
e
r
e
s
up
e
r
m
a
r
k
e
t
s
that
are
t
h
e
s
a
me
a
s
tho
s
e
i
n
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
?
If
n
o
t
ho
w
d
o
th
ey
d
i
ff
e
r
?
–f
o
r
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
,
i
n
M
a
l
a
ys
i
a
b
eer
a
n
d
w
i
n
e
m
a
y
b
e
pu
r
c
ha
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
up
e
r
m
ark
et
a
l
o
n
g
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
pro
d
u
c
t
s
r
ath
er
t
h
a
n
b
e
i
n
g
s
e
pa
r
at
ed
a
s
i
n
A
u
s
t
r
a
li
a
.
T
h
e
d
e
p
a
rtm
e
n
t
s
tor
es
an
d
d
i
s
c
o
u
n
t
s
tor
e
s
tha
t
we
kn
o
w
i
n
A
u
s
t
r
a
l
i
a
s
u
ch
a
s
D
av
i
d
J
o
n
e
s
,
M
y
e
r
s
,
T
a
r
g
e
t
,
K
M
a
r
t
a
n
d
s
o
o
n
m
a
y
b
e
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
i
n
oth
er
countries
.
T
r
y
t
o
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
a
l
l
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
y
o
uc
a
n
an
d
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
ho
w
th
e
s
e
differences
a
ff
e
c
t
th
e
r
e
t
a
i
l
i
n
g
o
f
pro
d
u
c
t
s
i
n
t
h
ec
ountr
y
o
f
y
ou
r
c
h
o
i
c
e
.
p
o
i
n
t
f
o
r
y
ou
r
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
.
.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. http://www.iaccp.org/drupal/
mailto:[email protected]
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Abstract
People's attitudes are based on the relatively few, stable values
they hold. Kluckhohn
and Strodtbeck's (1961) Values Orientation Theory proposes
that all human societies must
answer a limited number of universal problems, that the value-
based solutions are limited in
number and universally known, but that different cultures have
different preferences among
them. Suggested questions include humans' relations with time,
nature and each other, as
well as basic human motives and the nature of human nature.
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
suggested alternate answers to all five, developed culture-
specific measures of each, and
described the value orientation profiles of five SW USA cultural
groups. Their theory has since
been tested in many other cultures, and used to help negotiating
ethnic groups understand
one another, and to examine the inter-generational value
changes caused by migration.
Other theories of universal values (Rokeach, Hofstede,
Schwartz) have produced value
concepts sufficiently similar to suggest that a truly universal set
of human values does exist
and that cross-cultural psychologists are close to discovering
what they are.
Creative Commons License
3. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-
Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0
License.
This article is available in Online Readings in Psychology and
Culture: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
INTRODUCTION
Cross-cultural psychology has two broad aims: to understand
the differences between
human beings who come from different cultural backgrounds,
and to understand the
similarities between all human beings. The similarities may be
sought at all levels – from
the physiological (our eyes are able to perceive colour) through
the cognitive (we are also
able to perceive perspective, or relative distance), to the
personal (we can be both happy
and sad, gentle or aggressive) to the social (we all relate to our
parents and siblings), to
the cultural (we all share cultural norms with others of the same
cultural background).
4. These cultural norms can take a variety of forms. They may be
quite concrete and
specific, like the type of clothing we find acceptable on a given
occasion, or extremely
complex and abstract, as are our religious beliefs. An important
type of norm is the
concept we have of ourselves in relation to other objects and
people. These may range
from our belief about the nature of human nature (Wrightsman,
1992), to the opinions we
hold (our political opinions, for instance) to the attitudes we
have toward a variety of
concepts which we hold. Attitudes have long been studied by
psychologists – especially
social psychologists. For the first half of the twentieth century,
it was believed that if we
could measure them accurately, they would enable us to predict
human behaviour. And
predicting behaviour is what all psychology is about.
However, as we became more psychometrically sophisticated,
and able to measure
attitudes accurately with instruments such as the Likert
summated ratings scale, we
5. learned that attitudes are much more complex than we had
realised, and that they have to
be measured very carefully, and a number of other factors such
as context and strength
taken into account before any accuracy of prediction could be
claimed. Moreover we all
have so many attitudes, they change so readily, and they vary so
much over time and
situation, that any one attitude can predict only a relatively
small amount of behaviour.
Social psychologists therefore started looking for more
fundamental, slower changing
concept which might give more reliable behavioural prediction.
One such concept is the
values which a person holds. Values are seen as being relatively
few in number. Perhaps
the best-known student of values is Rokeach (1979), who
suggests that there are at most
36 values held by human beings. Moreover they are considered
to be widely, and perhaps
universally held. Concepts such as honesty and courage, peace
and wisdom, are
recognised in all human cultures. On the other hand, Hofstede
(1980, 2001), in a huge
6. world-wide study, has been able to find no more than five which
are universally held.
Nevertheless the idea that there are basic human values, and
that they are
measurable, has been exciting psychologists to investigate them
for many years, from
Allport, Vernon and Lindzey in 1931 to the present day. It has
been widely accepted that
uncovering those values, and devising means of measuring
them, would facilitate valuable
insight into the similarities and differences between human
beings from differing cultural
backgrounds.
One theory of basic human values which has been very
influential is that of
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961). Florence Kluckhohn and
Fred Strodtbeck set out to
operationalise a theoretical approach to the values concept
developed by Florence's
3
Hills: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011
7. husband, Clyde Kluckhohn (1949, 1952). He argued that humans
share biological traits
and characteristics which form the basis for the development of
culture, and that people
typically feel their own cultural beliefs and practices are normal
and natural, and those of
others are strange, or even inferior or abnormal. He defined a
value as: "A conception,
explicit or implicit, distinctive of an individual or characteristic
of a group, of the desirable
which influences the selection from available modes, means and
ends of action."
(Kluckhohn, 1951, p 395).
Florence Kluckhohn and Fred Strodtbeck (1961) developed a
theory which put these
principles into action. They started with three basic
assumptions:
• "There is a limited number of common human problems for
which all peoples must
at all times find some solution".
• "While there is variability in solutions of all the problems, it
is neither limitless nor
8. random but is definitely variable within a range of possible
solutions".
• "All alternatives of all solutions are present in all societies at
all times but are
differentially preferred".
They suggested that the solutions for these problems preferred
by a given society reflects
that society's values. Consequently, measurement of the
preferred solutions would
indicate the values espoused by that society. They suggested
five basic types of problem
to be solved by every society:
• On what aspect of time should we primarily focus – past,
present or future?
• What is the relationship between Humanity and its natural
environment – mastery,
submission or harmony?
• How should individuals relate with others – hierarchically
(which they called
"Lineal"), as equals ("Collateral"), or according to their
individual merit?
9. • What is the prime motivation for behaviour – to express one's
self ("Being"), to
grow ("Being-in-becoming"), or to achieve?
• What is the nature of human nature – good, bad ("Evil") or a
mixture?
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) also suggested a sixth value
dimension of Space (Here,
There, or Far Away) but did not explore it further. They then
speled out the possible
answers to each of the questions, arguing that the preferred
answer in any society reflects
the basic orientation of the society to that aspect of its
environment. The orientations to
each question are shown in Table 1.
In proposing orientations to the Nature of Human nature
question, Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck suggested that there are two dimensions involved –
good, bad or mixed, and
that of mutability, or whether we are born the way we are and
cannot change, or can learn
to change (in either direction). Moreover they suggested that
"mixed" may mean either
both good and bad, or neutral. Taking all these considerations
10. into account simultaneously
gives us the possible orientations shown in Table 2.
4
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4, Subunit 4,
Chapter 3
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
Table 1.
Four basic questions and the value orientations reflected in their
answers.
Question Orientation Description
Time Past We focus on the past (the time before now), and on
preserving and maintaining traditional teachings
and beliefs.
Present We focus on the present (what is now), and on
accommodating changes in beliefs and traditions.
Future We focus on the future (the time to come), planning
ahead, and seeking new ways to replace the old.
11. Humanity and Natural
Environment
Mastery We can and should exercise total control over the
forces of, and in, nature and the super-natural
Harmonious We can and should exercise partial but not total
control by living in a balance with the natural forces
Submissive We cannot and should not exercise control over
natural forces but, rather, are subject to the higher
power of these forces.
Relating to other people Hierarchical
(“Lineal”)
Emphasis on hierarchical principles and deferring
to higher authority or authorities within the group
As equals
(“Collateral”)
Emphasis on consensus within the extended group
of equals
Individualistic Emphasis on the individual or individual
12. families
within the group who make decisions independently
from others
Motive for behaving Being Our motivation is internal,
emphasising activity
valued by our self but not necessarily by others in
the group
Being-in-becoming Motivation is to develop and grow in
abilities which
are valued by us, although not necessarily by
others
Achievement
(“Doing”)
Our motivation is external to us, emphasising
activity that is both valued by ourselves
and is approved by others in our group.
Having set out their theory, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)
then proposed a means of
measuring the orientations it produced. They suggested
13. intensive interviewing be used,
with a series of probing questions exploring each of the value
dimensions with the
interviewee. However they also recognised that many people
find it difficult to think in the
abstract, so suggested that real-life situations be outlined which
involved the particular
value being investigated. This led to the moral dilemma
approach used by Kohlberg in his
5
Hills: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011
studies of morality a decade later. Moreover Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck (1961) also
stressed that the real-life situations used must be appropriate to
the culture of the people
being studied. This was an early attempt to provide a solution to
the emic-etic dilemma
outlined by Berry (1969) some years later, and appears similar
to the solution to the
dilemma proposed by Segall et al. in the 1990s.
14. Table 2
Orientations possible in answering the question on the Nature of
Human Nature.
Question Orientation Description
Nature of Human Nature evil/mutable Born evil, but can learn
to be good.
However danger of regression always
present.
evil/immutable Born evil and incapable of being
changed. Therefore requires salvation
by an external force.
mixture/mutable Has both good and bad traits, but can
learn to be either better or worse.
mixture/immutable Has both good and bad traits, and their
profile cannot be changed
neutral/mutable Born neither good nor bad, but can learn
both good and bad traits
neutral/immutable Born neither good nor bad, and this
15. profile cannot be changed
good/mutable Basically good, but subject to corruption
good/immutable Basically good, and will always remain
so.
To test their theory out, Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961)
interviewed members of five
different cultural groups in the South-West USA. These
included itinerant Navaho,
Mexican-Americans, Texan homesteaders, Mormon villagers,
and Zuni pueblo dwellers. In
doing so, however, they did not attempt to develop measures of
the Nature of Human
Nature orientations, finding them too complex. For the
remaining four dimensions,
however they were able to develop real-life situations relevant
to all five cultural groups,
and questions to probe the value orientations used by members
of those cultures in
dealing with the situations involved. They were then able to
draw value profiles of each
group, showing the ways in which they differed from each
other, and the ways in which
16. they were similar. All of this work was published in their 1961
book, and immediately made
a strong impact on cross-cultural psychologists.
Since then other theorists have also developed theories of
universal values – notably
Rokeach (1979), Hofstede (1980, 2001) and Schwartz (1992).
However the theory
developed by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) remains widely
used and has sparked a
6
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4, Subunit 4,
Chapter 3
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
good deal of research – as any good theory should. A
conference of users of the theory in
1998 (Russo, 2000), for instance, attracted over 400 delegates.
Applications of the Theory
Nevertheless the question remains: what use is such a theory?
The work of Russo (1992;
Russo, Hill et al., 1984) clearly demonstrates a very practical
17. employment of a theory of
universal human values. Russo has worked for a Native
American tribe, the Lummi of
Washington state, for more than two decades, using the
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck theory
to help them bring themselves to an ever higher standard of
living. The Lummi have their
own reserve territory on the Western coast near the Canadian
border. There they pursue
their traditional industry of deep sea fishing, as well as more
recent trades such as liquor
retailing. Their success in these and other enterprises depends
on their being able to
relate successfully to the predominantly white American
majority population surrounding
them. The majority population forms the bulk of potential
customers for their products, and
at the same time is the prime source of food, clothing and
manufactured goods. Moreover
its members control such vital necessities as access to power,
water and timber. Members
of the cultural majority must also be negotiated with concerning
issues such as taxes and
transport.
18. The Lummi have therefore realised that it is vitally important
that they understand the
cultural mores of the majority if they are to interact successful
with them. Issues such as
the assumed basic motives for behaviour, the importance or
otherwise of tradition,
relationships between older and younger generations, accepted
modes of decision-
making, etc have to be understood before harmonious and
successful discussion can take
place. Toward this end Russo has developed measures to assess
the preferred value
orientations of the majority, and of the Lummi themselves.
Differences and similarities
have been clearly demarcated, and each party to potential
negotiations made aware of
them.
Thus when Lummi leaders go to discuss trade, taxes, utilities or
transport with local
business people and officials, they are aware of the world views
of those with whom they
are discussing, and of the similarities and differences between
themselves and their
19. neighbours. Such foreknowledge has resulted in a successful
and harmonious relationship
between the two cultural groups for many years. This testifies to
both the importance of
understanding each others' values, and the efficacy of the
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
theory in doing so.
Another way in which the theory has been used is to examine
changes in cultural
mores over time. An example of this were the studies
undertaken by Hills (1977, 1980)
and Lane (1976) of changes in the disparity in values between
young people and their
parents as a result of migration. Using the Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck theory, they
developed a fixed-alternative, 25-item questionnaire to assess
respondents' value
orientations in the five question areas (see Table 3). Having
tested the questionnaire for
reliability and face validity, they had it translated and back-
translated into several
appropriate languages. It was then tape-recorded in each of
these languages, as read by a
7
20. Hills: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011
native speaker of each language. The tape recording was then
used as the prime
instrument in orally administering the questionnaire. Using this
technique they
administered it to young people, both male and female, aged
between 16 and 18, and to
their parents, both mother and father. Samples were taken from
some of the cultures from
which large numbers of people migrated from the South Pacific
to New Zealand in the
1960s and 70s – Samoa, Fiji and the Cook Islands. Moreover
samples within each of
those countries were taken not just from the main towns, but
from selected remote back-
country villages as well. Comparison groups of both Maori and
Pakeha (white) New
Zealanders were also obtained. Data was analysed in terms of
the inter-generational
disparity in values demonstrated by each group.
21. Table 3
Examples of items measuring Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck value
orientations
_____________________________________________________
__________________________
I will ask you 25 questions. There are three possible answers to
each questions. Please listen
carefully to each question and then each of the three suggested
answers to that question. I can play
them again if you would like to listen to them again. We do not
want your name.
There are no right or wrong answers to these questions – we
want to know you you feel about
them. Take as much time as you need to answer them.
Here is the first one.
When our group sends a delegate to a meeting I think it best -
Relational
a) to let everyone discuss it until everyone agrees on the person
Collateral
b) to let the important leaders decide. They have more
experience than us Lineal
c) for a vote to be taken and the one with the most votes goes
22. even if
some people disagree
Individualistic
Now please tell me the answer which comes closest to the way
you feel.
Now tell me the answer which is your second choice.
Thanks. Here's the next one...
When I get sick I believe Humanity & Nature
a) doctors will be able to find a way to cure it Mastery
b) I should live properly so I don’t get sick Harmony
c) I cannot do much about it and just have to accept it
Subjugation
Here's the third...
Most people when they can do something wrong and get away
with it will - Human Nature
a) usually do it Evil
b) sometimes do it Mixture
c) hardly ever do it Good
The fourth question is...
When I send money for use overseas I think it should be spent
23. to - Time
a) make a better life for the future Future
b) make a better life now Present
c) keep the old ways and customs alive Past
8
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4, Subunit 4,
Chapter 3
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
It had been hypothesised that intergenerational values disparity
would be greatest among
the migrant families, whose teenagers had grown up in New
Zealand, and whose parents
in their homeland. On the other hand it was expected that
differences between the
generations would be least in the remote rural villages. In fact
the opposite was found. The
greatest intergenerational value disparities were found in the
remote villages, significantly
greater than those found in the Pacific towns, which in turn
were greater than the
24. disparities found in the migrant families in New Zealand. Next
came the Maori New
Zealanders, with the least disparity of all being between the
young Pakeha New
Zealanders and their parents.
In discussing these findings with South Pacific academics it
became clear that a
contributing variable which had not been taken into account was
that of modern education
and communication. Young people in the Pacific were listening
to radios, reading
newspapers and magazines, and, most importantly, going to
schools whose teachers,
even though of their own race and culture, had been trained in
modern training colleges
and universities. Consequently these young people were rapidly
becoming acculturated to
the Western Euro-American culture, whereas their parents
remained more traditional and
were only slowly changing. This disparity in what could be
called globalization of culture
was less apparent in the South Pacific towns and least in the
towns and cities of the host
country, New Zealand.
25. This study thus provided insights into the processes of culture
change, the
consequences of migration, and some of the factors influencing
relationships between
teenagers and their parents. Using the Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck theory and applying it in
a practical study made these increased insights possible.
Developments of the Theory
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck themselves suggested that their
theory was not complete.
Moreover they did not provide measures for all the orientations
they did propose. They
therefore left ample opportunity for further development of
their theory. An illustration of
this is the author's work in New Zealand (Hills, 1998). As has
been shown above, we
developed a clear, straightforward means of assessing
orientations – for the Nature of
Human Nature as well as for the other four value areas proposed
by Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck. However, more recently we have also looked at
other basic questions for
which also all societies must provide answers. These answers
26. are limited in number, and
all alternatives are known to all societies. However they differ
in the ranking they give each
alternative. Examples include the allocation of space, the nature
of work, the relationship
between the genders, and the relationship between individual
and state. Listed below are
some alternative answers to these questions, and items
illustrating how the rankings given
to the alternative orientations can be assessed (see Table 4).
A questionnaire using these questions and others like them has
been tested in a
small pilot study and the results so far are encouraging.
However it has yet to be used in a
full-scale study. There are no doubt other great questions for
which all societies must find
preferred answers. The meaning of life and death, and the
nature of the supernatural and
9
Hills: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011
27. humanity's relationship to it, are two which come to mind. This
is further illustration of the
potential richness of the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck theory.
Table 4
Proposed further basic values questions and alternative answers
to them
_____________________________________________________
___________________
Space
Should space belong to individuals, to groups (especially the
family) or to everybody?
It is most important that society guarantee
a) The right of each citizen to have a place they can call their
own Individuals
b) Each family a home of their own Families or groups
c) The public areas and spaces, available to all, but owned by
no one
person or group.
Everybody
Work
28. What should be the basic motivation for work? To make a
contribution to society, to have a sense
of personal achievement, or to attain financial security?
When deciding what courses to take, a university student should
give top priority to courses which
teach:
a) How to make a contribution to society Contribution
b) Subjects which are exciting or fulfilling Achievement
c) Subjects which will ensure a good salary after graduating
Financial security
Gender
How should society distribute roles, power and responsibility
between the genders?
The right and responsibility to make decisions which affect the
whole community should usually be
given to
a) Men Male
b) Women Female
c) Both men and women equally Both
The state-individual relationship
29. Should precedent right and responsibility be accorded the nation
or the individual?
When deciding how an important issue like ensuring that its
members have the best health
possible, it is best if a society ensures that
a) Each person takes full financial responsibility for their own
health care with
no subsidy from the state.
Individual
b) Free and full health care is provided for all citizens by the
government Nation
c) The individual and the government each pays a reasonable
proportion of
health care costs
Both
10
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4, Subunit 4,
Chapter 3
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
30. It has shortcomings, of course. As it deals with values, rather
than attitudes, it is general
rather than specific, and so can only be used to examine general
trends in behaviour, and
not used to predict specific behaviours in any one situation.
Moreover most behaviour is
multiply determined, and so the theory may be termed
simplistic, in that it attempts to
explain one dimension at a time. Its use of rankings and
preferences makes it difficult to
analyse statistically. Despite these faults it is a bold and elegant
attempt to express
something common to all humanity – the values on which so
much of society is based, and
from which our attitudes, cognition, emotions and behaviours
evolve.
Moreover, it is not the only theory of values proposed by
psychologists. As
mentioned above, Rokeach (1979) put forward a theory and an
instrument reflecting it
(The Rokeach Study of Values) which has been widely used and
has proved useful in
many different types of study. Hofstede (1980, 2001) surveyed
31. values in over 100 different
countries and came up with five basic value dimensions: Power
Distance, Uncertainty
Avoidance, Individualism, Masculinity/Femininity and Short-
term vs Long-term Orientation.
His work too has sparked a great deal of further research and is
the most studied values
theory currently in use. Yet another influential values theory
has been that of Schwartz
(1992). From studies of values held in over 50 countries, he
proposes 10 which manifest
universally in individuals (Achievement, Benevolence,
Conformity, Hedonism, Power,
Security, Self-direction, Stimulation, Tradition, Universalism)
and seven which appear
across cultures (Affective Autonomy, Conservatism, Egalitarian
Commitment, Harmony,
Hierarchy, Intellectual Autonomy and Mastery). Some
similarities between the Hofstede
and Schwartz theories can be detected, and Smith and Bond
(1998) suggest that as they
overlap almost completely although they were derived using
different methods, we are
close to reaching a universally applicable theory of values.
32. It is clear from this that the interest in values measurement
across cultures which was
initiated by Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck continues to accelerate.
We can use values both to
study change and variation within a culture, and differences and
similarities between
cultures. Although the Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck theory was
derived half-way though last
century it has generated much further research, which has in
turn generated new theories.
Though their work our understanding of ourselves as human
beings has been increased.
Conclusion
The psychological study of values worthwhile for several
reasons. Using the values
concept, the researcher can aim to cover the whole of life-space,
not just the positive and
the negative, as with attitudes. Values are central to human
thought, emotions and
behaviour. They are cross-culturally relevant and valid, and
finally, values allow both
between-group and within-group comparisons. If we accept that
values are important for
33. the psychologist to understand, then the Kluckhohn and
Strodtbeck theory of values
orientations is a useful and valid framework within which to
study them.
11
Hills: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011
References
Allport, G. W., Vernon, P. E. & Lindzey, G. (1931, 1951 &
1960). Study of values: A scale
for measuring the dominant interests in personality. Boston,
MA: Houghton Mifflin.
Berry, J. W. (1969). On cross-cultural comparability.
International Journal of Psychology,
4, 119-128
Hills, M. D. (1977). Values in the South Pacific. Paper
presented at the Annual Conference
of the New Zealand Psychological Society in Auckland, New
Zealand.
Hills, M. D. & Goneyali, E. (1980). Values in Fijian families
(Monograph). Hamilton, New
34. Zealan: University of Waikato, Department of Psychology.
Hills, M. D. (1998). Developing the Kluckhohn-Strodtbeck
Values Orientation Instrument in
New Zealand. Paper presented at the Biennial Conference of the
International
Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology. Bellingham, WA,
United States.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences: International
differences in work-related
values. Beverly Hills, CA.: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences: Comparing values,
behaviors, institutions
and organizations across nations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Kluckhohn, C. K. (1949). Mirror for man: the relation of
anthropology to modern life.
Berkeley, CA: Whittlesey House.
Kluckhohn, C. K. (1951). Values and value orientations in the
theory of action. In T.
Parsons and E. A. Shils (Eds.), Toward a general theory of
action. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press.
Kluckhohn, F. R. & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in
35. value orientations. Evanston, IL:
Row, Peterson.
Kroeber, A. L. & Kluckhohn, C. K. (1952) Culture: A critical
review of concepts and
definitions. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
Lane, R. H. (1976). Polynesia and Europe meet: A new heritage.
Unpiublished master’s
thesis, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand,
Psychology Department.
Rokeach, M. (1979) Understanding human values: Individual
and societal. New York: The
Free Press.
Russo, K. (Ed). (1992). Our people, our land: perspectives on
the Columbus
Quincentenary. Seattle, WA: The Florence R Kluckhohn Center
and the Lummi
Indian tribe.
Russo, K. W. (Ed). (2000). Finding the middle ground: Insights
and applications of the
Value Orientations method. Yarmouth, ME: Intercultural Press.
Russo, K., Hills, M. D. et al. (1984). Value orientations in the
Lummi Indian community and
36. their commercial associates. Report to the Lummi Indian
Council. Bellingham, WA.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure
of values: Theoretical
advances and empirical tests in 20 cultures. In M.P. Zanna
(Ed.). Advances in
experimental social psychology (Vol 25, pp 1-65). San Diego,
CA: Academic Press.
Segall, M. H., Dasen, P. R., Berry, J. W., & Poortinga, Y. H.
(1999). Human behavior in
global perspective: An introduction to cross-cultural psychology
(2nd ed). Boston,
MA: Allyn and Bacon.
12
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4, Subunit 4,
Chapter 3
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
Smith, P. B., & Bond, M. H. (1998). Social psychology across
cultures (2nd ed.). London,
UK: Prentice Hall.
Wrightsman, L. S. (1992). Assumptions about human nature:
37. implications for researchers
and practitioners (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
publications.
About the Author
Michael Hills is a New Zealander teaching Social, Cross-
cultural and Disability Psychology
at the University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand. His
master's degree examined the
development of ethnic awareness and attitudes in White and
Maori children, and his PhD
at the Australian National University, Canberra, focussed on
second-generation migrant
teenagers and their parents. Since then he has researched and
taught about the relations
between majority and minority ethnic groups, focussing
particularly on the indigenous
Maori and immigrant Polynesian minorities and their relations
with the White majority in
New Zealand. In recent years he has broadened this interest in
disadvantaged minority
groups to research the psychology of living and coping with
disabilities, especially
epilepsy. Currently he is developing Quality of Life measures
both for New Zealanders in
38. general, and those with disabilities in particular, as well as
researching culturally
appropriate ways to provide education and support to Maori
living and coping with
epilepsy.
Questions for Discussion
1. Define a value. Explain how a value affects human behavior.
2. What are the most important values you hold? Can you rank
them?
3. Where do you think your values came from?
4. How do the values you hold compare with those of others?
Your friends? Your family?
Most other people in your community?
5. Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck suggested five universal questions
which all human
societies must be able to answer. They suggested a sixth, and
this article suggests
three more. Can you think of any others? What might be some
of the possible answers
to them?
6. Most psychological research has relied on questionnaires to
study people's values.
39. What other methods of measuring values might be feasible?
7. What do you see as the relationship between values and
attitudes? Beliefs? Opinions?
Morality?
8. This article has reported two ways in which value
measurement has been practically
useful. Can you think of other situations in which understanding
and measuring
people's values might be useful?
13
Hills: Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation Theory
Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2011
Related Websites
http://www.valuescenter.org/home.html
14
Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, Unit 4, Subunit 4,
Chapter 3
http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/orpc/vol4/iss4/3
8-1-2002Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's Values Orientation
40. TheoryMichael D. HillsRecommended CitationKluckhohn and
Strodtbeck's Values Orientation TheoryCreative Commons
License
Running Head: DIGITAL PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE
Digital Preservation of Evidence
2
The effectiveness of the Innocence Project in Preservation of
Evidence
Introduction
Wrongful conviction is an international concern. American
prisons are full of various prisoners who were convicted
wrongly. The purpose of the development of the innocent
projects is to exonerate the wrongly convicted prisoners through
DNA testing and participate in criminal justice reformation to
prevent future injustices. Digital preservation of evidence is an
important aspect of Innocent Project by ensuring authenticity,
traceability, and accuracy of any proof. Preservation of data in
criminal justice is a complex process not because of the
dynamics of the digital world but the need to recreate the
context of use. In other words, there is a need for maintenance
of the data while only specific software may be compatible with
the available technology system in criminal justice. The
preservation phase is the initial stage of evidence recovery and
it involves seizing and protecting the suspect data without
41. interfering or altering the content of the data (Casey, 2011).
Cybercrimes, as well as their evidence, are growing
exponentially. This increase will eventually lead to the need to
evaluate the large quantity of information. The accuracy of a
secure storage of data may be of great benefit to support and
generate accuracy in all evidence. Digital research on
preservation of evidence has been a critical research area for the
past 20 years especially after the establishment of the Innocent
Project (Casey, 2011). The purpose of this paper is to have a
comprehensive overview of a digital crime system that can help
in the preservation of information with reference to the Innocent
Project.
The research question for the topic would be, how can a digital
criminal justice system help Preservation of Evidence?
Overview of Preservation of Digital Evidence
There is an increasing buzz inside the information management
systems especially on the challenges provided by the digital
storage system that may be lost for various reasons. But,
preservation of data is not only focused on maintenance of the
digital tools to ensure meaningful utilization in the future but
also ensure the digital objects to be preserved in their context
that they are understandable by future users. Within the
procedure of digital preservation of Innocent Project includes
safe-guarding long-term data loss, digital preservation requires
expertise and skills in information science and information
technology. Furthermore, it has an implication on social,
historical, economic and technology (Quick & Choo, 2014).
The social impact of Digital preservation of evidence
Digital preservation within the social set up allows the
community to have access to digital documentation stored and
who is has the ability to be disseminated publicly. Therefore,
digital preservation has a contribution to social set up of a
community by providing accurate records as well as improving
the social security. In no time, the community will have
information from various areas including scientific technology,
entertainment as well digital libraries including having a virtual
42. visit to a library. The historical implication of digital data
preservation will have an impact on the on the cultural heritage.
Digital preservation will eliminate the temporary lapse that
occurs when researching on historical data due to loss or
missing information. Looking at the economic implication,
financial sustainability is one of the factors to be investigated
during the installation of digital preservation devices. Also,
there is need to consider the prevailing cost of losing depending
on the type of data involved (Casey, 2011).
Important of evaluation of the topic
The main reason for the evaluation of the effectiveness of the
Innocent Project in the preservation of evidence is to investigate
the ability for the criminal institution to view, retrieve and
remain updated in the rapid changes in the criminal justice
technology. Information loss can be as a result of an attack by
virus, theft or outbreak of fire. A relevant digital system can
help in ensuring the availability of accurate information even
after any interference with the evidence. In other words, the
digital system should trace any form alteration while providing
the original data to help in judging a case. Ensuring there are
integrity and consistency of the evidence require periodic and
timely checks from the management to identify partial hardware
failures while triggering repair and maintenance by the
technical team (Quick & Choo, 2014).
Why the need for Digital Evidence Preservation
Majority of today's crimes have digital elements that include
DNA traces; this duplicates the amount of digital evidence
preserved for the specific period. It is the Innocent Project’s
role to ensure the use of the digital service to store evidence for
an investigation’s history. For the Innocent Project present
digital evidence in the court, the evidence must be collected,
analyzed by experts and preserved properly. But the current
system often involves multiple steps that may not meet the
changing and growing needs of the wave of technology. The
current operation may not handle the changing needs and it may
soon become economically unfeasible for the institution
43. responsible for performing such tasks. On the other hand, the
technology discovery has been at the peak in the current
century. Unless criminal justice institution and the Innocent
Project adopts to the new wave of technology, suspects can be
few steps ahead of them by utilizing the current technology to
hide or erase evidence especially that involves DNA (Turner,
2005).
Digital Evidence Today
For the proper and accurate preservation of digital evidence,
digital examiners must have the tactics to retrieve information
from cellular phones, tablets, desktops, laptops and other
external storage devices. Digital evidence comes from both the
victim and suspect since their personal device could provide
better information in solving the case. Other evidence that point
towards guilt such as threatening messages or emails needs to
be adequately preserved for the presentation to the court.
Innocent Project indicates that any move that can lead to the
alteration of the evidence will make it null and incapable of
solving a case. With the inevitable change of technology, the
law enforcement must work in hand with other partners, like
prosecutors and the court to establish policies that would lead to
the reliability of evidence preserved prior to the court
proceedings (Turner, 2005).
Determination of unsatisfied requirements
Lawyer and judges need to have a common understanding of the
elements that guarantee the admissibility of a digital proof from
the court. Across America, the legal framework is similar in
most courts. Inability to understand authentication of digital
evidence can lead to incorrect and reverse outcomes from the
federal court. These failures are as a result of incapacity to
properly authenticate the computer generated evidence or
improper storage of the evidence. To address these issues, the
court must develop a strategy to determine the admissibility of
digital evidence presented by witnesses or the Innocent Project.
Having uniformity in the standard of analysis of digital
evidence can lead to a tactical approach in judging cases
44. (Turner, 2005).
Conclusion
Whether investigating the wrongly convicted corporate or
criminal case, digital data is an important aspect of the
functioning of the Innocent Project. Hence it is the duty of
forensic experts to ensure that there is accuracy in the digital
evidence presented. Therefore storage of digital evidence
should be in such a way that it shouldn’t be altered during the
collection, analysis and the investigation process. Any digital
device can be an important source of evidence in case of any
crime but often the collection, management, and preservation of
this evidence are not done correctly. In summary, for a digital
data to be considered as accurate evidence, there is need to
ensure a high level of integrity, especially during preservation
(Turner, 2005).
References
Casey, E. (2011). Digital evidence and computer crime:
Forensic science, computers, and the internet. Academic press.
Turner, P. (2005). Unification of digital evidence from disparate
sources (digital evidence bags). Digital Investigation, 2(3), 223-
228.
Quick, D., & Choo, K. K. R. (2014). Data reduction and data
mining framework for digital forensic evidence: storage,
intelligence, review and archive.
HRMN 367 6382 Organizational Culture (2185) - Week 1 -
Basic Assumptions 21-27May2018
1. Kluckhohn and Strodtbecks Values Orientation Theory