This document discusses brooding management for raising baby chicks. It covers the objectives of brooding, types of brooders, preparing the brooding area, and the importance of environment control. Natural brooding involves using broody hens, while artificial brooding uses equipment like heat sources, reflectors, and guards. Different heating sources and brooder types are described. Optimal brooding temperatures and the importance of ventilation and humidity control are also outlined. Feeding, vaccination, and general chick care procedures during the brooding period are provided.
This document discusses diseases that threaten mushroom cultivation, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on several major diseases: dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungicola, wet bubble caused by Mycogone perniciosa, and cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides. These parasitic diseases can cause significant losses after artificial inoculation. It also discusses green mould (Trichoderma viride), false truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora), brown plaster mould (Populaspora byssina), and bacterial blotch (Pseudomonas talaasi). Management strategies include hygiene, fungicides, lowering humidity, and using
This document summarizes a study on the resistance of different wheat genotypes to the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). 25 old and modern wheat varieties were tested against T. castaneum in the laboratory. Results showed that variety T21 was the most susceptible, with the highest adult beetle population, damaged grains, and frass weight. Varieties Barani-70 and Bhattai showed the lowest susceptibility. A positive correlation was found between adult beetle population and measures of damage. The study concludes that using resistant genetic sources and following proper storage practices can help minimize damage from this pest.
This document discusses the management of chickens during summer heat. It notes that chickens are sensitive to high temperatures, which can negatively impact their growth, production and health. During heat stress, chickens struggle to maintain balance between body heat loss and production. The document outlines various effects of heat on chickens like reduced feed intake and efficiency. It recommends management strategies like proper housing ventilation, cooling systems, increasing water intake, adjusting feed composition and electrolyte supplementation to help chickens cope with summer heat stress.
This presentation was given at the Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference All Worms All Day on December 8, 2018, in Keedysville, Maryland. The presenter was Susan Schoenian.
This article reviews the effects of lighting programs on broiler breeders. It finds that:
1) Broiler breeders reach sexual maturity earlier with longer photoperiods up to 10 hours, but are delayed with photoperiods over 10 hours, showing photorefractoriness.
2) Broiler breeders reared on constant 10-hour photoperiods mature earliest and have the highest egg production, while shorter or longer photoperiods decrease egg numbers.
3) Egg weight in broiler breeders varies with photoperiod even after accounting for effects of maturity age and body weight.
This document discusses brooding management for raising baby chicks. It covers the objectives of brooding, types of brooders, preparing the brooding area, and the importance of environment control. Natural brooding involves using broody hens, while artificial brooding uses equipment like heat sources, reflectors, and guards. Different heating sources and brooder types are described. Optimal brooding temperatures and the importance of ventilation and humidity control are also outlined. Feeding, vaccination, and general chick care procedures during the brooding period are provided.
This document discusses diseases that threaten mushroom cultivation, including fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. It provides details on several major diseases: dry bubble caused by Verticillium fungicola, wet bubble caused by Mycogone perniciosa, and cobweb disease caused by Cladobotryum dendroides. These parasitic diseases can cause significant losses after artificial inoculation. It also discusses green mould (Trichoderma viride), false truffle disease (Pseudobalsamia microspora), brown plaster mould (Populaspora byssina), and bacterial blotch (Pseudomonas talaasi). Management strategies include hygiene, fungicides, lowering humidity, and using
This document summarizes a study on the resistance of different wheat genotypes to the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). 25 old and modern wheat varieties were tested against T. castaneum in the laboratory. Results showed that variety T21 was the most susceptible, with the highest adult beetle population, damaged grains, and frass weight. Varieties Barani-70 and Bhattai showed the lowest susceptibility. A positive correlation was found between adult beetle population and measures of damage. The study concludes that using resistant genetic sources and following proper storage practices can help minimize damage from this pest.
This document discusses the management of chickens during summer heat. It notes that chickens are sensitive to high temperatures, which can negatively impact their growth, production and health. During heat stress, chickens struggle to maintain balance between body heat loss and production. The document outlines various effects of heat on chickens like reduced feed intake and efficiency. It recommends management strategies like proper housing ventilation, cooling systems, increasing water intake, adjusting feed composition and electrolyte supplementation to help chickens cope with summer heat stress.
This presentation was given at the Delmarva Small Ruminant Conference All Worms All Day on December 8, 2018, in Keedysville, Maryland. The presenter was Susan Schoenian.
This article reviews the effects of lighting programs on broiler breeders. It finds that:
1) Broiler breeders reach sexual maturity earlier with longer photoperiods up to 10 hours, but are delayed with photoperiods over 10 hours, showing photorefractoriness.
2) Broiler breeders reared on constant 10-hour photoperiods mature earliest and have the highest egg production, while shorter or longer photoperiods decrease egg numbers.
3) Egg weight in broiler breeders varies with photoperiod even after accounting for effects of maturity age and body weight.
This document lists and describes several wheat diseases including:
- Blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae which causes bleached spikes and lesions on leaves. High humidity favors development.
- Leaf blight caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana which causes brown leaf lesions that coalesce. High temperature and humidity favor development.
- Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina which causes small orange pustules on leaves. High humidity favors development.
It also briefly discusses symptoms, favorable conditions, and management strategies for diseases like foot and root rot, seedling blight, and black point.
This document provides information on quail farming. It discusses that quail farming is becoming popular in Nepal for meat and eggs. Quails mature early at 6 weeks and start laying eggs. They are small, hardy birds that are easy to raise. The document outlines the characteristics, breeds, housing, feeding, breeding, management, diseases and marketing of quails. It notes that quail meat and eggs are nutritious and there is a market for quail products in hotels and restaurants. Quail farming requires small investment and space but provides economic benefits.
Feeling peace in mind when you know that your home is completely termite free. We think this is important to know about termites life cycle because of our safety. We will always stay with us. Don't worry. If you have any problem of termites you can contact us.
The development of fault bars in feed restrcited broiler breeders affected by...Aitor Arrazola
The document examines how acute stress and alternative feeding strategies affect fault bar development in broiler breeder feathers. It finds that acute stress induces more moderate fault bars in wing feathers. Control birds subjected to daily feeding restriction have more fault bars than those given alternative diets or non-daily feeding frequencies, indicating these strategies may help reduce stress. The number of fault bars does not differ between juvenile and induced feathers, but induced feathers have more moderate bars, showing fault bar development reflects stress levels.
This document discusses several common poultry diseases:
1. Fowl pox is a viral disease spread by direct contact or mosquitoes that causes wart-like lesions; vaccination is the only prevention.
2. Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease spread through respiratory secretions and causes respiratory distress; vaccination and sanitation are used for prevention.
3. Infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease spread through the air and contaminated materials that infects the respiratory tract and reproductive system, lowering egg production; vaccination is used for prevention.
The document discusses heat stress management strategies for poultry during summer months. As temperatures rise, birds experience heat stress which impacts their health and productivity. Key strategies mentioned include cooling birds through wet gunny curtains, foggers, and tunnel ventilation systems. Proper water, feed, and nutrient management is also important to support birds' cooling abilities and meet their needs. Monitoring health and taking preventative measures against diseases that spread more easily in heat is also recommended. The document provides details on various cooling techniques and their effectiveness in different weather conditions.
This document summarizes the life cycle and production of silk. It discusses that silk is produced by silkworms, specifically Bombyx mori, which eat mulberry leaves. It describes the five stages of the silkworm's life cycle - egg, larva/caterpillar, pupa, cocoon, and adult moth. It also discusses the history and types of silk production, the rearing process of silkworms, and their diseases.
Poultry response, behavior and thermoregulation under heat stressEng. Mohammad Alsaleh
This document discusses the effects of heat stress on the thermoregulation and response of poultry such as broilers and layer hens. It defines heat stress and outlines the normal body temperature and thermal neutral zone for poultry. It then explains how poultry use thermoregulation to maintain their body temperature under heat stress conditions through behaviors like reducing activity and feed intake as well as physiological responses like increased respiration and diverting blood flow. The conclusion emphasizes that heat stress is a major challenge for poultry production in hot climates and understanding their thermoregulation and responses can help improve management practices.
Abstract
Multicellular organisms constantly encounter potentially harmful microorganisms. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they do have powerful means of fighting infections. Cellular responses involve phagocytosis of bacteria and encapsulation of parasites. In addition, insects can mount a humoral response against pathogens. This is characterized by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Recognition of foreign pathogens involves specific receptors for sensing infection. These include peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and β‐glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs). Engagement of these receptors starts signaling pathways that activate the genes that encode antimicrobial peptides. These pathways include the Toll, the Imd, and the JAK‐STAT.
The document summarizes key aspects of immunity in chickens. It discusses innate and acquired immunity, the immune organs including the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and the two main types of acquired immunity - antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses. The antibody-mediated response involves B cells producing antibodies that target pathogens, while the cell-mediated response uses T cells to identify and destroy cells infected with pathogens. Together these immune responses provide chickens with protection against disease.
Pebrine disease is caused by the protozoan Nosema bombycis. It was first discovered in France in 1845. Symptoms in silkworms include irregularly shaped eggs, wrinkled or spotted larvae, flimsy malformed cocoons, and moths with clubbed wings and black spots. Detection methods include predictive tests on eggs and pupae. Chinese and Japanese silkworm breeds are most resistant, while European breeds are most susceptible. Control involves effective disinfection, non-rearing periods, and breeding resistant silkworm varieties.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
This document discusses the process of catching and transporting birds to the processing plant. It explains that birds are prevented from feed for 8 hours before processing to prevent contamination. Birds are caught manually or through mechanical harvesters to reduce stress and injury. They should be caught at dawn or dusk and protected from extreme weather during transport. Stress from catching can be acute from handling or chronic from lack of feed/long transport, leading to poorer meat quality, so precautions like wetting birds and minimizing stops/delays are recommended.
This document provides information on various pests that affect cotton crops, including jassids, aphids, thrips, bollworms, mites, and others. It describes the identification, life cycle, host plants, seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, and management practices for each pest. The key pests discussed are jassids, aphids, thrips, spotted/pink bollworms, American bollworm, red cotton bug, and mites. Management involves both preventive and curative methods like clean-up campaigns, biological control agents, and chemical control with insecticides timed to critical thresholds.
Uniformity in flocks is important for efficient management and production. It is measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) in live weight, with higher CV values indicating lower uniformity. Uniformity affects broiler body weight, breast meat yields, and average flock weight. Factors that influence uniformity include brooding quality, disease prevention, feeder space, feed distribution, bird space, and grading. Maintaining high uniformity leads to benefits such as improved production percentages, uniform immunity, reduced mortality, increased fertility and hatchability, and improved bird welfare. Uniformity can be calculated by comparing the number of birds within 10% of the mean weight to the total number of birds.
The silkworm is the larva of the domesticated silk moth Bombyx mori. It spins a cocoon which is later processed to yield silk fiber. According to legend, silk production began when a Chinese empress discovered silk filaments unwinding from a cocoon in her tea. The lifecycle of the silkworm progresses from egg to larva, to pupa inside a cocoon, and finally adult moth. Sericulture, or silk farming, is economically important as the silk industry processes cocoons to make silk thread.
This document summarizes information on four primary pests of stored grain: Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), and Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois grain moth). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and control methods for each pest. Control involves sanitation of storage areas, monitoring, fumigation with phosphine or heat treatment, and application of insecticides like malathion and deltamethrin.
This document lists and describes several wheat diseases including:
- Blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae which causes bleached spikes and lesions on leaves. High humidity favors development.
- Leaf blight caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana which causes brown leaf lesions that coalesce. High temperature and humidity favor development.
- Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina which causes small orange pustules on leaves. High humidity favors development.
It also briefly discusses symptoms, favorable conditions, and management strategies for diseases like foot and root rot, seedling blight, and black point.
This document provides information on quail farming. It discusses that quail farming is becoming popular in Nepal for meat and eggs. Quails mature early at 6 weeks and start laying eggs. They are small, hardy birds that are easy to raise. The document outlines the characteristics, breeds, housing, feeding, breeding, management, diseases and marketing of quails. It notes that quail meat and eggs are nutritious and there is a market for quail products in hotels and restaurants. Quail farming requires small investment and space but provides economic benefits.
Feeling peace in mind when you know that your home is completely termite free. We think this is important to know about termites life cycle because of our safety. We will always stay with us. Don't worry. If you have any problem of termites you can contact us.
The development of fault bars in feed restrcited broiler breeders affected by...Aitor Arrazola
The document examines how acute stress and alternative feeding strategies affect fault bar development in broiler breeder feathers. It finds that acute stress induces more moderate fault bars in wing feathers. Control birds subjected to daily feeding restriction have more fault bars than those given alternative diets or non-daily feeding frequencies, indicating these strategies may help reduce stress. The number of fault bars does not differ between juvenile and induced feathers, but induced feathers have more moderate bars, showing fault bar development reflects stress levels.
This document discusses several common poultry diseases:
1. Fowl pox is a viral disease spread by direct contact or mosquitoes that causes wart-like lesions; vaccination is the only prevention.
2. Newcastle disease is a highly contagious viral disease spread through respiratory secretions and causes respiratory distress; vaccination and sanitation are used for prevention.
3. Infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease spread through the air and contaminated materials that infects the respiratory tract and reproductive system, lowering egg production; vaccination is used for prevention.
The document discusses heat stress management strategies for poultry during summer months. As temperatures rise, birds experience heat stress which impacts their health and productivity. Key strategies mentioned include cooling birds through wet gunny curtains, foggers, and tunnel ventilation systems. Proper water, feed, and nutrient management is also important to support birds' cooling abilities and meet their needs. Monitoring health and taking preventative measures against diseases that spread more easily in heat is also recommended. The document provides details on various cooling techniques and their effectiveness in different weather conditions.
This document summarizes the life cycle and production of silk. It discusses that silk is produced by silkworms, specifically Bombyx mori, which eat mulberry leaves. It describes the five stages of the silkworm's life cycle - egg, larva/caterpillar, pupa, cocoon, and adult moth. It also discusses the history and types of silk production, the rearing process of silkworms, and their diseases.
Poultry response, behavior and thermoregulation under heat stressEng. Mohammad Alsaleh
This document discusses the effects of heat stress on the thermoregulation and response of poultry such as broilers and layer hens. It defines heat stress and outlines the normal body temperature and thermal neutral zone for poultry. It then explains how poultry use thermoregulation to maintain their body temperature under heat stress conditions through behaviors like reducing activity and feed intake as well as physiological responses like increased respiration and diverting blood flow. The conclusion emphasizes that heat stress is a major challenge for poultry production in hot climates and understanding their thermoregulation and responses can help improve management practices.
Abstract
Multicellular organisms constantly encounter potentially harmful microorganisms. Although insects lack an adaptive immune system, they do have powerful means of fighting infections. Cellular responses involve phagocytosis of bacteria and encapsulation of parasites. In addition, insects can mount a humoral response against pathogens. This is characterized by the secretion of antimicrobial peptides into the hemolymph. Recognition of foreign pathogens involves specific receptors for sensing infection. These include peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) and β‐glucan recognition proteins (βGRPs). Engagement of these receptors starts signaling pathways that activate the genes that encode antimicrobial peptides. These pathways include the Toll, the Imd, and the JAK‐STAT.
The document summarizes key aspects of immunity in chickens. It discusses innate and acquired immunity, the immune organs including the thymus and bursa of Fabricius, and the two main types of acquired immunity - antibody-mediated and cell-mediated responses. The antibody-mediated response involves B cells producing antibodies that target pathogens, while the cell-mediated response uses T cells to identify and destroy cells infected with pathogens. Together these immune responses provide chickens with protection against disease.
Pebrine disease is caused by the protozoan Nosema bombycis. It was first discovered in France in 1845. Symptoms in silkworms include irregularly shaped eggs, wrinkled or spotted larvae, flimsy malformed cocoons, and moths with clubbed wings and black spots. Detection methods include predictive tests on eggs and pupae. Chinese and Japanese silkworm breeds are most resistant, while European breeds are most susceptible. Control involves effective disinfection, non-rearing periods, and breeding resistant silkworm varieties.
This is an essential tool for poultry management. Lighting is the unavoidable management practice for successful poultry rearing. Present ppt prepared based on the basic rule of light required for chicken with practical aspect. I hoped students will be benefited with this presentation.
This document discusses the process of catching and transporting birds to the processing plant. It explains that birds are prevented from feed for 8 hours before processing to prevent contamination. Birds are caught manually or through mechanical harvesters to reduce stress and injury. They should be caught at dawn or dusk and protected from extreme weather during transport. Stress from catching can be acute from handling or chronic from lack of feed/long transport, leading to poorer meat quality, so precautions like wetting birds and minimizing stops/delays are recommended.
This document provides information on various pests that affect cotton crops, including jassids, aphids, thrips, bollworms, mites, and others. It describes the identification, life cycle, host plants, seasonal occurrence, nature of damage, and management practices for each pest. The key pests discussed are jassids, aphids, thrips, spotted/pink bollworms, American bollworm, red cotton bug, and mites. Management involves both preventive and curative methods like clean-up campaigns, biological control agents, and chemical control with insecticides timed to critical thresholds.
Uniformity in flocks is important for efficient management and production. It is measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) in live weight, with higher CV values indicating lower uniformity. Uniformity affects broiler body weight, breast meat yields, and average flock weight. Factors that influence uniformity include brooding quality, disease prevention, feeder space, feed distribution, bird space, and grading. Maintaining high uniformity leads to benefits such as improved production percentages, uniform immunity, reduced mortality, increased fertility and hatchability, and improved bird welfare. Uniformity can be calculated by comparing the number of birds within 10% of the mean weight to the total number of birds.
The silkworm is the larva of the domesticated silk moth Bombyx mori. It spins a cocoon which is later processed to yield silk fiber. According to legend, silk production began when a Chinese empress discovered silk filaments unwinding from a cocoon in her tea. The lifecycle of the silkworm progresses from egg to larva, to pupa inside a cocoon, and finally adult moth. Sericulture, or silk farming, is economically important as the silk industry processes cocoons to make silk thread.
This document summarizes information on four primary pests of stored grain: Trogoderma granarium (khapra beetle), Rhyzopertha dominica (lesser grain borer), Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil), and Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois grain moth). It describes the identification, life cycle, damage caused, and control methods for each pest. Control involves sanitation of storage areas, monitoring, fumigation with phosphine or heat treatment, and application of insecticides like malathion and deltamethrin.
Notes and observation on the increasing role played by the women in vegetable cultivation and marketing in Tamilnadu at the advent Farmer's Market in Tamilnadu
1. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
UNIT III - Vermiculture
மண
் புழு வளர்ப்பு
◼ Types of earthworms employed in
vermicomposting
◼ Methods of vermicomposting
◼ Role of earthworm in waste management
Dr.T.Sivakumar, Shift II
Department of Zoology
3. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
3
முன்னுரை - மண்புழு
◼ இந்த புவியியல் 120
மில்லியன் வருடங்களுக்கு
முன் பு இருந்தத மண
் புழுக்கள்
வாழ்ந்து வருகின் றன.
◼ இவவகள் அங்கக
கழிவுகவள மட்கவவத்து
உரமாக்கி மீண
் டும் பயிர்கள்
கிரகித்துக் ககாள்ளும்
நிவலக்கு ககாண
் டு
கெல்கின் றன.
◼ இதனால் மண
் ணில்
4. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
4
முன்னுரை - மண்புழு
◼ தமலும் மண
் ணில்
நுண
் ணுயிர்களின்
எண
் ணிக்வகவய
அதிகப்படுத்துவததாடு,
தநாய் கிருமிகவள இந்த
மண
் புழுக்கள் அழித்து
விடுகின் றன.
◼ மண
் புழுக்கவள சுற்றுப்புற
சூழ்நிவல அவமப்பாளர்கள்
எனக் கூறலாம். ஏகனனில்
அவவ மண
் ணின் இயற்பியல்
சுற்வற மாற்றி அவமக்கிறது.
5. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
5
மண்புழு வளர்ப்பு என்றால் என்ன?
◼ Vermiculture = the culture of worms
◼ vermis = worm, culture = growth
◼ மண
் புழு வளர்ப்பு என் பது மண
் புழுக்கவள
வளர்த்தல் என்று வவரயறுக்கப்படுகிறது.
7. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
7
மண்புழு வளர்ப்பு
◼ தாவரக் கழிவுகள் , கால் தடக் கழிவுகள்
அருகிதலதய கிவடக்கும் இடமாகவும் இருக்க
தவண
் டும்.
◼ விற்பவனக்காக, பயன
் பாட்டுக்காகப்
நபாக்குவரத்து வெதி இருக்கும் இடமாகத் ததர்வு
கெய்துககாள்ள தவண
் டும்.
◼ நகாழி, சபருெ்ொளி, காட்டுப் பன
் றி தபான்று
மண
் புழுக்கவளத் தின்னும் உயிரினங்கள் பல
உள்ளன. அவற்றிடமிருந்து மண
் புழுக்கவளப்
பாதுகாப்பதுதான
் மிகவும் முதன்வமயான
தவவல.
◼ எறும்புகள் நல்ல நிவலயில் உள்ள புழுக்கவளத்
தாக்குவதில்வல. காயம்பட்டால் தாக்கித்
8. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
8
மண்புழு வளர்ப்பு
◼ சில இடங்களில் பிள்தளப்பூெ்சிகள் கதால்வல
தருகின் றன. இதற்குெ் சுற்றுப்புறத்வதெ் சுத்தமாக
வவத்துக்ககாள்வது நல்லது.
◼ எக்காரணம் ககாண
் டும் பூெ்சிசகால்லிகதளநயா
தவதி உப்புக்கவளதயா பயன
் படுத்தக் கூடாது.
◼ ஒரு ெதுர முழத்தில் (மூன் றடிக்கு மூன் றடி) நன் கு
வளர்ந்த நிவலயிலுள்ள 70 மண
் புழுக்கள் வாழ
முடியும். ஆனால், கபாதுவாக 10 -15 என் ற
எண
் ணிக்வகயில்தான் உள்ளன. இந்த
எண
் ணிக்தகதயக் கூட்டினால் மண
் வளம்
சபறும். மதைக்காலத்தில் இவற்றின்
எண
் ணிக்வக கபருகும். நகாதடயில் குவறயும்.
நல்ல உணவும் குளிர்ெ்சியான சூழலும்
9. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
9
மண்புழு வளர்ப்பு
◼ மண
் புழுக்கள் இருபாலினத்ததவ. ஒதர தநரத்தில்
இவணயும் இந்தப் புழுக்கள், ஒன் றின் உடலின் மீது
இன் கனான் றாக விந்துவவ உட்கெலுத்துகின் றன.
◼ ஒவ்கவாரு புழுவும் ஒன்று அதற்கு தமற்பட்ட
கூட்டுமுட்தடகதள (கக்கூன் ) இடுகின் றன.
இவற்றின் உள்தள முட்வடகள் இருக்கும். இவவ
முதிர்ந்து புழுக்களாக கவளிவரும்.
◼ ஏறத்தாழ ஒரு வளர்ந்த புழு 10 முதல் 15 முதற
முட்வடகவள இடுகிறது.
10. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
10
மண்புழு வளர்ப்பு
◼ மண
் புழுக்களின் வாழ்நாள் எவ்வளவு என்று
இன்னும் அறுதியிட்டுெ் கொல்ல முடியவில்வல.
ஆனால், சில ஆய்வாளர்கள் இதன
் ஆயுள் காலம்
மூன
் று ஆண
் டுகள் இருக்கலாம் என்று
கூறுகின் றனர். கபட்டி முவறயில் வளர்த்த ஒருவர்
ஒரு புழுவின
் வாை் ாள் 10 ஆண
் டுகள்
இருந்ததாகக் கணக்கிட்டுள்ளார்.
◼ மண
் புழுக்கள் மக்கிய கபாருட்கதளாடு
நுண
் ணுயிர்கவளயும் உண
் ணுகின் றன.
மண
் புழுக்கள் மட்குப் சபாருட்கதள விழுங்கி
உள்தள தள்ளுகின் றன. இதன் தவலப்பகுதியில்
உள்ள தடித்த தவெ மூலம் அதரக்கின
் றன.
11. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
11
மண்புழு வளர்ப்பு
◼ இனிவரும் காலத்தில் இயற்தக
நவளாண
் தமதான
் நிவலக்க முடியும்.
◼ இதற்கு அடிப்பவடயான மண
் புழு உரம்
உருவாக்குதல் , மண
் புழு வளர்த்தல்
இரண
் வடயும் நம்மால் கெய்ய முடியும்.
◼ நிலம் உள்ளவர்கள் தமது பண
் வணயில்
பயன் படுத்தலாம்.
◼ மற்றவர்கள் பிற பண
் வணயாளர்களுக்கு
மண
் புழுக் கழிவான உரத்வத வழங்கி ஒரு
12. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
12
மண்புழு உரம் என்றால் என்ன?
◼ மண
் புழு உரம்(vermicompost)
என் பது, மண
் புழுக்கள்
உற்பத்தி கெய்யும் அங்கக
உரத்வதக் குறிக்கிறது.
◼ அது புழு வார்ப்புகள் (கழிவு
கபாருட்கள்), மட்கிய அங் கக
சபாருட்கள் , உயிருள்ள
மண
் புழுக்கள் , கூடு மற்றும்
பிற உயிரினங் கள்
உள்ளடக்கிய ஒரு
கலவவயாகும்.
13. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
13
மண்புழு உரம் என்றால் என்ன?
• மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிப்பு,
நெ்சு அல்லாத திட மற்றும்
திரவ அங்கக கழிவுகவள
மட்க கெய்வதற்கான ஒரு
ெரியான பயனுள்ள, கெலவு
குவறந்த மற்றும்
திறவமயான மறுசுைற்சி
சதாழில் நுட்பமாகும்.
27. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
27
மண்புழு உைம் தயாரிக்கும் முரகள்
மண்புழு உர உற்பத்திக்கான ததாட்டி
◼ ஒரு சிகமன் ட் கதாட்டி கட்டுவதற்கு அதன்
உயரம் 2 அடி மற்றும் அகலம் 3 அடி ஆக
இருக்கதவண
் டும். அடிப்பகுதியான
கதாட்டியானது ொய்வான வடிவம் தபான்று
கட்டப்பட தவண
் டும். அதிகளவு தண
் ணீவர
வடிகட்டுவதற்காக மண
் புழு உரத்தின்
அவமப்பிலிருந்து ஒரு சிறிய தெமிப்பு குழி
அவசியம். ஹாதலா ப்ளாக்ஸ
் , கெங்கல்
இவற்வற பயன் படுத்தியும் தமதலா கொன்ன
முவறயில் கட்டவமப்புகவள
உருவாக்கலாம். இந்த முவறயில் ெரியான
32. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
32
மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிப்பதற்கான
ிதலகள்
நிகை - 1
◼ மட்கக்கூடிய கழிவுகவள தெகரித்தல், சிறு
சிறு துண
் டுகளாக மாற்றுதல், உதலாகம்,
கண
் ணாடி மற்றும் பீங்கான் கபாருட்கவள
பிரித்து எடுத்தல்.
33. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
33
மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிப்பதற்கான
ிதலகள்
நிகை - 2
◼ மட்கக்கூடிய கழிவுகவள மூட்டம் தபாட்டு,
அதில் ொணக்கவரெவல கதளித்து, 20
நாட்களுக்கு மக்கவிடுதல். இவ்வாறு 20
நாட்கள் மட்கிய கழிவுகள் மண
் புழு
ொப்பிடுவதற்கு ஏதுவாக இருக்கும். நன
் றாக
உலர்ந்த கால்நவட கழிவுகவளயும், ொண
எரிவாயுக் கழிவுகவளயும் மட்டுதம மண
் புழு
உரம் தயாரிக்க தநரடியாக
34. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
34
மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிப்பதற்கான
ிதலகள்
நிகை - 3
◼ மண
் புழு உரப்படுக்வக தயாரித்தல்.
மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிக்க கடின தவர
மிகவும் அவசியம். தவர மிருதுவாக
இருந்தால் மண
் புழு மண
் ணுக்குள் கெல்ல
வாய்ப்பு இருக்கிறது. தமலும் மண
் புழு
படுக்வகயில் தண
் ணீர் விடும் கபாழுது,
கவரயக் கூடிய ெத்துக்கள் எல்லாம் நீ ரில்
கவரந்து மண
் ணுக்குள் கென்றுவிடும்.
35. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
35
மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிப்பதற்கான
ிதலகள்
நிகை - 4
◼ மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரித்த பின் பு
மண
் புழுக்கவள பரித்து எடுத்தல்
அவசியமாகும். மண
் புழு உரத்வத
ெல்லவடயில் இட்டு ெலிக்கும் கபாழுது,
நன் றாக மக்கிய உரம் மற்றும், மக்காத
கழிவுகவள தனித்தனியாக பிரித்து
எடுக்கப்படும். மக்காத கழிவுகவள
மறுபடியும் மண
் புழு படுக்வகயில் இடவும்.
36. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
36
மண
் புழு உரம் தயாரிப்பதற்கான
ிதலகள்
நிகை - 5
◼ தெகரித்த மண
் புழு உரத்வத அதிக
கவயில்படாத காற்தறாட்டம் உள்ள இடத்தில்
தெமித்து வவக்கவும். இவ்வாறு தெமித்து
வவக்கப்பட்டுள்ள மண
் புழு உரத்தில்
நன்வம தரும் நுண
் ணுயிர்கள் அதிக
அளவில் வளரும்.
37. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
37
கழிவு ிர்வாகத்தில் மண
் புழுவின
்
பங் கு
◼ மண
் புழுக்கள் என் பது கரிமப்சபாருட்களின
்
முறிவு மற்றும் மண
் ணின
் வளத்தத
பராமரிப்பதில் முக்கிய பங்கு வகிக்கும் இயற்தக
உயிரியக்கவியல் ஆகும்.
◼ புழுக்கள் கரிம கழிவுகதள மறுசுைற்சி
செய்வதிலும், தாவர வளர்ெ்சிதய
நமம்படுத்துவதிலும் ஈடுபட்டுள்ளன.
◼ மண
் புழுக்கள் விவரவாகவும் திறவமயாகவும்
38. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
38
கழிவு ிர்வாகத்தில் மண
் புழுவின
்
பங் கு
◼ மண
் புழு உரமாக்கலில் மிகவும் நன்வம உவடய
அம்ெம் என்னகவன
் றால், அங்ககக் கழிவுகள்
அழுகும் தபாது, ஏற்படும் துர் ாற்றத்தத
ீ க்குகிறது, இது ஒரு முழு காற்று உட்புகும்
அவமப்பு ஆகும்.
◼ மண
் புழுக்கள் தங்கள் உணவவ, தங்கள் உடல்
எவடவயப் தபால இரண
் டு முதல் ஐந்து மடங்கு
எடுத்துக்ககாள்ளும்.
◼ அவவகள் தங்கள் வளர்ெ்சிக்கு, ஒரு சிறிய அளவு
39. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
39
கழிவு ிர்வாகத்தில் மண
் புழுவின
்
பங் கு
◼ மண
் புழு எடுத்துக் ககாள்ளும் உணவானது,
பல்தவறு இயற்பியல் மற்றும் தவதியியல்
மாற்றங்களுக்குட்பட்டு, அதனுவடய
உணவுக்குைாயில் அதரக்கப்பட்டு, அங்ககப்
கபாருட்கவள மண
் புழு உரமாக மாற்றுகிறது.
◼ மண
் புழு உரத்தில் இருக்கும் ஊட்டெ்ெத்துக்கள்
தாவரங்களினால் எடுத்துக் ககாள்ளப்படும் மற்றும்
ீ ரில் எளிதில் கதரயும் கபாருளாக உள்ளது.
◼ மண
் புழு உரதில், நுண
் ணூட்ட மற்றும் நபரூட்ட
ெத்துகள் , தவட்டமின
் கள் , என
் தெம்கள் , உயிர்
எதிர்ப்பு சபாருள் , வளர்ெ்சி ஹார்நமான
் கள்
40. Dr.T.Sivakumar, II Shift, Zoology
40
◼ மண
் புழு உரம் உற்பத்தி மற்றும் ெந்வதப்படுத்தல்
கெலவு நியாயமானதத மற்றும் உணரப்பட்ட
வருமானம் அதிகமானது, இது லாபகரமானது
என
் பவதக் குறிக்கிறது.