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Unit 3 r nr energy sources lecture 1 2 3_4
- 3. Energy is vital to our existence on earth. The ability to generate
and master the use of energy from his own needs has been the
key to man’s survival and development.
Electricity is universal in its application –lighting, heating,
working, telecommunications and data processing. Besides its
crucial role in providing us, comfort and raising the quality of
life.
Energy is very crucial to all development aimed at human welfare
covering household, agriculture and transport and industrial
sectors.
The consumption and uses of energy in the world is highly
concentrated in the industrialized or developed regions like
Europe, North America, Japan and Australia.
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- 4. The per capita annual consumption of energy in the form of fossil
fuel and electricity ranges from very small in some countries to
very large, more than one thousands times greater.
Besides fuelling “development” activities energy consumption and
its quantitative trends characterize the life styles of country.
More than 80% of total world consumption of energy is by
developed countries, which accounts for the 30% of the
population.
On the other hand, 20% of the energy is consumed by 70% of the
world population of developing countries.
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- 5. The energy sources can be divided in to two categories:
Non-renewable
Renewable
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- 6. Definition: As discussed in Unit II
This type of energy source can be renewed or can be replenished
regularly.
Renewable energy sources are usually less polluting eg.
Hydropower, solar, wind, geothermal. Other sources are fuelwood,
biomass, biogas and even garbage.
Renewable energy technologies will improve the efficiency and
cost of energy systems so that we may not depend on fossil fuel
energy.
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- 8. Hydroelectricity is produced from falling water. The movement of
the water spins turbines which generate electricity.
In this technique, potential energy of stored river water in high
dams is converted to kinetic energy to run the turbines at the
bottom that generate electric power.
Places with high rainfall and steep mountains are ideal for
hydroelectricity. Canada, Brazil and New Zealand produce most
of their electricity this way.
In Australia about 8 per cent of electricity is produced from
hydroelectricity.
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- 10. Between 1950 and 1970 , hydropower generation in the world
increased seven times.
The important hydel power projects of India are Bhakra Nangal,
Hirakund Dam, Damodar Valley, Thein Dam etc.
In India, hydel power plays a great role in electricity generation and
has the potential to generate 10,000 MW of electricity.
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- 11. Advantages
It is pollution free and renewable source of energy
Its operational cost is low
It helps in checking floods
Stored water can be used for irrigation, fisheries, drinking water
and for recreational purposes.
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- 12. Limitations and Environmental Effects
There is problem of planning and construction of dams at suitable
sites
Construction of dams may harm the topography and flora and
fauna of the area.
Dams can block routes of fish migration required for their survival
and reproduction
Problem of silting of water reservoirs of dams due to soil erosion
of catchment areas, particularly, by deforestation.
Damage of agricultural lands and forest areas may adversely
affect livelihood of local tribal people and farmers even leading to
conflits.
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- 13. Limitations and Environmental Effects cont…
Conflicts over equitable allocation of water for domestic,
agricultural and domestic use.
The use of rivers for navigation and fisheries becomes difficult
once the water is dammed to generate electricity
Rehabilitation of displaced persons is a major problem.
Large dams can induce increased seismic activity in certain
areas resulting in earthquakes
Because of the environmental impact of traditional hydroelectric
schemes, there has been increasing interest in alternative hydro
schemes.
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- 14. In one hour sun pours as much energy on earth as we use in whole
year.
Humanity would need no other source of energy if it were possible
to harness this tremendous amount of energy.
India receives about 60,000 billion MW of solar energy in a year.
Even 1% of this energy, if harnessed, generates 40 times more
electricity than the present electricity generated in India.
There is enough solar radiation striking the surface of the earth to
provide all of our energy needs.
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- 15. There are two main ways of using solar energy to produce electricity.
These are through the use of solar cells and solar thermal technology
(flat plate collectors, concentrating collectors, solar cooker, solar
water heater. etc.)
Using solar technologies to generate electricity is, at present, more
expensive than using coal-fired power stations, but it produces much
less pollution.
Solar cells are photovoltaic cells that turn light into electricity. Solar cells
are used in three main ways.
They are used in small electrical items, like calculators, and for remote
area power supplies, like telephones and space satellites.
Solar cells are used to a limited extent in the development of solar-
powered vehicles.
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- 16. Solar thermal technology uses heat gained directly from sunlight. The
best known use of this technology is in solar water heating.
Solar collector and the storage tank are two main parts of solar water
heating systems. The solar energy collector heats the water which is
then stored in well insulated storage tanks.
Australia is in an ideal position to develop and use solar energy.
Some areas in central and western Queensland are among the best
sites in the world to develop large scale solar electric generating
plants.
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- 18. Solar Cell
Device used to convert solar energy directly into electric energy
(photovoltaic effect)
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- 19. Flat-plate Solar Collector
Device that collects solar radiation and heats a coolant, which in turn
will be used in residential settings to heat water or the home.
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- 20. Solar-cell System
Unit that is usually made up of 36 solar cells, each of which produces
a voltage of 0.5 V; it is used to power low-voltage devices.
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- 21. Production Of Electricity From Solar Energy
Heating the coolant directly with solar rays turns water into steam,
which then turns the turbo-alternator to produce electricity.
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- 22. Solar Furnace
Plant that concentrates solar radiation to reach very high temperatures (over
5,400 F) as part of a research effort to develop experimental materials
(including astronautic materials and ceramics).
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- 24. Advantages
Solar energy is abundantly available inexhaustible source of energy.
It can be used in remote areas to run water pumps and to generate
electricity.
PV cells are commonly used in calculators and watches.
PV cells also provide power to satellites, electric lights and small
electric appliances like radios, weather stations, highway lights and in
remote areas.
They do not release pollutants or toxic material into environment.
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- 25. Limitations
Large space is required to collect sufficient amount of solar radiations
Solar energy is not available during night.
Some PV cells contain small amount of toxic substances like
cadmium which can be released into the environment in case of fire.
Mining of silicon causes environmental problems
PV systems need batteries to store the electricity for use during night
or cloudy days.
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- 26. Wind was one of the earliest energy source used by sailing
ships.
Wind mills were developed by China, Persia and Afghanistan
to draw water for irrigation and grind grain about 2000 yrs ago.
The early work on generating electricity from windmills was
mostly done in Denmark.
At present Denmark and California have large wind turbine
cooperatives that sell electricity to government grid.
India is the third largest producer of wind energy in the world.
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- 27. Wind pumps and generators have been used in remote areas
of Australia and in other countries around the world for many
years.
More recently, wind turbo-generators on wind farms have
been providing electricity for cities and towns in more than a
dozen countries.
The United States of America and Denmark produce most of
the world's wind-generated electricity. Australia has some small
wind farms.
The largest of these is at Esperance in Western Australia.
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- 28. Tower mill
The tower mill appeared later than the post mill; it consists of a
usually circular, stationary body and a roof that rotates with the help
of a fantail.
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- 29. Post Mill
The mill body pivots on a vertical axis when a tail pole is activated by
the miller.
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- 30. Vertical-axis Wind Turbine Horizontal-axis Wind Turbine
The most common type of wind turbine;
Wind turbine whose axis is
its axis positions itself in the direction of
perpendicular to the wind. the wind.
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- 31. Production Of Electricity From Wind Energy
Wind farms contain a group of wind turbines, which are driven by the wind;
they produce electricity and carry it along the transmission and distribution
networks to which they are connected.
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- 33. Advantages
It is a renewable source of energy and causes no pollution
It can generate power in remote areas where other sources are not
available.
It is easily manageable and cheap
While wind-generated electricity does not cause air pollution, it does
cost more to produce than electricity generated from coal.
It can water pumps, flour mills and electric turbines
Although large area of land is required for setting up wind farms but
less than 1% of the total area is covered by the turbine bases, the
foundations and the access roads. The rest of the area can be used
for farming or grazing.
Setting wind mills offshore reduces their demand for land and visual
impact
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- 34. Limitations and Environmental impact
Wind does not always blow with required intensity or in desired
direction all the year round
Wind energy is not available in all the regions
While wind generators don't produce any greenhouse gas emissions
they may cause vibrations, noise and visual pollution.
They also cause bird kills, effect on TV Reception, and aesthetic
impact
Wind is an intermittent source of energy and requires some other
backup or standby electric source.
High wind speed is needed to power wind generators effectively.
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- 35. Solar energy warms the water and creates ocean currents and
wind produces waves.
The movement of waves can also drive air turbines to make
electricity.
The energy of waves striking on shores of all the continents is
estimated at 2-3 million MW of energy.
The technologies to harness the kinetic energy of oceans are
being developed since 1970s. Some of them are discussed
below:
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- 36. Tidal power is harnessed by placing a barrage across an estuary
and forcing the tidal flow to pass through turbines.
In a one-way system, the basin is allowed to fill with the
incoming tide through a sluice, and the collected water is used
to produce electricity during low tide.
In a two-way system, power is generated from both the
incoming as well as the outgoing tide.
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- 37. Wave power is used to convert the kinetic energy of waves into
electric or mechanical energy to drive turbo-generators.
The generated electricity at sea is transmitted to land by cable.
The most potential sites on earth are located between 40 to 60
degrees latitude in both hemispheres, where the winds blow
more strongly.
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- 38. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) uses the temperature
difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or surface
ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work,
usually in the form of electricity.
However, the temperature differential is small and this impacts
the economic feasability of ocean thermal energy for electricity
generation.
A difference of 20 C or more is required between surface water
and deeper cool water of an ocean for effective operation of
OTEC
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- 39. Advantages
It is pollution free
It is renewable
It is continuously available source of energy in coastal regions.
It produces large amount of energy that can be harnessed
easily with suitable technology
Coastal areas and islands can become self sufficient for their
energy requirements.
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- 40. Limitations and Environmental Impacts
Oceanic plants can cause disruption in navigation
May cause harm to sea flora and fauna in sensitive ecosystems and
interfere with fisheries in coastal regions.
These are costly projects
Sea storms can harm equipments completely.
A tidal power station at the mouth of the river blocks the flow of
polluted water into the sea, which may create health hazards in the
estuary.
The residual drift current could effect the spawning of some fish and
the migratory patterns od surface swimming fish.
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- 41. Biomass is plant and animal material that can be used for energy. This
includes using wood from trees, waste from other plants (for example,
bagasse from sugar cane) and manure from livestock. Biomass can
be used to generate electricity, light, heat, motion and fuel.
Converting biomass energy into useable energy has many
environmental benefits. It uses waste materials that are usually
dumped, and uses up methane (a greenhouse gas).
Fuels such as ethanol can be made from biomass and used as an
alternative to petrol to power motor cars.
All plant and animal matter is called biomass. It is the mass of biological
matter on earth. We can get (biomass) energy:
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- 42. We can get (biomass) energy:
Directly from plants, for example burning wood for cooking and
heating.
Indirectly from plants, for example turning it into a liquid (alcohol such
as ethanol) or gas (biogas) fuel.
Indirectly from animal waste, for example biogas (mainly methane
gas) from sewage and manure.
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- 43. Most of these use waste products from agriculture, so they solve a
waste disposal problem and, at the same time, create energy for use
in homes, farms and factories.
Biogas can also be produced from livestock manure and human
sewage. Farms where animals graze and sewage plants are ideal
places to produce energy from biogas.
Waste peelings from food processing plants can also be used to
produce biogas.
An example of agricultural waste being used to produce electricity is the
recent Mackay Sugar Cooperative Association bagasse project.
Bagasse (solid waste from sugar production) from four mills will be
processed and used instead of coal to produce electricity.
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- 44. Limitations and Environmental effects
Fuelwood is obtained mostly from forests and has, thus, played a
major role in causing deforestation.
Its use produces smoke, carbon dioxide and other gaseous polutants
that harm our environment.
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- 45. Geo = earth
Thermal = heat
Geothermal energy uses heat energy from beneath the surface of the
earth.
The deep molten rock of earth’s crust is called “magma”, which surfaces
on some parts of earth’s crust.
The heat rising from the magma heats underground pools of water
called geothermal reservoirs or hotspots.
Hot underground water may come to the surface through an opening to
form hot springs, or it may boil to form geysers.
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- 46. Hot water stream coming out with pressure can be used to run turbines
for generating electricity
Altrenatively, holes can be drilled inside the earth’s hotspots through
which water can be pumped in and the steam so generated comes
out from another hole.
The pressure of this stream can be used to run turbines for generating
power.
In 20th century, geothermal energy has been harnessed on a large scale
for space heating, industrial use and power generation especially in
Iceland, Japan and New Zealand.
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- 52. Advantages
It is non polluting, stable and renewable source of energy
Its is as cheap as hydropower
It is independent of weather and can meet the energy demands of
certain regions having geothermal reservoirs.
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- 53. Limitations
It is available only in selected regions
Its prospects are still to be explored, assessed and investigated, that
require lots of funds for drilling
Water from geothermal reservoirs often contains minerals that are
corrosive and polluting
Geothermal fluids are a problem which must be treated before
disposal.
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- 55. NON-RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
This form of energy can not replenished naturally in short span of
time.
Nonrenewable energy sources come out of the ground as liquids,
gases and solids. Right now, crude oil (petroleum) is the only
naturally liquid commercial fossil fuel.
Natural gas and propane are normally gases, and coal is a solid.
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are all considered fossil
fuels because they formed from the buried remains of plants and
animals that lived millions of years ago.
Uranium ore, a solid, is mined and converted to a fuel.
Uranium is not a fossil fuel.
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- 56. COAL
It is hydrocarbon having high calorific value.
It is a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from
decomposing plants.
Based on the calorific value, various types of coal are:
Peat (20-30 % calorific value)
Lignite (30-50 % calorific value)
Bituminous (60-70 % calorific value)
Anthracite (80-90 % calorific value)
Methods of harnessing
Power Generation
Synthetic Natural Gas ( combination of CO and Hydrogen)
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- 57. Limitations and Environmental Effects
Mining and transportation of coal is costly
Burning of cola produces large quantity of ash
A 200MW power plant emits 1800kg CO, 730 kg HC,
730kg NO, 140 ton of Sulphur dioxide
Oxides of sulphur and nitrogen cause acid rain
Fly ash, unburnt fuel particles, and some metal oxides are
also thrown in the atmosphere
Thermal power plants produce hot water which causes
thermal pollution
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- 58. PETROLEUM
Petroleum, or crude oil, is formed in a similar way to coal.
But instead of becoming a rock, it became a liquid trapped
between layers of rocks.
It is a dark brown viscous liquid containing hydrocarbons.
It is purified and refined in oil refineries by fractional
distillation to obtain petrol, diesel, petroleum gas,
kerosene, wax etc.
These products are used in homes for heating and
cooking and in factories as a source of energy.
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- 59. Advantages
Main fuel for transport vehicles, aeroplanes
It is cleaner fuel as compared to coal having no solid
wastes except smoke particles
It is easier to transport as compared to coal
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- 60. Limitations and Environmental Effects
Its reserves are limited.
Automobile exhaust is the main source of air pollution
Oil spills from oil wells and oil ships cause death of flora
and fauna of water bodies.
Oil refineries cause thermal pollution and other types of
pollution
The processes of oil drilling, processing, transport and
utilization have serious environmental effects. Accidental
fires can go on burning for days or weeks.
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- 61. Gas is made in the same way as petroleum and is also trapped
between layers of rock.
Natural gas is tapped, compressed and piped into homes to be
used in stoves and hot water systems.
LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) is made from crude oil. It is
used for cooking and heating in homes, industrial heating in
boilers, kilns and furnaces, and for camping and caravanning
appliances.
LPG can also be used as an alternative to petrol as an engine
and transport fuel. Using LPG reduces greenhouse gas
emissions from a vehicle by up to 20 per cent.
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- 62. It is clean source of energy causing very little pollution
CNG is used in vehicles. It has greatly reduced pollution in delhi
Natural gas is used as industrial raw material in petrochemical
industry, fertilizer plants etc.
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- 63. It has limited reserves in the world.
Gas leakage can cause accidents as it is highly flammable.
Carbon dioxide produces due to burning of fuel causes global
warming
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- 64. Nuclear energy is the energy released when atoms are either
split or joined together.
A mineral called uranium is needed for this process. Heat
energy and steam produced can drive an electricity generator
in a power station, or provide direct mechanical power in a ship
or submarine.
Nuclear fission was first discovered by German scientists Otto
Hahn and Fritz Strassman (1938)
First nuclear power plant became operational in 1957 in
Pennsylvania, USA
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- 65. It is a clean source of energy
Small amount of fuel can generate large amount of energy
Nuclear fuel can be used for marine vessels, space crafts and
for heat generation in chemical processing plants.
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- 66. Produces hazardous radioactive waste causing radioactive
pollution
Nuclear power plant accidents cause disasters eg. Chernobyl
disaster
Uranium reserves are limited
High costs of operation, waste disposal and decommissioning of
old plants.
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- 67. Energy conservation should be considered from different aspects
as follows:
1. Efficiency in Production of energy
2. Efficiency in transportation
3. Efficiency in Utilization of Energy
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- 68. Production of crude oil in India is 32 million tonnes/yr. Oil
companies should increase their exploratory drilling operations
to discover more oil reserves in the country.
Afforestation, reforestation, social forestry, agroforestry should
be promoted to decrease pollution and get more fuel wood to
meet the demands of rural people.
Harnessing of solar energy should be bossted.
Tapping of free non conventional sources of energy like wind,
tidal, hydel, geothermal energy will help conserve fossil fuels for
future.
Reorganization of old coal mines, techniques of development of
new mines can boost coal production
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- 69. Wide, smooth and multilane roads can decrease oil
consumption and reduce air and noise pollution
More use of public conveyance will decrease oil consumption.
Engines should be kept in a good working order by regular
servicing
Use of cycles and rikshaws for short distances saves oil.
Continuous improvement in fuel efficiency of automobiles.
Solar battery cars development to provide pollution fee and
noise free environment.
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- 70. Protection of oil installations from fire will prevent the wastage and
damage of property and life.
Encouraging the use of biogas instead of biomass can save energy
and environment from pollution.
Using efficient and smokeless chullas will save fuelwood and reduce
air pollution.
Wastage of electricity should be avoided.
Using cycles and rickshaws for short distances.
Use of fuel efficient irrigation pumps.
Use of energy efficient appliances and lights.
Use of solar -cooker, heaters and cells
Education on needs and modes of energy saving
Control of population growth will reduce utilization of energy.
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