This document outlines tasks for a BTEC First Applied Science unit on the evolution of medicine. The tasks cover: 1) diagnosing illnesses through physical and biological techniques; 2) describing therapeutic drugs for three illnesses; 3) describing two medical techniques for treating illnesses; 4) factors that cause people to refuse treatment; 5) the process of developing a new drug from idea to market; and 6) risks associated with drug treatments. The final tasks involve discussing controversies over access to medical treatments.
Vowles et al (2015) opioid misuse, abuse, and addictionPaul Coelho, MD
This systematic review analyzed 38 studies on rates of problematic opioid use among chronic pain patients. The review sought to provide precise prevalence estimates for misuse, abuse, and addiction by applying explicit definitions and weighting studies by sample size and quality. Rates of misuse averaged between 21-29%, while rates of addiction averaged between 8-12%. Only one study reported rates of abuse. Significant variability remained between studies. Higher quality studies and those where prevalence was a primary objective tended to report lower addiction rates. The review provides guidance on possible average rates but also indicates need for further clarification.
This document provides an overview of a teacher guide for an activity on the bioethics of gene therapy. The activity uses three case studies of past gene therapy trials to explore ethical issues: a successful case, an unsuccessful case, and a mixed case. Students use an ethical decision-making model to examine each case from the perspective of stakeholders like patients, researchers, and companies. The goal is for students to consider ethical questions about risks, outcomes, and whether experimental gene therapy trials should continue given their challenges.
This document outlines 15 tasks for a unit on science in medicine. The tasks cover diagnosing illnesses through physical and biological techniques, describing therapeutic drugs and techniques, examining drug development processes, and discussing factors that limit access to treatment. Students will identify diagnostic tests, therapeutic drugs and techniques; explain the scientific principles and functions; evaluate advantages/disadvantages; and analyze legal requirements and controversies around access to medicine.
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in pathophysiology including homeostasis, mechanisms of disease, levels of prevention, and medical terminology.
2. Key aspects covered include how normal structure and function relate to disease signs and symptoms, and how disordered physiology leads to specific disease presentations.
3. Maintaining knowledge of pathophysiology helps physicians understand medical histories, develop treatment plans, and integrate various diagnostic findings and tests.
This document discusses how to formulate clinical questions to guide searches of the medical literature. It introduces the PICO framework for structuring questions around patients, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. Five common types of clinical questions are identified: therapy, harm, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Each question type lends itself to different study designs that provide the best evidence. Examples are provided to demonstrate how unstructured questions can be clarified using PICO. The goal is to construct answerable clinical questions that facilitate efficient literature searches.
Drug development - Background informationXplore Health
This guide provides background information on the drug development process including the different phases and the ethical, legal and social aspects associated.
Assignment 2 Assessing and Treating Patients With SleepWake Disord.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment 2: Assessing and Treating Patients With Sleep/Wake Disorders
Sleep disorders are conditions that result in changes in an individual’s pattern of sleep (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Not surprisingly, a sleep disorder can affect an individual’s overall health, safety, and quality of life. Psychiatric nurse practitioners can treat sleep disorders with psychopharmacologic treatments, however, many of these drugs can have negative effects on other aspects of a patient’s health and well-being. Additionally, while psychopharmacologic treatments may be able to address issues with sleep, they can also exert potential challenges with waking patterns. Thus, it is important for the psychiatric nurse practitioner to carefully evaluate the best psychopharmacologic treatments for patients that present with sleep/wake disorders.
Reference: Mayo Clinic. (2020).
Sleep disorders
. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354018
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, including the Medication Resources indicated for this week.
Reflect on the psychopharmacologic treatments you might recommend for the assessment and treatment of patients with sleep/wake disorders.
The Assignment: 5 pages
Examine
Case Study: Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Insomnia in a Younger Adult.
You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.
Introduction to the case (1 page)
Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Decision #1 (1 page)
Which decision did you select?
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Decision #2 (1 page)
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resou.
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM), including its background, key principles, and methods. It discusses how EBM aims to optimize clinical decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed research studies. Some of the main points covered include formulating answerable clinical questions using the PICO framework, systematically identifying and appraising relevant evidence, understanding different types of research studies and levels of evidence, and incorporating patients' values and preferences into clinical decision-making. The goal of EBM is to improve patient outcomes by ensuring treatment choices are informed by the best available research evidence.
Vowles et al (2015) opioid misuse, abuse, and addictionPaul Coelho, MD
This systematic review analyzed 38 studies on rates of problematic opioid use among chronic pain patients. The review sought to provide precise prevalence estimates for misuse, abuse, and addiction by applying explicit definitions and weighting studies by sample size and quality. Rates of misuse averaged between 21-29%, while rates of addiction averaged between 8-12%. Only one study reported rates of abuse. Significant variability remained between studies. Higher quality studies and those where prevalence was a primary objective tended to report lower addiction rates. The review provides guidance on possible average rates but also indicates need for further clarification.
This document provides an overview of a teacher guide for an activity on the bioethics of gene therapy. The activity uses three case studies of past gene therapy trials to explore ethical issues: a successful case, an unsuccessful case, and a mixed case. Students use an ethical decision-making model to examine each case from the perspective of stakeholders like patients, researchers, and companies. The goal is for students to consider ethical questions about risks, outcomes, and whether experimental gene therapy trials should continue given their challenges.
This document outlines 15 tasks for a unit on science in medicine. The tasks cover diagnosing illnesses through physical and biological techniques, describing therapeutic drugs and techniques, examining drug development processes, and discussing factors that limit access to treatment. Students will identify diagnostic tests, therapeutic drugs and techniques; explain the scientific principles and functions; evaluate advantages/disadvantages; and analyze legal requirements and controversies around access to medicine.
1. The document provides an overview of key concepts in pathophysiology including homeostasis, mechanisms of disease, levels of prevention, and medical terminology.
2. Key aspects covered include how normal structure and function relate to disease signs and symptoms, and how disordered physiology leads to specific disease presentations.
3. Maintaining knowledge of pathophysiology helps physicians understand medical histories, develop treatment plans, and integrate various diagnostic findings and tests.
This document discusses how to formulate clinical questions to guide searches of the medical literature. It introduces the PICO framework for structuring questions around patients, interventions, comparisons, and outcomes. Five common types of clinical questions are identified: therapy, harm, differential diagnosis, diagnosis, and prognosis. Each question type lends itself to different study designs that provide the best evidence. Examples are provided to demonstrate how unstructured questions can be clarified using PICO. The goal is to construct answerable clinical questions that facilitate efficient literature searches.
Drug development - Background informationXplore Health
This guide provides background information on the drug development process including the different phases and the ethical, legal and social aspects associated.
Assignment 2 Assessing and Treating Patients With SleepWake Disord.docxsalmonpybus
Assignment 2: Assessing and Treating Patients With Sleep/Wake Disorders
Sleep disorders are conditions that result in changes in an individual’s pattern of sleep (Mayo Clinic, 2020). Not surprisingly, a sleep disorder can affect an individual’s overall health, safety, and quality of life. Psychiatric nurse practitioners can treat sleep disorders with psychopharmacologic treatments, however, many of these drugs can have negative effects on other aspects of a patient’s health and well-being. Additionally, while psychopharmacologic treatments may be able to address issues with sleep, they can also exert potential challenges with waking patterns. Thus, it is important for the psychiatric nurse practitioner to carefully evaluate the best psychopharmacologic treatments for patients that present with sleep/wake disorders.
Reference: Mayo Clinic. (2020).
Sleep disorders
. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sleep-disorders/symptoms-causes/syc-20354018
To prepare for this Assignment:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, including the Medication Resources indicated for this week.
Reflect on the psychopharmacologic treatments you might recommend for the assessment and treatment of patients with sleep/wake disorders.
The Assignment: 5 pages
Examine
Case Study: Pharmacologic Approaches to the Treatment of Insomnia in a Younger Adult.
You will be asked to make three decisions concerning the medication to prescribe to this patient. Be sure to consider factors that might impact the patient’s pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes.
At each decision point, you should evaluate all options before selecting your decision and moving throughout the exercise. Before you make your decision, make sure that you have researched each option and that you evaluate the decision that you will select. Be sure to research each option using the primary literature.
Introduction to the case (1 page)
Briefly explain and summarize the case for this Assignment. Be sure to include the specific patient factors that may impact your decision making when prescribing medication for this patient.
Decision #1 (1 page)
Which decision did you select?
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
Why did you not select the other two options provided in the exercise? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resources, including the primary literature.
What were you hoping to achieve by making this decision? Support your response with evidence and references to the Learning Resources (including the primary literature).
Explain how ethical considerations may impact your treatment plan and communication with patients. Be specific and provide examples.
Decision #2 (1 page)
Why did you select this decision? Be specific and support your response with clinically relevant and patient-specific resou.
This document provides an overview of evidence-based medicine (EBM), including its background, key principles, and methods. It discusses how EBM aims to optimize clinical decision-making by emphasizing the use of evidence from well-designed research studies. Some of the main points covered include formulating answerable clinical questions using the PICO framework, systematically identifying and appraising relevant evidence, understanding different types of research studies and levels of evidence, and incorporating patients' values and preferences into clinical decision-making. The goal of EBM is to improve patient outcomes by ensuring treatment choices are informed by the best available research evidence.
This document discusses the basics of pathophysiology. It begins by defining anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, noting that pathophysiology builds on knowledge of normal structure and function by exploring how disease develops and changes anatomy and physiology. It then discusses several key pathophysiology topics: the causes and mechanisms of disease; how pathologists study tissues and cells to determine disease cause; how normal and abnormal structure and function relate to disease signs and symptoms; and how specific diseases affect individual organ systems based on normal structure and function. The document emphasizes that understanding pathophysiology helps physicians develop effective prevention, diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies for disease.
Introduction to Evidence Based Psychiatry.pptxFranklinAlier
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based psychiatry and the 5-step evidence-based medicine model. It discusses that while the term "evidence-based" is increasingly used in psychiatry, leaders may be unfamiliar with the methods. Evidence-based medicine involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make decisions about patient care. The 5-step model includes formulating a question, searching for evidence, appraising the evidence, applying it to a patient, and assessing the outcome.
The document describes the process of pre-clinical trials for testing new drugs. It involves:
1) Identifying a drug target through basic research and applying that knowledge through applied research.
2) Developing a bioassay, usually using animal or cell models, to test the drug's safety and effectiveness.
3) Establishing the effective and toxic doses of the drug through screening in the bioassay system.
4) Filing for approval as an Investigational New Drug with the FDA if results show promise, allowing tests in human clinical trials. The goal of pre-clinical trials is to determine if a new drug or medical device is safe and effective before testing in humans using the scientific method.
The pre-clinical trial process involves testing new drugs on animal and cell bioassays before human testing to determine if they are safe and effective. It begins with basic research to identify a drug target related to a disease. Researchers then develop a bioassay and screen drug candidates to find ones that act on the target as intended without toxicity. Effective and toxic doses are established, and approval is sought from the FDA to begin clinical trials on humans by filing an Investigational New Drug application. The goal of pre-clinical trials is to apply findings from basic research on biochemical pathways and identify promising drug candidates ready for initial human testing.
The document describes the process of pre-clinical trials for testing new drugs. It involves:
1) Identifying a drug target based on basic research findings. Researchers determine targets associated with disease processes.
2) Developing a bioassay system like cell cultures or animal models to test the drug's safety and effectiveness.
3) Screening candidate drug compounds in the bioassay to determine if they interact safely and effectively with the target.
4) Establishing the effective and toxic dosage levels of any promising compounds before filing for approval to begin human clinical trials. The goal is to use the scientific method to evaluate drugs in living systems before testing in humans.
Here are some questions I would ask PhilHealth to evaluate its reliability:
- What medical services and procedures are covered by the plan? Are there any exclusions I should be aware of?
- How much will my monthly premiums be? Will they increase over time?
- What hospitals and healthcare providers accept PhilHealth in my area? Is there a wide network?
- What is the process for filing a claim? How long does it typically take to get reimbursed?
- What is the appeals process if a claim is denied?
- Does the plan have lifetime or annual coverage limits I need to be aware of?
- What is the process for changing plans or canceling coverage if I
This document discusses formulating clinical questions using the PICO framework and conducting evidence-based medicine research. It provides an example of a clinical question that could be asked about a 5-year-old female patient presenting with acute otitis media. The question focuses on whether antibiotics are necessary for this condition, as the patient's mother is concerned about antibiotic overuse and resistance. Well-formulated clinical questions are the starting point for evidence-based practice and help focus the literature search on the specific needs of the patient case.
- Case report considered as a base of the evidence pyramid. - Case report had a crucial role in explaining abnormal data and elaborating some research theories or questions. - Writing a case report needs to be stick for the CARE CHECKLIST. - Abstract is written in the beginning of the case report, but it will be the last part to be written. - Don’t forget deidentified patient data. - Don’t forget Informed Consent.
This document discusses how technology and medicine have improved lives but benefits are not equally available. It provides background on medical advances over the last century and an activity where students research a disease and its treatment. Pairs of students investigate illnesses like polio, measles or diabetes and the vaccines or medicines developed. An example is provided on smallpox and Edward Jenner's 1796 discovery of vaccination. While treatments have been life-saving, their availability depends on factors like cost and access. In conclusion, technology has enhanced quality of life but not all can partake in the benefits.
This document discusses case report writing in traditional medicine. It notes that case reports are valuable for documenting unusual clinical presentations, outcomes of interventions, and other observations that could benefit other practitioners. However, case reporting is challenging in traditional medicine due to poor understanding of diagnostic methods, lack of consensus on approaches, and difficulty interfacing traditional medicine with modern science. The document provides guidelines for writing case reports, including examining patients thoroughly, documenting all observations, logically linking interventions to outcomes, and publishing once meaningful trends are identified that could help others. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of detailed documentation and logical analysis to strengthen case reporting in traditional medicine.
This document provides information on an 8-week online nurse educator course covering advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology. It includes discussion questions for each week focusing on analyzing case studies, comparing conditions, researching treatments, and discussing implications of genetic screening and alternative therapies. Students are asked to address pathophysiology, pharmacology, implications for practice, and strategies for patient education. Weekly assignments involve creating an herbal product information pamphlet and analyzing a case study on an acid-base imbalance.
This document provides an overview of the NUR 641E Complete Class course, which covers advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each of the 8 weeks in the course as well as details on the weekly assignments. The questions and assignments address topics such as genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, research diseases and treatments, develop patient education materials, and create presentations. The goal is for nurse educators to gain knowledge on pathophysiology, pharmacology, and patient education strategies for various health conditions.
This document provides information on an 8-week online course titled "Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators". It includes discussion questions for each week covering topics like genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to respond to case studies, compare and contrast conditions, research treatments, and design patient education materials. The course aims to enhance nurses' understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to improve patient teaching.
This document provides an overview of the NUR 641E Complete Class course, which covers advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each of the 8 weeks in the course as well as details on the weekly assignments. The questions and assignments address topics such as genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, research diseases and treatments, interview patients, and develop educational materials for patients and staff. The goal is for nurse educators to gain deeper understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to effectively teach others.
This document provides an overview of an 8-week online nursing course on advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each week covering topics like genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, genitourinary infections, neurological disorders, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, compare conditions, research treatments, and consider implications for patient education. The course aims to enhance understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to inform nursing practice.
This document provides information on an 8-week online nurse educator course covering advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology. It includes discussion questions for each week focusing on analyzing case studies, comparing conditions, researching treatments, and discussing implications of genetic screening and alternative therapies. Students are asked to address pathophysiology, pharmacology, implications for practice, and strategies for patient education. Weekly assignments involve creating an herbal product information pamphlet and analyzing a case study on an acid-base imbalance.
This document provides an overview of the NUR 641E Complete Class course, which covers advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each of the 8 weeks in the course as well as details on the weekly assignments. The questions and assignments address topics such as genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, research diseases and treatments, interview patients, and develop educational materials for patients and staff. The goal is for nurse educators to gain deeper understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to effectively teach others.
The document discusses clinical research and clinical trials, explaining that clinical trials are important for developing new treatments and furthering medical progress. It covers the different types of clinical trials including treatment, prevention, screening, diagnostic, and quality of life trials. The document also outlines the four phases of clinical trials and the purpose and typical size of participants in each phase.
Knowledge Base System in Medicine with Special Reference to Consulting PhysicianIJESM JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a knowledge base system for medical diagnosis. The system focuses on diseases where fever is a symptom. It contains a database with information on patients, symptoms, and disease diagnosis. An interface allows users to enter a patient's details and select symptoms. The system then uses rules and forward chaining to infer the likely disease and provide diagnosis. The knowledge base system was tested in hospitals and found to generate accurate diagnoses, helping improve healthcare access.
The document discusses the importance of clinical research for developing new diagnostic methods and treatments through systematic studies on pharmaceutical products in human subjects to evaluate safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. It explains the different types of clinical trials including treatment, prevention, screening, diagnostic, and quality of life trials conducted in four phases to translate basic research findings into improved medical care. The key elements of a clinical trial protocol are also outlined including background information, objectives, methodology, and plans for administration, oversight, and regulation.
An Australian study of 14,000 twin pairs sought to determine if there was a genetic basis for homosexuality. They focused on male identical twins. The researchers found that of the identical twin pairs where one twin was homosexual, 38% of the time the other twin was also homosexual. This suggests there may be a genetic influence for sexual orientation. However, the conclusion has limitations since other environmental factors could also influence sexual orientation.
This 1 hour 30 minute lesson introduces students to the concept of variation within and between species. It aims to teach students key terms like genotype, phenotype, intraspecific and interspecific variation. The lesson will explore the genetic and environmental causes of variation and how variation can be measured on continuous or discontinuous scales. Students will consider examples of human traits that vary and sort them based on likely genetic or environmental influences. They will also discuss how confident we can be about stating single causes of variation, as influences are often complex.
More Related Content
Similar to Unit 11 Science In Medicine Evolution Of Medicine
This document discusses the basics of pathophysiology. It begins by defining anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology, noting that pathophysiology builds on knowledge of normal structure and function by exploring how disease develops and changes anatomy and physiology. It then discusses several key pathophysiology topics: the causes and mechanisms of disease; how pathologists study tissues and cells to determine disease cause; how normal and abnormal structure and function relate to disease signs and symptoms; and how specific diseases affect individual organ systems based on normal structure and function. The document emphasizes that understanding pathophysiology helps physicians develop effective prevention, diagnostic, treatment, and management strategies for disease.
Introduction to Evidence Based Psychiatry.pptxFranklinAlier
This document provides an introduction to evidence-based psychiatry and the 5-step evidence-based medicine model. It discusses that while the term "evidence-based" is increasingly used in psychiatry, leaders may be unfamiliar with the methods. Evidence-based medicine involves integrating the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make decisions about patient care. The 5-step model includes formulating a question, searching for evidence, appraising the evidence, applying it to a patient, and assessing the outcome.
The document describes the process of pre-clinical trials for testing new drugs. It involves:
1) Identifying a drug target through basic research and applying that knowledge through applied research.
2) Developing a bioassay, usually using animal or cell models, to test the drug's safety and effectiveness.
3) Establishing the effective and toxic doses of the drug through screening in the bioassay system.
4) Filing for approval as an Investigational New Drug with the FDA if results show promise, allowing tests in human clinical trials. The goal of pre-clinical trials is to determine if a new drug or medical device is safe and effective before testing in humans using the scientific method.
The pre-clinical trial process involves testing new drugs on animal and cell bioassays before human testing to determine if they are safe and effective. It begins with basic research to identify a drug target related to a disease. Researchers then develop a bioassay and screen drug candidates to find ones that act on the target as intended without toxicity. Effective and toxic doses are established, and approval is sought from the FDA to begin clinical trials on humans by filing an Investigational New Drug application. The goal of pre-clinical trials is to apply findings from basic research on biochemical pathways and identify promising drug candidates ready for initial human testing.
The document describes the process of pre-clinical trials for testing new drugs. It involves:
1) Identifying a drug target based on basic research findings. Researchers determine targets associated with disease processes.
2) Developing a bioassay system like cell cultures or animal models to test the drug's safety and effectiveness.
3) Screening candidate drug compounds in the bioassay to determine if they interact safely and effectively with the target.
4) Establishing the effective and toxic dosage levels of any promising compounds before filing for approval to begin human clinical trials. The goal is to use the scientific method to evaluate drugs in living systems before testing in humans.
Here are some questions I would ask PhilHealth to evaluate its reliability:
- What medical services and procedures are covered by the plan? Are there any exclusions I should be aware of?
- How much will my monthly premiums be? Will they increase over time?
- What hospitals and healthcare providers accept PhilHealth in my area? Is there a wide network?
- What is the process for filing a claim? How long does it typically take to get reimbursed?
- What is the appeals process if a claim is denied?
- Does the plan have lifetime or annual coverage limits I need to be aware of?
- What is the process for changing plans or canceling coverage if I
This document discusses formulating clinical questions using the PICO framework and conducting evidence-based medicine research. It provides an example of a clinical question that could be asked about a 5-year-old female patient presenting with acute otitis media. The question focuses on whether antibiotics are necessary for this condition, as the patient's mother is concerned about antibiotic overuse and resistance. Well-formulated clinical questions are the starting point for evidence-based practice and help focus the literature search on the specific needs of the patient case.
- Case report considered as a base of the evidence pyramid. - Case report had a crucial role in explaining abnormal data and elaborating some research theories or questions. - Writing a case report needs to be stick for the CARE CHECKLIST. - Abstract is written in the beginning of the case report, but it will be the last part to be written. - Don’t forget deidentified patient data. - Don’t forget Informed Consent.
This document discusses how technology and medicine have improved lives but benefits are not equally available. It provides background on medical advances over the last century and an activity where students research a disease and its treatment. Pairs of students investigate illnesses like polio, measles or diabetes and the vaccines or medicines developed. An example is provided on smallpox and Edward Jenner's 1796 discovery of vaccination. While treatments have been life-saving, their availability depends on factors like cost and access. In conclusion, technology has enhanced quality of life but not all can partake in the benefits.
This document discusses case report writing in traditional medicine. It notes that case reports are valuable for documenting unusual clinical presentations, outcomes of interventions, and other observations that could benefit other practitioners. However, case reporting is challenging in traditional medicine due to poor understanding of diagnostic methods, lack of consensus on approaches, and difficulty interfacing traditional medicine with modern science. The document provides guidelines for writing case reports, including examining patients thoroughly, documenting all observations, logically linking interventions to outcomes, and publishing once meaningful trends are identified that could help others. Overall, it emphasizes the importance of detailed documentation and logical analysis to strengthen case reporting in traditional medicine.
This document provides information on an 8-week online nurse educator course covering advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology. It includes discussion questions for each week focusing on analyzing case studies, comparing conditions, researching treatments, and discussing implications of genetic screening and alternative therapies. Students are asked to address pathophysiology, pharmacology, implications for practice, and strategies for patient education. Weekly assignments involve creating an herbal product information pamphlet and analyzing a case study on an acid-base imbalance.
This document provides an overview of the NUR 641E Complete Class course, which covers advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each of the 8 weeks in the course as well as details on the weekly assignments. The questions and assignments address topics such as genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, research diseases and treatments, develop patient education materials, and create presentations. The goal is for nurse educators to gain knowledge on pathophysiology, pharmacology, and patient education strategies for various health conditions.
This document provides information on an 8-week online course titled "Advanced Pathophysiology and Pharmacology for Nurse Educators". It includes discussion questions for each week covering topics like genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to respond to case studies, compare and contrast conditions, research treatments, and design patient education materials. The course aims to enhance nurses' understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to improve patient teaching.
This document provides an overview of the NUR 641E Complete Class course, which covers advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each of the 8 weeks in the course as well as details on the weekly assignments. The questions and assignments address topics such as genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, research diseases and treatments, interview patients, and develop educational materials for patients and staff. The goal is for nurse educators to gain deeper understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to effectively teach others.
This document provides an overview of an 8-week online nursing course on advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each week covering topics like genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, genitourinary infections, neurological disorders, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, compare conditions, research treatments, and consider implications for patient education. The course aims to enhance understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to inform nursing practice.
This document provides information on an 8-week online nurse educator course covering advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology. It includes discussion questions for each week focusing on analyzing case studies, comparing conditions, researching treatments, and discussing implications of genetic screening and alternative therapies. Students are asked to address pathophysiology, pharmacology, implications for practice, and strategies for patient education. Weekly assignments involve creating an herbal product information pamphlet and analyzing a case study on an acid-base imbalance.
This document provides an overview of the NUR 641E Complete Class course, which covers advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology for nurse educators. It includes discussion questions for each of the 8 weeks in the course as well as details on the weekly assignments. The questions and assignments address topics such as genetic disorders, immunizations, electrolyte imbalances, cardiovascular conditions, and endocrine disorders. Students are asked to analyze case studies, research diseases and treatments, interview patients, and develop educational materials for patients and staff. The goal is for nurse educators to gain deeper understanding of disease processes and pharmacology to effectively teach others.
The document discusses clinical research and clinical trials, explaining that clinical trials are important for developing new treatments and furthering medical progress. It covers the different types of clinical trials including treatment, prevention, screening, diagnostic, and quality of life trials. The document also outlines the four phases of clinical trials and the purpose and typical size of participants in each phase.
Knowledge Base System in Medicine with Special Reference to Consulting PhysicianIJESM JOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper on developing a knowledge base system for medical diagnosis. The system focuses on diseases where fever is a symptom. It contains a database with information on patients, symptoms, and disease diagnosis. An interface allows users to enter a patient's details and select symptoms. The system then uses rules and forward chaining to infer the likely disease and provide diagnosis. The knowledge base system was tested in hospitals and found to generate accurate diagnoses, helping improve healthcare access.
The document discusses the importance of clinical research for developing new diagnostic methods and treatments through systematic studies on pharmaceutical products in human subjects to evaluate safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics. It explains the different types of clinical trials including treatment, prevention, screening, diagnostic, and quality of life trials conducted in four phases to translate basic research findings into improved medical care. The key elements of a clinical trial protocol are also outlined including background information, objectives, methodology, and plans for administration, oversight, and regulation.
Similar to Unit 11 Science In Medicine Evolution Of Medicine (20)
An Australian study of 14,000 twin pairs sought to determine if there was a genetic basis for homosexuality. They focused on male identical twins. The researchers found that of the identical twin pairs where one twin was homosexual, 38% of the time the other twin was also homosexual. This suggests there may be a genetic influence for sexual orientation. However, the conclusion has limitations since other environmental factors could also influence sexual orientation.
This 1 hour 30 minute lesson introduces students to the concept of variation within and between species. It aims to teach students key terms like genotype, phenotype, intraspecific and interspecific variation. The lesson will explore the genetic and environmental causes of variation and how variation can be measured on continuous or discontinuous scales. Students will consider examples of human traits that vary and sort them based on likely genetic or environmental influences. They will also discuss how confident we can be about stating single causes of variation, as influences are often complex.
Twins are used in variation studies because they allow researchers to isolate the effects of genetic and environmental factors. Studying twins who share genes but are raised in separate environments or together in the same environment can show whether differences between twins are due to nature or nurture. This helps researchers understand the relative contributions of genetic and environmental influences on traits.
Variation exists between individuals of the same species due to both genetic and environmental factors. Genetic causes of variation include differences in DNA sequences between individuals, while environmental factors such as diet, climate, and other external influences can also impact variation. The document explores the sources and causes of variation between individuals.
This document contains practice biology questions about magnification and measurements of biological structures and cells. It includes images of a fish gill magnified 400x and asks the actual length of a filament. It also includes an image of a parasite spine magnified 1000x and asks the actual length. Finally, it includes drawings of a pancreatic cell measured at 8.6 micrometers and E. coli cells typically 2 micrometers long, asking the magnification of the images.
The document provides instructions for a biology mock exam to be taken at Haringey Sixth Form Centre Science Department. Students are to write their name and take a one hour exam with questions worth a total of 50 marks. Pencils, rulers, pens and calculators are required materials for the test.
This document contains an October biology mock exam paper for A. Student at Haringey Sixth Form Centre Science Department. The exam is one hour long and consists of multiple choice and short answer questions related to biology topics like enzymes, temperature effects on reaction rates, carbohydrates, and digestion. The questions assess understanding of key concepts and require explaining processes like hydrolysis, competitive inhibition, and the effects of enzyme denaturation.
The document discusses proteins, stating that proteins are made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds, enzymes are proteins, antibodies are proteins, and there are 20 standard amino acids. Key proteins mentioned include keratin, actin, myosin, collagen, hemoglobin, and structural and transport proteins.
This document provides resources for investigating the effectiveness of methods to prevent the spread of swine flu, including petri dishes, agar, hand sanitizer, face masks, and bacteria samples. Students will work in small groups to plan an investigation with an hypothesis, risk assessment, and method section. Their assignment is to begin drafting an independent report with these planned sections and revising their introduction based on feedback.
This document provides guidance for creating a revision poster on biological molecules. It lists definitions, terminology, diagrams, monomers to polymers, and reactions that should be included. The poster must cover the structure of amino acids, glucose, and nucleotides as well as key terms like mono, di, tri, and poly. It will be reviewed and tested on October 9th to support an AS Biology class.
The document discusses swine flu and provides safety advice. It notes that antibiotics will not help with swine flu as it is a viral infection. It recommends wearing a safety harness if leaning out a window to avoid the risk of falling and injury.
The document provides instructions for performing a series of tests to identify carbohydrates in food products. It describes preparing food samples, carrying out Benedict's test for reducing sugars, testing sensitivity of Benedict's test and Clinistix strips, and performing biochemical tests for non-reducing sugars and starch using Benedict's reagent and iodine solution. Observations are recorded and deductions made to identify which foods contain reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, and starch.
The human digestive system consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and rectum. Food moves through this system where it is broken down and absorbed. The small intestine plays an important role in digestion through villi and microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Glands like the salivary glands, pancreas, and liver secrete enzymes to further break down food into molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body.
I. Incidences of teen dating abuse are unexpectedly high, with nearly 1 in 3 teens reporting sexual abuse, physical abuse, or threats of physical abuse, and nearly 1 in 2 reporting being controlled or pressured into unwanted acts. Many teens also know someone who has been abused.
II. There appears to be a link between families experiencing economic problems, higher levels of domestic violence between parents, and teens experiencing higher rates of dating abuse themselves.
III. Despite the high levels of abuse, most parents are dangerously unaware of the dating abuse occurring in their teens' lives.
Benny is a 54-year-old man whose lifestyle puts him at high risk for cardiovascular disease. He has a sedentary job and lifestyle aside from walking his dog once a day. His diet is unhealthy and high in cholesterol. He smokes 40 cigarettes per day. His father died of a heart attack in his late 40s, indicating a genetic risk factor.
I. Incidences of teen dating abuse are unexpectedly high, with nearly 1 in 3 teens reporting sexual abuse, physical abuse, or threats of physical abuse, and nearly 1 in 2 reporting being controlled or pressured into unwanted acts. Many teens also know someone who has experienced abuse.
II. There appears to be a link between families experiencing economic problems, higher levels of domestic violence between parents, and teens experiencing higher rates of dating abuse themselves.
III. Despite the high levels of abuse, most parents are dangerously unaware of the dating abuse occurring in their teens' lives.
This document is a course handbook for AS and A2 Biology students at Haringey Sixth Form Centre. It provides information about staff roles, the course structure and units, assessment details, progression opportunities, expectations of students, a calendar of the academic year, study skills advice, health and safety policies, required equipment, and recommended reading materials and websites. The handbook is intended to give students all the necessary information to succeed in the course throughout their time at the Centre.
Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapyDr. Sumit KUMAR
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
As the world population is aging, Health tourism has become vitally important and will be increased day by day. Because
of the availability of quality health services and more favorable prices as well as to shorten the waiting list for medical
services regionally and internationally. There are some aspects of managing and doing marketing activities in order for
medical tourism to be feasible, in a region called as clustering in a region with main stakeholders groups includes Health
providers, Tourism cluster, etc. There are some related and affecting factors to be considered for the feasibility of medical
tourism within this study such as competitiveness, clustering, Entrepreneurship, SMEs. One of the growth phenomenon
is Health tourism in the city of Izmir and Turkey. The model of five competitive forces of Porter and The Diamond model
that is an economical model that shows the four main factors that affect the competitiveness of a nation and its industries
in this study. The short literature of medical tourism and regional clustering have been mentioned.
Selective alpha1 blockers are Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin, Tamsulosin and Silodosin majorly used to treat BPH, also hypertension, PTSD, Raynaud's phenomenon, CHF
Giloy in Ayurveda - Classical Categorization and SynonymsPlanet Ayurveda
Giloy, also known as Guduchi or Amrita in classical Ayurvedic texts, is a revered herb renowned for its myriad health benefits. It is categorized as a Rasayana, meaning it has rejuvenating properties that enhance vitality and longevity. Giloy is celebrated for its ability to boost the immune system, detoxify the body, and promote overall wellness. Its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antioxidant properties make it a staple in managing conditions like fever, diabetes, and stress. The versatility and efficacy of Giloy in supporting health naturally highlight its importance in Ayurveda. At Planet Ayurveda, we provide a comprehensive range of health services and 100% herbal supplements that harness the power of natural ingredients like Giloy. Our products are globally available and affordable, ensuring that everyone can benefit from the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda. If you or your loved ones are dealing with health issues, contact Planet Ayurveda at 01725214040 to book an online video consultation with our professional doctors. Let us help you achieve optimal health and wellness naturally.
Allopurinol, a uric acid synthesis inhibitor acts by inhibiting Xanthine oxidase competitively as well as non- competitively, Whereas Oxypurinol is a non-competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.
Storyboard on Acne-Innovative Learning-M. pharm. (2nd sem.) CosmeticsMuskanShingari
Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF SPECIAL POPULATIONS: GERIATRICS E7shruti jagirdar
Unit 4: MRA 103T Regulatory affairs
This guideline is directed principally toward new Molecular Entities that are
likely to have significant use in the elderly, either because the disease intended
to be treated is characteristically a disease of aging ( e.g., Alzheimer's disease) or
because the population to be treated is known to include substantial numbers of
geriatric patients (e.g., hypertension).
CLASSIFICATION OF H1 ANTIHISTAMINICS-
FIRST GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-
1)HIGHLY SEDATIVE-DIPHENHYDRAMINE,DIMENHYDRINATE,PROMETHAZINE,HYDROXYZINE 2)MODERATELY SEDATIVE- PHENARIMINE,CYPROHEPTADINE, MECLIZINE,CINNARIZINE
3)MILD SEDATIVE-CHLORPHENIRAMINE,DEXCHLORPHENIRAMINE
TRIPROLIDINE,CLEMASTINE
SECOND GENERATION ANTIHISTAMINICS-FEXOFENADINE,
LORATADINE,DESLORATADINE,CETIRIZINE,LEVOCETIRIZINE,
AZELASTINE,MIZOLASTINE,EBASTINE,RUPATADINE. Mechanism of action of 2nd generation antihistaminics-
These drugs competitively antagonize actions of
histamine at the H1 receptors.
Pharmacological actions-
Antagonism of histamine-The H1 antagonists effectively block histamine induced bronchoconstriction, contraction of intestinal and other smooth muscle and triple response especially wheal, flare and itch. Constriction of larger blood vessel by histamine is also antagonized.
2) Antiallergic actions-Many manifestations of immediate hypersensitivity (type I reactions)are suppressed. Urticaria, itching and angioedema are well controlled.3) CNS action-The older antihistamines produce variable degree of CNS depression.But in case of 2nd gen antihistaminics there is less CNS depressant property as these cross BBB to significantly lesser extent.
4) Anticholinergic action- many H1 blockers
in addition antagonize muscarinic actions of ACh. BUT IN 2ND gen histaminics there is Higher H1 selectivitiy : no anticholinergic side effects
Storyboard on Skin- Innovative Learning (M-pharm) 2nd sem. (Cosmetics)MuskanShingari
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga-GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS-2024.pdfOsvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort.
Nutritional deficiency Disorder are problems in india.
It is very important to learn about Indian child's nutritional parameters as well the Disease related to alteration in their Nutrition.
Call Girls Electronic City 🥰 Bangalore Call Girl No Advance Book Now
Unit 11 Science In Medicine Evolution Of Medicine
1. BTEC First Applied Science
Unit 11 Science in Medicine
Evolution of Medicine
Start date: April 20th 2008
Deadline Date: June 6th 2008
Purpose:
The purpose of this assignment is to allow learners to:
1. Look at the ways diseases are diagnosed and treated
2. Examine the difference between treatment and technique
3. Look at how a medicine is evolved from idea to marketing
4. Consider some of the factors surrounding the distribution of drugs
Scenario
You are on the board of a medical education facility. Your role is to inform
students in secondary schools across Haringey about medicine and dis-
ease. You want to give them a broad knowledge in how diseases are di-
agnosed, the types of treatment there are, how treatments are developed
and who gets them. You will be discussing some of the scientific and so-
cial issues surrounding medical developments.
Task A This provides evidence for P1 M1 and D1
There are a number of ways in which a person with a disease or disorder
can be diagnosed by doctors and medical staff. Broadly speaking they
fall into two main categories
1. Physical Diagnosis
2. Biological Diagnosis
Create an open mind mind-map about diagnosing illness. There should
be two main branches (Physical and Biological) and two examples for
each branch. Write a description for Physical and Biological diagnosis.
For each diagnostic technique that you describe you should add the fol-
lowing sub-branches and relevant information
1. What the technique is and how it works
2. The scientific principle behind the technique
3. An evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of using this tech-
nique
Hand in date: 30th April
Unit 11 Science in Medicine
1
2. Unit 11 Evolution of Medicine
Task B This provides evidence for P2 M2 and D2
In treating illness sometimes therapeutic drugs are the absolute best rem-
edy. For this task you will need to identify three therapeutic drugs for
three given illnesses.
Write a fact sheet for three therapeutic drugs. Start each with an introduc-
tion about the disorder and the treatment you will be discussing. (P2)
Underneath this add a couple of paragraphs about how the therapeutic
drugs are used to treat the conditions identified. (M2)
Finally in conclusion for your fact-sheet and for D2 you need to explain
what it is the drugs do that help the given disease or disorder. How the
action of that drug affects one of, or many of the symptoms of the dis-
ease. Use images as necessary.
Hand in date May 1st
Task C This provides evidence for P3 and M3
In some illnesses a therapeutic technique is used as well as or instead of
a therapeutic drug. For this task you will need to identify two therapeutic
treatments for two given diseases.
Create two fact-sheets about two techniques for two diseases or disor-
ders.
Introduce your fact sheet by discussing the disease you have chosen to
write. Talk about how it presents itself, the symptoms and the people who
suffer from it.
Then go on to describe the technique itself. What are the features? How
often do patients need it? This should take a couple of paragraphs. (P3)
Your conclusion should then discuss how each technique functions within
the treatment process. What symptoms does the technique cure/alleviate
and how? How often do the patients have to have the treatment? Does it
work alongside any other treatments? (M3)
Hand in date May 7th
Unit 11 Science In Medicine
2
3. Unit 11 Evolution of Medicine
Task D This provides evidence for D3
There is a wide range of treatments for a wide range of illnesses, but
sometimes when people get ill they will refuse the treatment options that
are available to them.
Your task is to investigate some of the ethical, moral and religious reasons
why people refuse the treatment options available. Use your research to
make a 3 minute video discussing this using powerpoint and windows
movie maker
Hand in date May 14th
Task E This provides evidence for P4
Historically scientists like Edward Jenner or William Withering had an idea
for a therapeutic drug or technique and would go straight ahead and trial
them. Nowadays the process from idea to marketable drug is a long and
complicated process.
We will review the process using this board game produced by Pfizer
http://www.pfizerlearninglab.co.uk/resources/Game1.pdf
Your task is to produce and annotate (with diagrams where appropriate) a
living time line of the development of a drug, making sure to mention at
least the following stages
1.Clinical Trial
2.Primary compound research
3.Hypothesis
4.Testing of new potential drug
5.Development and marketing
6.Manufacture of new drug
Write your own description of what each stage involves.
Hand in date May 14th
Task F
This provides evidence for M4
Nowadays of all the medicines that scientists begin to investigate in the
laboratory only a very small percentage make it through to a marketable
product. Use the information you have learned throughout your study of
medical development to create a second time line. It should include all the
same stages as the first time line, but this time you should annotate it with
all the things that can go wrong at each stage of a drugs development.
Unit 11 Science In Medicine
3
4. Unit 11 Evolution of Medicine
Conclude this task with a summary paragraph saying why you think not all
drugs succeed to become licensed drugs.
Hand in date May 20th
Task G
This provides evidence for D4
This may also provide evidence for key skills
There are very tight legal controls over the way in which new drugs are
reasearched and produced. As you have seen in the previous two tasks
the drug makign process is long with many checkpoints. Failure at any of
these checkpoints usually means starting again.
In order for a new drug to be declared fit for the market there has to be a
series of clinical trials.
Review each of the articles below - summarising the key information with a
conclusion at the end in your own words of what you think of the process.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/medical_notes/4872918.stm
http://www.upd8.org.uk/download.php?id=327
http://www.cancerhelp.org.uk/help/default.asp?page=51&order=4133
The information you should aim to get out of each article is
1. What is a clinical trial?
2. Why do a clinical trial?
3. How does a clinical trial work?
4. Are clinical trials important?
Hand in date May 27th
Task H
This provides evidence for P5
There has been a number of news stories in recent years that relate to
people suffering from diseases and conditions who have not been given
access to the medicine they need to treat them. Thereʼs a number of rea-
sons for this. Use bbc.co.uk/news to look up a few of these reasons and
brainstorm a list of at least 5 in pairs. Create a table that states what pre-
vents someone from having access to a medicine, how this factor prevents
access and a final column stating what you think of this.
Hand in date May 27th
Unit 11 Science In Medicine
4
5. Unit 11 Evolution of Medicine
Task I
This provides evidence for M5
Whenever you buy a packet of tablets from the pharmacy it comes with a
leaflet that outlines the potential side effects of the medicine. There is a
general risk involved in taking all types of medicine.
For each of the following risks write a paragraph saying what it is and how
serious the risk associated with it is. Write a conclusion based on what you
have written at the end.
Side Effects
http://www.clinical-depression.co.uk/Treating_Depression/side_effects.htm
http://www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/html/medicine/understanding.ht
ml
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/mksg/all/2003/00000058/0000000
8/art00002
Addiction
http://www.beatingaddictions.co.uk/
http://www.addictions.co.uk/
http://www.thesite.org/drinkanddrugs/drugsafety/addiction/addictionbasics
http://www.actiononaddiction.org.uk/
Allergies
http://www.theallergysite.co.uk/medicine.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditions/allergies/allergicconditions_drug.sh
tml
http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-az/pen
icillin-do-allergies-run-in-the-family-762729.html
Hand in date Jun 6th
Task J This provides evidence for D5
We looked earlier at the reasons some people are not given access to the
drug treatment that they need.
When this happens this is always controversial - some people can see the
reasons for it and others think there should be no reason. We have looked
specifically at the NHS withholding access to Herceptin - a powerful can-
cer medicine that is very expensive.
Use your table that you created for Task H and write a newspaper article
discussing why it is often controversial to withhold medicine from certain
people.
Hand in date June 6th
Unit 11 Science In Medicine
5
6. Unit 11 Evolution of Medicine
Grading Criteria
To achieve a pass grade the To achieve a merit grade the To achieve a distinction grade
evidence must show that evidence must show that the evidence must show that
the learner is able to: the learner is able to: the learner is able to:
P1 M1 D1
Identify and describe two Explain the scientific princi- Evaluate the disadvantages and
biological and two physical ple underlying the two bio- advantages of using the two
procedures used to diag- logical and two physical pro- biological and two physical pro-
nose illness cedures cedures
P2 M2 D2
Identify the therapeutic Describe how the therapeu- Explain why the actions of
drugs used to treat three tic drugs are used to treat therapeutic drugs treat given
given illnesses the illnesses illnesses
P3 M3 D3
describe two therapeutic Explain the functions of Evaluate the reasons why some
techniques that are avail- each of the techniques in individuals, religions and cul-
able to treat given examples given treatment processes tures choose not to take advan-
of illnesses tage of all types of available
treatments
P4 M4 D4
describe how a new drug is Explain why very few of the Review the legal requirements
identified and developed to compounds which start the for the introduction of a new
production and marketing process of development ever rug into the UK market
stages of development succeed through to become
licensed drugs
P5 M5 D5
describe the factors affect- Explain the general risks Explain the reasons why deci-
ing availability of drugs and involved in all types of drug sions to give prescription drugs
treatments to patients. treatments to some and not to others are
always controversial
Assessor: Teresa Greer
Due Date: June 6th 2008
Unit 11 Science In Medicine
6