1. America In The Beginning Who were the first Americans? How and why did they come here? 30,000 years ago During a period of low temperatures called an ice age The world was covered in glaciers or sheets of ice. This caused ocean levels to drop and expose land. In the Bering straight, a land bridge appeared connecting Siberia & the Americas This land bridge is known as Beringia. Animals like mammoths crossed the bridge or migration to the America's.

2. What happened when they came to America? How did they meet their new needs? America In The Beginning Hunter's in Asia who moved from place to place to find food or nomads followed the mammoths and spread out or migrated to the America's The ice age ended warming up glaciers causing water levels to rise covering up the land bridge. Some animals died off like mammoths. Living in many different parts of the Americas the Natives needed to adjust or adapt to every thing in the new surrounds that made up each of their own environments in order to survive.

3. America In The Beginning How did Native Americans adjust to the new environments? What did they have in common? Living in many different parts of the Americas the Natives used the different natural resources their own different environments for food, clothing, and shelter. Different groups in different environments developed their own beliefs and ways of life or culture. Groups in the same environments adapted similar life styles, and language creating cultural region . Many Native American have these things in common. 1. Nature has a spirit & believes in many gods. 2. No one can own land. 3. Only use what is needed. 4. Trade was important to most societies

4. 8 Cultural Regions North West Coast California Plateau Great Basin South West Great Plains Eastern Woodlands South East

5. 8 Cultural Regions

7. North West Coast W eather: long cold winters cool summers heavy rainfall Na tural Resources: ocean/beaches thick forests of fir, spruce, and cedar rugged mountains seafood/salmon deer, moose, bear, elk, beaver, mountain goats Culture: Tools: Used cedar to hunt Fenced in salmon laying eggs Used cedar to make ropes, mats and baskets, shells needed Used wedges, sledge hammers, drills and knifes to carve wooden masks. Clothing: Cedar waterproof clothing like capes with decorative shells buttons Shelter: Lived near coast Cedar Long Houses with cedar roof

8. California W eather: rainy winters hot dry summers Na tural Resources: ocean/coast foothills valley's deserts mountains acorns, oak trees grass, and plants redwood trees salmon/seafood/shellfish deer, rabbits, ducks, roots berries, pine nuts Culture: Tools: Used bows and arrows, snares, and nets used cooking stones to heat acorn meal tools from antlers Clothing: grass/leather aprons and skirts Shelter: Cone shaped made of redwood bark, pole, and reeds woven into mats Shelter: Cone shaped made of redwood bark, pole, and reeds woven into mats.

9. Great Basin W eather: little rain h ot during the day cold at night Natural Resources: mostly dessert low areas surrounded by mountains at the edges with valleys that had seasonal lakes and streams plants that need little water like grasses, sagebrush, pinon trees, at the outer edges pine trees, and willow small animals rabbits, lizards, grasshoppers, snakes sometimes ducks , duck eggs during certain seasons seeds,berries pine nuts, roots, cattail Culture: Tools: Water baskets filled with tree sap. Floating duck decoys, nets, sharp sticks, flat baskets for catching seeds Clothing: rabbit robes in winter Shelter: Nomadic territory cone shelters of willow, bush and reeds

10. Plateau W eather: long cold winters comfortable summers Na tural Resources: mountains with dense forests in areas flatter in the center with drier grass lands rivers driftwood, mud, dirt, grass and sage brush fish, antelope, deer, seeds onions, carrots, camas roots, salmon Culture: Tools: woven baskets, willow digging sticks, wooden fishing platforms, nets, and spears for salmon Clothing: antelope and deer hides leggings, dresses and skirts, woven hats, seed and shell designs Shelter: near rivers, partly under ground out of driftwood, mud, sap, and reeds

11. Great Plains W eather: cold winters hot summers Na tural Resources: mountains surrounding edges treeless grasslands in the center east more water and softer soil west drier dense grass Buffalo and smaller animals Culture: Tools: Bow made of buffalo tendon, arrows, V shaped stone trap, fire, bone knives, shields, Clothing: Buffalo robes and hides Shelter: Houses called tipis

12. South West W eather: high temperatures little rain dry/arid Na tural Resources: mountains, canyons desserts, flat top mesas rivers, little water clay, brightly colored plants, cotton corn, beans, squash, peppers, rabbits Culture: Houses: made of bricks of adobe (sun baked clay). Up to 4 stories and had hundreds of rooms. Clothes: Made of cotton. Using plants to dye the fabric. Tools: Lived in flooded areas. Men dug irrigation ditches, and dams to hold summer rain. Women were grinding corn kernels into cornmeal. They used clay pots to cook chili pepper stews.

13. Eastern Woodlands W eather: snowy winters , rain Natural Resources: rivers, ocean/coast lots of lakes and streams Forests, plants, maple trees, elm, deer, bears, beavers, birds, fish corn, sunflowers, tobacco, vegetables, nuts, berries Culture: House: Long house sturdy, log-framed houses covered with elm bark, about 20 feet wide and over 100 feet long. Several related families live in sections of the house Clothing: Skirts, capes, and moccasins made of deer skins Tools: Ground corn with wooden sticks , used wooden canoes, speared fish. For farming land, men burnt small sections of trees and underbrush. Women used hoes for planting. Made maple syrup and wooden storage canisters

14. South East W eather: long warm humid summers mild winters Natural Resources: rivers, ocean/coast Fertile coastal plains mountains, swamps Trees, clay, shells, corn, beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers, sweet potatoes squirrels, rabbits, turkeys, deer, alligators, turtles, wild rice, persimmons Culture: Houses: made from strips of young trees woven into a rectangular frame, then plastered with clay. These houses had pointed roofs made of leaves. Towns included many mounds which as burial sights and used as platforms for temples. Clothing: made of deer skin. Jewelry made of stones, shells, feathers, pearls, bones, and clay. Tools: used hoes made of stone, shell or animal shoulder blades. Hunted using small blow guns, bows and arrows.