The document discusses the prerequisite information needed for designing a 3G cellular network. It lists various types of information required from the network operator, including their business plan, technical specifications, funding plan, usage studies, and more. It also discusses the challenges of designing a 3G network with limited information and short timeframes from the operators. The network planning process involves calculating coverage, capacity, and base station requirements based on the available information.
The document discusses RF planning for cellular networks. It explains that RF planning plays a critical role in the design process by balancing resources, revenue, and quality. The goal is to allow economical capacity expansion as demand increases. Key tools used for planning include network, propagation, traffic modeling, and project management tools. The planning process involves preliminary work, initial surveys, design, site selection, and technical specifications. Accuracy is important to ensure quality and reduced optimization costs.
The document discusses using the Atoll radio planning software to design a UMTS mobile network to provide coverage for the town of Seville, Spain. Atoll allows modeling network traffic based on user profiles and services. It also incorporates detailed maps of Seville for terrain and land use data needed for radio propagation modeling and network optimization. The document defines user profiles for adolescents and young people with different expected usage patterns for voice, MMS, internet access, and video calling services.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning for cellular networks. It addresses the key aspects of RF planning including:
1) Providing adequate coverage and capacity while using spectrum efficiently and minimizing the number of cell sites.
2) Conducting a planning process that involves inputs from customers, coverage and capacity planning, parameter planning, and optimization.
3) Setting objectives for coverage, capacity, network growth, and cost-effective design.
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
(COMMUNICATION)
BY
AKRM ABDULAH RASSAM (91048)
AMAL ABDULRAHMAN HAMOUD (10003)
MOHAMMED ABDULJABBAR QAID (10029)
MOHAMMED ABDUL-RAHMAN (91028)
NADA YASIN ABDULSALAM (10038)
SAMAR ABDULKAWE ALSHARAIE (10016)
SUPERVISOR
DR. REDHWAN QASEM SHADDAD
TAIZ, YEMEN
2015
Og 002 service flow of radio network planning issue1.1Ketut Widya
Know the flow of radio network planning
Grasp the key parts of the stages of radio network planning
Make the radio network planning be more standard and controllable
This document provides an overview presentation of the Mobile-CDS software tool for simulating 4G/5G wireless networks. The key points are:
1. Mobile-CDS is a 3D ray-tracing propagation tool that allows simulation of wireless networks in urban and rural environments for applications such as RF characterization and protocol evaluation.
2. It has components for computational simulation, wireless protocols, 3D databases of terrain/objects, material properties, antennas, and analysis/post-processing of simulation results.
3. The presentation provides details on some of these components, such as the computational engine, protocol toolbox, 3D database toolbox, antennas toolbox, and analysis capabilities for coverage, delay, throughput, and interference
A NURBS-optimized dRRM solution in a mono-channel condition for IEEE 802.11 e...IJECEIAES
This document describes a NURBS-optimized dynamic radio resource management (dRRM) solution for IEEE 802.11 enterprise WLAN networks called N-WLCx. The authors present their original dRRM solution called WLCx, which uses a novel per-beam coverage representation approach. To reduce the high processing time of WLCx, they developed an optimization based on NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) surfaces. Simulation results show N-WLCx achieves a 92.58% reduction in processing time compared to the basic WLCx solution. The authors conclude N-WLCx optimization could be extended to enhance other vendors' and researchers' RRM solutions for improved efficiency
The future potential of High Speed Uplink Packet Access in existing 3G netw...mvaltonen
An analysis of the WCDMA Enhanced Uplink. Key features, achievable bitrate performance and suitability to practical network topologies.
Published September 2007.
The document discusses RF planning for cellular networks. It explains that RF planning plays a critical role in the design process by balancing resources, revenue, and quality. The goal is to allow economical capacity expansion as demand increases. Key tools used for planning include network, propagation, traffic modeling, and project management tools. The planning process involves preliminary work, initial surveys, design, site selection, and technical specifications. Accuracy is important to ensure quality and reduced optimization costs.
The document discusses using the Atoll radio planning software to design a UMTS mobile network to provide coverage for the town of Seville, Spain. Atoll allows modeling network traffic based on user profiles and services. It also incorporates detailed maps of Seville for terrain and land use data needed for radio propagation modeling and network optimization. The document defines user profiles for adolescents and young people with different expected usage patterns for voice, MMS, internet access, and video calling services.
This document discusses radio frequency (RF) planning for cellular networks. It addresses the key aspects of RF planning including:
1) Providing adequate coverage and capacity while using spectrum efficiently and minimizing the number of cell sites.
2) Conducting a planning process that involves inputs from customers, coverage and capacity planning, parameter planning, and optimization.
3) Setting objectives for coverage, capacity, network growth, and cost-effective design.
A Project Report Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
(COMMUNICATION)
BY
AKRM ABDULAH RASSAM (91048)
AMAL ABDULRAHMAN HAMOUD (10003)
MOHAMMED ABDULJABBAR QAID (10029)
MOHAMMED ABDUL-RAHMAN (91028)
NADA YASIN ABDULSALAM (10038)
SAMAR ABDULKAWE ALSHARAIE (10016)
SUPERVISOR
DR. REDHWAN QASEM SHADDAD
TAIZ, YEMEN
2015
Og 002 service flow of radio network planning issue1.1Ketut Widya
Know the flow of radio network planning
Grasp the key parts of the stages of radio network planning
Make the radio network planning be more standard and controllable
This document provides an overview presentation of the Mobile-CDS software tool for simulating 4G/5G wireless networks. The key points are:
1. Mobile-CDS is a 3D ray-tracing propagation tool that allows simulation of wireless networks in urban and rural environments for applications such as RF characterization and protocol evaluation.
2. It has components for computational simulation, wireless protocols, 3D databases of terrain/objects, material properties, antennas, and analysis/post-processing of simulation results.
3. The presentation provides details on some of these components, such as the computational engine, protocol toolbox, 3D database toolbox, antennas toolbox, and analysis capabilities for coverage, delay, throughput, and interference
A NURBS-optimized dRRM solution in a mono-channel condition for IEEE 802.11 e...IJECEIAES
This document describes a NURBS-optimized dynamic radio resource management (dRRM) solution for IEEE 802.11 enterprise WLAN networks called N-WLCx. The authors present their original dRRM solution called WLCx, which uses a novel per-beam coverage representation approach. To reduce the high processing time of WLCx, they developed an optimization based on NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline) surfaces. Simulation results show N-WLCx achieves a 92.58% reduction in processing time compared to the basic WLCx solution. The authors conclude N-WLCx optimization could be extended to enhance other vendors' and researchers' RRM solutions for improved efficiency
The future potential of High Speed Uplink Packet Access in existing 3G netw...mvaltonen
An analysis of the WCDMA Enhanced Uplink. Key features, achievable bitrate performance and suitability to practical network topologies.
Published September 2007.
The document discusses cellular network planning and optimization. It covers topics such as traffic forecasting, coverage planning, capacity planning, frequency planning, link budget analysis, and propagation modeling. The key steps in network planning include dimensioning, nominal planning, detailed planning, and post-planning optimization. The planning aims to optimize coverage, capacity, quality and cost of the network.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
Meeting the data demand tital wave upgrade of in door das for lteJim Alexander
This document discusses upgrading an existing indoor distributed antenna system (DAS) to support 4G LTE networks and meet increasing consumer demand for mobile data. A case study examines upgrading a commercial building's DAS in three phases: 1) Reusing the 2G DAS for 3G provided poor performance. 2) Retrofitting the DAS to meet 3G and LTE key performance indicators by reducing cell radius and adding more antennas. 3) Further upgrading to support LTE 2x2 MIMO technology and deliver over 24 Mbps downlink throughput, requiring approximately 1.5 times more antennas than the original voice-centric system. The case study demonstrates that reusing old DAS infrastructure is insufficient for 4G/L
14 enns comtech_ef_data_sspi_brazil_2013-v1-daniel_ennsSSPI Brasil
The document discusses the growing demand for satellite bandwidth to support mobile backhaul and enterprise applications. It highlights how new high throughput satellite systems and advanced ground equipment technologies are enabling more efficient use of satellite capacity. These technologies allow satellite operators and service providers to offer lower cost solutions and more services to mobile network operators and enterprise customers.
The document outlines the procedure for CDMA network design in 5 stages:
1. Preparations including setting design criteria like coverage reliability, capacity, and soft handoff ratios.
2. RF environment analysis involving region clustering, site surveys, competitor analysis, and link budget analysis.
3. Coverage design for outdoor, indoor, and underground areas.
4. Parameter design including pilot assignment and base station dimensioning.
5. Reporting and dimensioning to determine equipment requirements.
Dilip Raj Singh is seeking a challenging position in telecom planning and optimization with 8.7 years of experience in RF planning for 2G, 3G, and LTE networks. He has extensive experience working with tools like TEMS, MCOM Analyzer, and Atoll. He is currently optimizing WCDMA networks for AT&T and has previously worked on LTE planning. He is proficient in performance monitoring, drive testing, parameter optimization, and troubleshooting network issues. He holds several Ericsson certifications and has worked with networks from Ericsson, Huawei, Reliance, and Bharti.
This document summarizes research on assessing the performance of LTE and hybrid sensor-LTE networks in smart grid demand response scenarios. The research studies the impact of varying levels of demand response participation on traffic volumes, packet delivery ratios, and delays. Three demand response simulation scenarios are analyzed: direct load balancing with short generation intervals, load balancing with local energy generation and longer intervals, and high-intensity load balancing with very short intervals. The performance of a public LTE network and a hybrid sensor-LTE network are evaluated and compared. The hybrid network is shown to achieve lower delays and maintain higher delivery ratios for smart grid traffic under high demand response participation levels.
The document summarizes a final year project on cellular networks done by students at Cellular Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai. The objectives were to understand mobile telephony, network planning, cell site implementation, and network design through site surveys and drive testing. It describes the GSM network hierarchy and migration from GSM to 3G/HSPA. It also covers concepts like cells, interference problems, and the three parts of network planning and optimization: site survey, drive testing, and optimization.
Communication Asymmetry - Mobile ComputingAkshay Nagpal
This document discusses communication asymmetry in several contexts:
- The capacity for downstream communication from servers to clients is much greater than upstream capacity from clients to servers, regardless of the network type.
- In mobile networks, the bandwidth allocated to devices is limited, and bandwidth from servers to devices is much larger than from devices to servers due to devices' limited power resources.
- While GSM networks allow symmetric communication up to 14.4 kbps due to voice-only use, asymmetry is generally required between mobile devices and servers.
Lakshman Vatada is seeking a position that utilizes his 3 years of experience in the telecom industry. He has expertise in analyzing network performance statistics, optimizing frequency and neighbor planning, conducting drive tests, and troubleshooting issues to improve key performance indicators. His experience includes roles as a radio network operator and engineer for various telecom projects in India.
Company Name: - Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (Rajasthan Circle)
Current Profile: RF Planning and Optimization Expert (RF Manager)
LTE, LTE Advanced
Responsibility: To Manage RF Network of Multi Carrier Bandwidth in LTE System
Working on 2300 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 850 MHz Dual Carrier C1 C2.
Paulo Campolina Resume - Sr RF Engineer 09182016paulo_campolina
Paulo Campolina has over 26 years of experience in telecommunications, specializing in RF engineering for LTE, UMTS, and GSM networks. He has held senior engineering roles at Ericsson, Nokia, and telecom operators in the US and Brazil, leading projects, teams, and providing expertise in radio network design, optimization, and quality control. Paulo has extensive experience managing all phases of wireless network development from initial planning and design through launch, optimization, and maintenance.
The document contains the resume of Akash Tandon summarizing his professional experience and qualifications. He has over 4.5 years of experience in telecommunications working for companies like Ericsson, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone, and Telcel optimizing 3G networks. He is skilled in tools for radio network optimization and holds professional certifications from Ericsson.
Tushar Srivastava is a telecommunications engineer seeking a position in RF optimization and planning. He has over 5 years of experience optimizing UMTS/GSM networks for various operators in India and the UK using numerous planning and optimization tools. His experience includes monitoring KPIs, parameter optimization, capacity planning, neighbor cell planning, and drive testing. He holds technical certifications from Ericsson and has received several awards for his work and academic performance.
This document discusses BTS hotels, which are a concept that aggregates multiple base transceiver stations (BTSs) into a single location to help provide connectivity where towers are not permitted. BTS hotels provide benefits like decreased costs for site leases, power, maintenance and backhaul by sharing resources. The global market for distributed antenna systems (DAS), which include BTS hotels, is growing significantly. Vendors are getting involved by offering BTS hotels as a managed service and leasing their networks. The document recommends developing BTS hotels as a managed service and implementing a neutral host solution to serve multiple operators.
This document is a thesis submitted by Abdul Basit in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Science degree. The thesis focuses on dimensioning of LTE networks, including describing models and tools for coverage and capacity estimation of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution radio interface. The thesis developed methods and models for coverage and capacity planning in LTE network dimensioning. It also created an easy-to-use Excel-based tool to calculate the number of cells needed to cover a given area based on user-provided dimensioning parameters. The tool is designed to cover the basic aspects of dimensioning LTE access networks in a clear and user-friendly manner.
This document is a resume for Ankit Baliyan. It summarizes his work experience in transmission planning and maintenance for telecom companies over 2 years and 3 months. His experience includes transmission network planning, link budgeting, frequency planning, site surveys, and equipment procurement. He is seeking new opportunities in network design, transmission planning, and operations and maintenance for the telecom industry.
The document describes a software project called MASK that aims to develop a web-based application for LTE planning processes like calculating site requirements and throughput for a given area, placing sites on a map, following LTE planning standards and providing skills relevant to mobile communications careers. The project methodology involves studying LTE features and planning, choosing tools like C# and ArcGIS, implementing algorithms, and creating a graphical user interface for the program.
This document provides Spanish translations for common weather words and phrases, explaining that when describing the weather in Spanish, "hace" is used before each term. It lists weather conditions like "windy", "cold", "warm", and "sunny" in both English and Spanish. Additional terms covered include "cloudy", "rainy", "snowy", and "humid". Descriptors like "mostly" and "partially" are also translated. The document reminds that in Spanish-speaking countries, temperatures are reported in Celsius, not Fahrenheit.
The document discusses cellular network planning and optimization. It covers topics such as traffic forecasting, coverage planning, capacity planning, frequency planning, link budget analysis, and propagation modeling. The key steps in network planning include dimensioning, nominal planning, detailed planning, and post-planning optimization. The planning aims to optimize coverage, capacity, quality and cost of the network.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
Meeting the data demand tital wave upgrade of in door das for lteJim Alexander
This document discusses upgrading an existing indoor distributed antenna system (DAS) to support 4G LTE networks and meet increasing consumer demand for mobile data. A case study examines upgrading a commercial building's DAS in three phases: 1) Reusing the 2G DAS for 3G provided poor performance. 2) Retrofitting the DAS to meet 3G and LTE key performance indicators by reducing cell radius and adding more antennas. 3) Further upgrading to support LTE 2x2 MIMO technology and deliver over 24 Mbps downlink throughput, requiring approximately 1.5 times more antennas than the original voice-centric system. The case study demonstrates that reusing old DAS infrastructure is insufficient for 4G/L
14 enns comtech_ef_data_sspi_brazil_2013-v1-daniel_ennsSSPI Brasil
The document discusses the growing demand for satellite bandwidth to support mobile backhaul and enterprise applications. It highlights how new high throughput satellite systems and advanced ground equipment technologies are enabling more efficient use of satellite capacity. These technologies allow satellite operators and service providers to offer lower cost solutions and more services to mobile network operators and enterprise customers.
The document outlines the procedure for CDMA network design in 5 stages:
1. Preparations including setting design criteria like coverage reliability, capacity, and soft handoff ratios.
2. RF environment analysis involving region clustering, site surveys, competitor analysis, and link budget analysis.
3. Coverage design for outdoor, indoor, and underground areas.
4. Parameter design including pilot assignment and base station dimensioning.
5. Reporting and dimensioning to determine equipment requirements.
Dilip Raj Singh is seeking a challenging position in telecom planning and optimization with 8.7 years of experience in RF planning for 2G, 3G, and LTE networks. He has extensive experience working with tools like TEMS, MCOM Analyzer, and Atoll. He is currently optimizing WCDMA networks for AT&T and has previously worked on LTE planning. He is proficient in performance monitoring, drive testing, parameter optimization, and troubleshooting network issues. He holds several Ericsson certifications and has worked with networks from Ericsson, Huawei, Reliance, and Bharti.
This document summarizes research on assessing the performance of LTE and hybrid sensor-LTE networks in smart grid demand response scenarios. The research studies the impact of varying levels of demand response participation on traffic volumes, packet delivery ratios, and delays. Three demand response simulation scenarios are analyzed: direct load balancing with short generation intervals, load balancing with local energy generation and longer intervals, and high-intensity load balancing with very short intervals. The performance of a public LTE network and a hybrid sensor-LTE network are evaluated and compared. The hybrid network is shown to achieve lower delays and maintain higher delivery ratios for smart grid traffic under high demand response participation levels.
The document summarizes a final year project on cellular networks done by students at Cellular Pvt. Ltd. in Mumbai. The objectives were to understand mobile telephony, network planning, cell site implementation, and network design through site surveys and drive testing. It describes the GSM network hierarchy and migration from GSM to 3G/HSPA. It also covers concepts like cells, interference problems, and the three parts of network planning and optimization: site survey, drive testing, and optimization.
Communication Asymmetry - Mobile ComputingAkshay Nagpal
This document discusses communication asymmetry in several contexts:
- The capacity for downstream communication from servers to clients is much greater than upstream capacity from clients to servers, regardless of the network type.
- In mobile networks, the bandwidth allocated to devices is limited, and bandwidth from servers to devices is much larger than from devices to servers due to devices' limited power resources.
- While GSM networks allow symmetric communication up to 14.4 kbps due to voice-only use, asymmetry is generally required between mobile devices and servers.
Lakshman Vatada is seeking a position that utilizes his 3 years of experience in the telecom industry. He has expertise in analyzing network performance statistics, optimizing frequency and neighbor planning, conducting drive tests, and troubleshooting issues to improve key performance indicators. His experience includes roles as a radio network operator and engineer for various telecom projects in India.
Company Name: - Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited (Rajasthan Circle)
Current Profile: RF Planning and Optimization Expert (RF Manager)
LTE, LTE Advanced
Responsibility: To Manage RF Network of Multi Carrier Bandwidth in LTE System
Working on 2300 MHz, 1800 MHz, and 850 MHz Dual Carrier C1 C2.
Paulo Campolina Resume - Sr RF Engineer 09182016paulo_campolina
Paulo Campolina has over 26 years of experience in telecommunications, specializing in RF engineering for LTE, UMTS, and GSM networks. He has held senior engineering roles at Ericsson, Nokia, and telecom operators in the US and Brazil, leading projects, teams, and providing expertise in radio network design, optimization, and quality control. Paulo has extensive experience managing all phases of wireless network development from initial planning and design through launch, optimization, and maintenance.
The document contains the resume of Akash Tandon summarizing his professional experience and qualifications. He has over 4.5 years of experience in telecommunications working for companies like Ericsson, Bharti Airtel, Vodafone, and Telcel optimizing 3G networks. He is skilled in tools for radio network optimization and holds professional certifications from Ericsson.
Tushar Srivastava is a telecommunications engineer seeking a position in RF optimization and planning. He has over 5 years of experience optimizing UMTS/GSM networks for various operators in India and the UK using numerous planning and optimization tools. His experience includes monitoring KPIs, parameter optimization, capacity planning, neighbor cell planning, and drive testing. He holds technical certifications from Ericsson and has received several awards for his work and academic performance.
This document discusses BTS hotels, which are a concept that aggregates multiple base transceiver stations (BTSs) into a single location to help provide connectivity where towers are not permitted. BTS hotels provide benefits like decreased costs for site leases, power, maintenance and backhaul by sharing resources. The global market for distributed antenna systems (DAS), which include BTS hotels, is growing significantly. Vendors are getting involved by offering BTS hotels as a managed service and leasing their networks. The document recommends developing BTS hotels as a managed service and implementing a neutral host solution to serve multiple operators.
This document is a thesis submitted by Abdul Basit in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Masters of Science degree. The thesis focuses on dimensioning of LTE networks, including describing models and tools for coverage and capacity estimation of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution radio interface. The thesis developed methods and models for coverage and capacity planning in LTE network dimensioning. It also created an easy-to-use Excel-based tool to calculate the number of cells needed to cover a given area based on user-provided dimensioning parameters. The tool is designed to cover the basic aspects of dimensioning LTE access networks in a clear and user-friendly manner.
This document is a resume for Ankit Baliyan. It summarizes his work experience in transmission planning and maintenance for telecom companies over 2 years and 3 months. His experience includes transmission network planning, link budgeting, frequency planning, site surveys, and equipment procurement. He is seeking new opportunities in network design, transmission planning, and operations and maintenance for the telecom industry.
The document describes a software project called MASK that aims to develop a web-based application for LTE planning processes like calculating site requirements and throughput for a given area, placing sites on a map, following LTE planning standards and providing skills relevant to mobile communications careers. The project methodology involves studying LTE features and planning, choosing tools like C# and ArcGIS, implementing algorithms, and creating a graphical user interface for the program.
This document provides Spanish translations for common weather words and phrases, explaining that when describing the weather in Spanish, "hace" is used before each term. It lists weather conditions like "windy", "cold", "warm", and "sunny" in both English and Spanish. Additional terms covered include "cloudy", "rainy", "snowy", and "humid". Descriptors like "mostly" and "partially" are also translated. The document reminds that in Spanish-speaking countries, temperatures are reported in Celsius, not Fahrenheit.
1. The document provides guidelines for writing an English letter, including addressing the recipient, providing a date, expressing thanks or apologies, inquiring about the recipient's health, discussing the topic of the letter, asking questions, and providing a closing.
2. It then provides examples of addressing the recipient, thanking them, apologizing, inquiring about their health, discussing letter topics, asking questions, and providing closings.
3. The examples illustrate addressing the recipient, thanking them for their letter, apologizing for not writing sooner due to being busy, inquiring about their health, discussing school, asking questions about school, and looking forward to hearing from them.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The survey found that:
1) Previously, Nokia was the most popular brand among Unibridge students, but currently iPhone is most popular among male students while Samsung is preferred by female students.
2) Most students owned mobile phones that cost below $500.
3) Some students owned more than one mobile phone, and commonly used Nokia or Samsung as their secondary phone brand.
4) Students typically chose mobile phone brands based on the phones' features.
This document discusses how web 2.0 tools can change education. It begins by quoting Steve Hargadon who believes the two-way nature of the internet will lead to astounding changes that we cannot imagine. It then discusses how today's students are digital natives who are visual, multi-tasking, and prefer instant access to information. Educators must adapt to these changes by focusing less on specific technologies and more on developing 21st century skills like communication, collaboration, and problem solving. Web 2.0 tools like wikis, blogs, and social networking allow students to engage with information in new ways and help teachers build personal learning networks to stay current.
1) The document outlines how various types of data like documents, photos, music, and apps can be transferred between a Mac, iOS device, and iCloud.
2) Data is automatically backed up and synced between devices using iCloud for items like contacts, calendars, reminders and more.
3) For items like documents, photos, and music, they can be manually transferred between a Mac and iCloud or between an iOS device and iCloud.
The document is a short biography written by Tsiqoh Billah Sulaiman from class 7-B. It provides basic identifying information about the author such as their name and class without going into details about their life experiences or personality traits.
iCloud is a system that allows users to backup, store, and share data such as text, photos, music and documents across multiple Apple devices for easy access from any device at any time. It works by automatically syncing files between a user's Mac, iPhone, iPad and other iOS devices either through a wireless internet connection or by transferring files manually through a web browser. iCloud replaces the need to sync directly with iTunes and allows content to be wirelessly accessed on any device linked to a user's iCloud account.
This document provides guidance on using content and social media to drive business results. It emphasizes setting concrete and measurable goals, understanding the target audience, and developing a content strategy and promotion plan. The general model involves bringing visitors in, getting permission to interact, and converting them. Content should give value, grow the opt-in list, and establish expertise. Both regular and evergreen content are important. The document also covers content planning, driving conversions through blogging and social media, resources needed, and measuring results.
The document presents the results of a survey conducted among students at University Brunei Darussalam to determine the most popular mobile phone brands. The survey found that in the past, Nokia was the most commonly owned brand among both male and female students. Currently, the iPhone is the most popular brand for male students, while Samsung is preferred by female students. Most students purchased phones that cost below $500. Some students own multiple phones from different brands. The main factor influencing students' choice of brand is the phones' features.
The document describes how to visualize, assess, and renew business models. It provides a template for describing business models using 9 building blocks such as key partners, activities, and revenue streams. Examples are given of how companies like Amazon and Walmart have leveraged their core competencies and customer relationships to innovate their business models.
OPERATORS CAN SAVE $14 MILLION YEARLY THROUGH DATA OFFLOADINGGreen Packet
Of late, network congestion is one of the most talked about topic in the telecoms industry has is attributed to the overwhelming growth in data consumption. There is an assortment of solutions to combat congestion, ranging from high investment to cost-effective and short-term to long-term. In this paper, Greenpacket puts forth a cost-effective, immediate and long-term solution to network congestion – data offloading.
This document discusses the challenges of managing a shared mobile network between multiple operators. It outlines different levels of network sharing and focuses on active sharing where radio access network equipment is shared but frequencies are not. It emphasizes the importance of data governance, management, integrity and content in ensuring appropriate visibility for each operator to monitor key performance indicators. Effective management of fault, performance and customer experience metrics is necessary while delegating day to day operations to the joint venture managing the shared network.
1) The document discusses quality of service (QoS) in LTE networks and the challenges of delivering effective QoS across network elements as mobile broadband subscriptions and demand for differentiated services increases.
2) It explains that the traditional view of end-to-end QoS in networks no longer applies, and effective QoS requires considering questions around upstream traffic, applications, guarantees vs probabilities, and more.
3) Policy management is identified as critical for network congestion management, optimizing service quality, and enhancing monetization through service differentiation according to QoS policies.
UMTS/3G RAN Capacity Management Guideline Part-02 (Sectorization))Md Mustafizur Rahman
UMTS RAN capacity management is one of the Key activities to maintain the good QoS & stability of the 3G system. A relatively high load can affect the accessibility, coverage and QoS of established services. The capacity, coverage and QoS of the WCDMA system are mutually affected. Hence, for a stable & good quality 3G network, UMTS capacity need to be monitored, expanded & manage regularly.
In the first part of document (Part-1) UMTS soft capacity management along with the correlation between capacity vs accessibility, UMTS expansion threshold, counters & effective mechanism of UMTS Soft capacity management have been depicted. This part of the Document is focused on UMTS Hard Expansion Methodology. 3G Capacity management by Sectorization has been explained thoroughly.
After completing this, you will be able to gain knowledge on 3G Expansion Parameters, 3G Expansion Threshold, Capacity Gain, Cost vs Capacity Gain by Sectorization. Moreover, you will be familiar with Planning, Optimization & Post Performance activities of Sectorization.
This document discusses the requirements for an LTE-capable transport network to deliver an optimized end-user experience. It focuses on capacity and latency. For capacity, a "single-peak, all-average" model is recommended that balances maximum capacity and economic feasibility. Latency must be low enough for applications like online gaming, with LTE offering latency around 20ms but the transport network also needing optimization to deliver that experience end-to-end. Dimensioning, aggregation, and latency guidelines are provided to help design an LTE transport network.
Network assisted mobile computing with optimal uplink query processingJPINFOTECH JAYAPRAKASH
1) The document proposes a network-assisted mobile computing system where mid-network nodes can lease processing power to mobile devices to reduce latency and battery usage when processing queries.
2) It studies the tradeoff between battery usage, processing latency, transmission latency, and leasing costs to determine the optimal processing policy for allocating work across devices.
3) The proposed system divides query processing across the mobile station, relay nodes, and application server to minimize costs based on leasing, latency, and battery usage considerations.
The document discusses optimization of Bharti Airtel's 3G network in India. It describes optimization as improving network efficiency and quality of service by maximizing available infrastructure. A team is assembled including managers, engineers, and drive testers to set parameters, check licenses, run scripts, and conduct drive testing both before and after optimization changes. MapInfo Professional and TEMS Investigation software are used to aid the optimization process. Common optimization strategies mentioned include database parameter changes, antenna optimization, frequency changes, neighbor modifications, and adding new cell sites.
This document discusses operational efficiency in fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) networks. It addresses three key aspects: making the right strategic decisions upfront regarding network design, maintaining high-quality network documentation, and using process management to standardize operations and maintenance. The strategic decisions made early on, such as network topology, equipment choice, and spare capacity planning have a major impact on long-term operational costs. Maintaining accurate "as-built" network documentation is essential for quickly identifying and resolving faults. Standardizing operations through processes can improve service performance and reduce costs.
The document discusses wireless network planning and provides details on various aspects of planning a wireless network, including:
1. Determining network needs such as the number of expected clients, types of traffic, throughput requirements, and number and placement of access points.
2. Creating coverage and capacity goals and using predictive modeling to determine the optimal number and placement of access points.
3. Discussing nominal planning, including link budget calculations, propagation model tuning, and developing the nominal plan and engineering guidelines.
4. Explaining coverage planning, capacity planning, power budget calculations, site selection, cell planning, and the importance of site surveys in wireless network planning.
Site specific assessment of node b using key service quality indicators over ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of service of three Node B base stations (BEN 035, BEN026, and BEN 098) on a 3G/UMTS network in Benin City, Nigeria through outdoor drive-test measurements. Key quality indicators such as received signal code power (RSCP), energy per chip to total received power ratio (Ec/Io), and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) were measured along drive routes near each base station. The results found that BEN 035's Ec/Io range indicates it can support more subscribers, but tuning may be needed to reduce interference. QoS was very poor near BEN026, likely causing data access issues for users
Network visibility allows mobile operators to see how their entire network is functioning and how it is being used by subscribers. This gives operators the ability to better understand network performance issues, plan network improvements, and develop new revenue-generating services. Achieving true network visibility requires open systems that can collect and analyze large amounts of network and subscriber usage data with minimal data loss. This data will help operators address challenges like increasing speeds, growing network capacity demands, and preparing for new technologies while also creating customized service plans to increase revenues and reduce subscriber churn.
The document discusses Smallworld Network Inventory, a software solution that provides telecommunications operators a consolidated view of their physical and logical networks. It allows for strategic planning, network planning, design, build, and maintenance. Using the system, operators can reduce new build costs by 20%, planning time by 30%, and network downtime by 25%. It provides a single source of accurate network data to support various business processes.
Capgemini ses - smart meter operational services - deployment in the uk bro...Gord Reynolds
The document discusses the challenges facing the mandatory deployment of smart electricity and gas meters in every home in the UK by 2020. This mass rollout will require engineers to replace 47 million electricity and 22 million gas meters over an eight-year period, representing a massive logistical challenge. Key issues that could impact the success of the program include the complexity and costs of deployment, shortage of qualified engineers, additional customer service demands, and ensuring resources are properly allocated. The document argues that a regionally organized, franchise-style approach to deployment may be needed to maximize efficiency and minimize costs and disruptions.
Sat Magazine Article -Hybrid Networks and Customer Expectations PublishedPhillip Howard
Ground stations face new challenges in delivering services through complex hybrid satellite and terrestrial networks. As networks converge, ground station operations have not kept pace, making it difficult to manage service disruptions and meet high customer expectations for uptime. A new approach called Service Quality Management (SQM) uses automation, big data, predictive analytics and SLA management to provide visibility across hybrid networks and help prioritize issues to efficiently deliver high quality of service. SQM provides a unified view of all network components and metrics, enabling faster problem resolution and proactive maintenance to minimize outages and penalties.
Radio network planning fundamentalsnewFarzad Ramin
This document discusses radio network propagation models. It introduces the need for propagation models to predict signal strength between transmitters and receivers in mobile networks. It describes simple models like the plane earth model and emphasizes their limitations for mobile networks. It covers diffraction effects and the Fresnel zone concept for non-line of sight paths. It also introduces empirical models based on real-world measurements like Okumura's model that are more accurate but still require tuning with local data measurements. The goal is to select a model that can rapidly and accurately predict path loss across the planned network area.
Whitepaper: Satellites Role in the Transformation of Enterprise DigitalizationST Engineering iDirect
Satellite technology has, is and will continue to play a critical role in enterprise markets, particularly for remote
and underserved locations. This is evident in the energy sector where satellite communications are often the
lifeline, if not the only link, for personnel and critical assets such as those in offshore oil platforms. However, urban
centers require satellite connectivity as well, and many industries including retail and banking have adopted
satcom solutions as part of their primary mode of communication. Back-up services likewise take up demand
for both remote and urban premises.
2.2. Case Study #2 DTGOVDTGOV is a public company that was crea.docxeugeniadean34240
2.2. Case Study #2: DTGOV
DTGOV is a public company that was created in the early 1980s by the Ministry of Social Security. The decentralization of the ministry’s IT operations to a public company under private law gave DTGOV an autonomous management structure with significant flexibility to govern and evolve its IT enterprise.
At the time of its creation, DTGOV had approximately 1,000 employees, operational branches in 60 localities nation-wide, and operated two mainframe-based data centres. Over time, DTGOV has expanded to more than 3,000 employees and branch offices in more than 300 localities, with three data centres running both mainframe and low-level platform environments. Its main services are related to processing social security benefits across the country.
DTGOV has enlarged its customer portfolio in the last two decades. It now serves other public-sector organizations and provides basic IT infrastructure and services, such as server hosting and server collocation. Some of its customers have also outsourced the operation, maintenance, and development of applications to DTGOV.
DTGOV has sizable customer contracts that encompass various IT resources and services. However, these contracts, services, and associated service levels are not standardized—negotiated service provisioning conditions are typically customized for each customer individually. DTGOV’s operations are resultantly becoming increasingly complex and difficult to manage, which has led to inefficiencies and inflated costs.
The DTGOV board realized, some time ago, that the overall company structure could be improved by standardizing its services portfolio, which implies the reengineering of both IT operational and management models. This process has started with the standardization of the hardware platform through the creation of a clearly defined technological lifecycle, a consolidated procurement policy, and the establishment of new acquisition practices.
Technical Infrastructure and Environment
DTGOV operates three data centres: one is exclusively dedicated to low-level platform servers while the other two have both mainframe and low-level platforms. The mainframe systems are reserved for the Ministry of Social Security and therefore not available for outsourcing.
The data centre infrastructure occupies approximately 20,000 square feet of computer room space and hosts more than 100,000 servers with different hardware configurations. The total storage capacity is approximately 10,000 terabytes. DTGOV’s network has redundant high-speed data links connecting the data centres in a full mesh topology. Their Internet connectivity is considered to be provider-independent since their network interconnects all of the major national telecom carriers.
Server consolidation and virtualization projects have been in place for five years, considerably decreasing the diversity of hardware platforms. As a result, systematic tracking of the investments and operational costs related to th.
5G networks with network slicing will allow mobile operators to configure virtual sub-networks tailored to customers' specific needs. This will enable operators to satisfy different requirements for bandwidth, latency, security, and other performance metrics. Network slicing can optimize 5G networks for different use cases like IoT, broadband, and applications requiring low latency. This will provide more flexible, adaptable networks that better serve the varying needs of businesses and customers.
1. Prerequisite for a 3G network design
At the best of times, designing a cellular network is like doing a puzzle without any
instructions. With 3G, you have the added complication of both the operator and
customers holding back some of the pieces and planners having to force pieces to fit
together because the edges are a bit rough!
Getting the required information for a network plan is the most crucial part in building a
cost effective quality network. Unfortunately, some of the necessary data is confidential
and not only that, it's anybody's guess as to what the 3G mobile service mix and usage
will be. In an environment where operators need comprehensive designs and redesigns in
a very short time frame, there's plenty to get jittery about. Other vendors are rumoured to
give better coverage with fewer sites, operators claim that other vendor's products are
superior and vendor sales people seem to be promising everything to get the deal. On top
of that, timetables keep on changing, but of course, the network launch date remains
fixed. For the vendor, the worst thing is that once you've won the contract, you actually
have to build the network you promised!
A lot of different information from various sources is needed for initial network (roll-out)
plan. Here is a non-exhaustive list of required data:
Operators business plan
This should define what kind of service the operator is planning to provide, how these
services will be implemented and how much money is needed for the total roll-out.
Sometimes this information is public knowledge and sometimes it is a well guarded
secret.
Technical section of business plan
This should contain the desired coverage, capacity, quality, features, service mix and
customer intake plans.
UMTS License agreement
This usually contains the coverage, capacity and service deployment plans as well as
requirements to hire a predetermined amount of employees and perhaps the required
amount of domestic goods and services that need to be purchased.
Operators funding plan
This should give guidelines of how the roll-out should progress. However, usually
operators do not want to share this information. Quite a few UMTS networks are vendor
financed and such information could help network planners estimate the roll-out pace.
Operators risk analysis documents
These documents show where bottlenecks will be and show the project's critical path.
Often site acquisition is in the critical path, which means that site RF planning will have
to compromise some of the desired sites. However, technically the air interface capacity
2. is normally the network limiting capacity factor and so network roll-out planning should
really be started from there.
Consultant reports
Over the past few years, operators have asked a lot of consultants to do 3G roll-out
analysis reports. Even though this information gets old quickly, these reports might have
some helpful facts.
Operator's internal studies of mobile usage
Information on mobile usage is very helpful and can pinpoint where 3G customers and
key corporate clients are likely to be. Also, whether the 3G network will be used as a
platform for other wireless technologies. Mobile usage profiles and customer distribution
information is required to simulate the network load.
Government statistics
Government sources can provide statistics of population type and information such as
income, distribution of wealth, taxation, spending habits etc., which are useful to estimate
future mobile usage in different areas.
In a real life all of this information is compressed into the operators request for quote.
This typically calls for an estimation of how many base station locations each network
vendor thinks is required to provide a network. The operator normally asks vendors to
guarantee the level of coverage for a certain load level, using the minimum amount of
base stations and cost. Vendors have to commit to these figures even when most of the
sites are yet to be acquired and some of the performance parameters will be defined later.
Vendors are expected to reply in a very short period of time with limited information, so
it is easy to see why network quality is not the biggest consideration in initial planning.
There is a tendency for operators to use this tactic to get the lowest possible initial quote
from vendors.
An experienced network planner can produce a "quick and dirty" network base station
requirement figure with only a few parameters. The most crucial parameters for the initial
roll-out are:
Capacity requirements - the planned customers and service usage in each area of
the network (with BTS site capacity calculation) should be known in order to get the
required amount of base stations for capacity.
Coverage requirements - the link budget of high data rate services should be
calculated in order to estimate the required base station amount in each network area to
get the amount of base stations for coverage.
In each network area, take the larger number of capacity OR coverage base stations for
that area, then add each area together to get a total. To get the final required number of
base stations, the following formula can be used:
3. - Add 10% more quality sites to provide special coverage or a dominant server in
difficult or important areas - tunnels, bridges, exhibition and sports venues, shopping
centres, airports, big hotels, high rise buildings, MD's home and CEO sailing and polo
club!
- Add additional 10% more sites to fix holes because not all planned sites can be
acquired.
- By this time the sales team will tell you that your plan is 30% too expensive, so you
need to cut 30% of your base stations (and 40% of your acquisition budget)
The total will tell you how many sites you need to build an initial 3G network. Don't tell
your customer you found the formula on the Internet!
4. Link Budget and Coverage
The WCDMA link budget calculations start from the uplink (reverse link) direction.
Uplink interference (noise from other mobiles) is usually the limiting factor in cdma
systems.
The starting point of a link budget calculation is to define the required data rate(s) in
each network areas and Eb/No (Energy per Bit to Noise power density ratio) targets.
Usually the operator predefines these, but simulation tools can be used to tailor the
Eb/No. Simulation can be done by creating a uniform base station and a mobile
distribution plan with defined service profiles. Almost every UMTS vendor has a
simulation tool for operators to test their network plan models.
The next step is to gather vendor specific data like a BTS output power and a receiver
noise figure, defined and used cable systems (thicker the cable, more expensive it is to
install), used antenna types, usage of intelligent antenna systems in specific areas,
possible additional line amplifiers, used diversities (like antenna, polarisation, receiver)
etc.
For each geographical areas network operator has to define Eb/No, data services, a
system loading factor, estimated mobile speeds, different penetration losses, coverage
reliability and a used fade margin. Soft handover area sizes will be addressed later.
Mobile power levels, the chip rate and the process gains are defined by the UMTS
standards. Soft handover gain and the thermal noise density are the same in every UMTS
system. Both parties also have to agree on propagation models after drive tests.
The link budget gives a cell range and from that cell coverage area can be calculated. Cell
coverage overlap parameter is usually missing from the calculation as it increases the cell
count dramatically. Most network planners agree that overlap should be 20-30 percent,
but that relates directly to build cost. After all that, the base station requirements for the
each type of areas can to be calculated.
5. Cell coverage calculation using link budget.
This link budget is for an example only. The values for the real network may vary a lot!
Notice how sensitive the site count is to variations of the propagation model and cell
overlap values. High speed 3G network needs a lot of base stations!
6. UMTS Capacity Planning
The number of installed transceivers limits the mobile network theoretical capacity. In
cdma systems interference, accepted and planned quality and grade of service will
determine the system capacity. Cdma systems also have soft capacity, which complicates
the network area capacity estimations. The link budget is used to calculate the maximum
allowed path loss and the maximum range for cell. The link budget includes the
interference margin, which is the increased noise level caused by greater load in a cell. So
by increasing the cell load, cell coverage area becomes smaller. That's how cell coverage
and capacity dimensioning are interlinked.
System capacity planning is divided to two parts:
The first thing is to estimate a single transceiver and site capacity. Calculations how
the noise raises as the cell load increases is out of the scope of this page, but in-cell noise,
Eb/No requirements, planned data rates, coverage probability, air resources usage activity
factor, target interference margin and processing gains are needed to approximate the
transceiver and site capacity. Depending on the parameter values, planned transceiver
capacity is typically from 400 kbits/s to 700 kbits/s per transceiver.
The second part of the process is to estimate how many mobile users each cell can
serve. Once the cell capacity and subscriber traffic profiles are known, network area base
station requirements can be calculated. Estimations can be done in Erlangs per subscriber
or kilobits per subscriber. Network vendor normally has simulation tools to test system
parameters and verify rough estimations. A lot of data is required for comprehensive
network dimensioning; number of subscribers and growth estimations, traffic / user /
busy hour / geographic segment and required throughput including service mixes in
geographic segments for example.
Each type of traffic has to be estimated for capacity calculations.
Here is a rough downlink capacity calculation example:
7. During a busy hour an average user downloads 10 Mbits with 384 kbits/s, 2 Mbits with
144 kbits/s and makes one 60-second voice call. Data has to be retransmitted 1.1 times
because of network conditions.
Used kbits/s per user per busy hour downlink only are:
Service Rate Average Rate
(10000 kbits / 3600 sec) x 1.1*) 3.06 kbits/s
(2000 kbits / 3600 sec) x 1.1*) 0.61 kbits/s
(60sec x 12.2 kbits/s) / 3600 sec 0.20 kbits/s
Total 3.87 kbits/s / user / busy hour
If a cell capacity is estimated to be 500 kbits/s, each cell can be dimensioned for about
129 users.
This example was simplified, but please remember when you see capacity estimations
with various traffic mixes, that those are just estimations. Notice how sensitive the
capacity is to variations of download amount, retransmit rate and estimated cell
capacity values. Before UMTS networks are on air and customers start to use high speed
services, network capacity calculations are anybody's guess!
Even when the capacity calculations are done in a very beginning, normally the mobile
networks are initially planned to meet the coverage objectives. Capacity sites and
transceiver upgrades are installed later, once the real traffic load is known. In the early
1990s most of capacity requirements of new 2G networks were initially over-estimated,
partly because operators needed to present (over-) optimistic business plans to secure the
funding and partly because nobody knew how much people would use their phone on
certain price levels. Generally busy hour Erlangs per subscribers were not what was
originally anticipated, and this tendency is likely to continue in 3G.
8. Common Design Guidelines
After calculating the coverage and capacity requirements in each geographical area, the
greater one of those two values has to be chosen. Ideally requirements match in each
geographical area, but normally that does not happen. To optimise the used resources
some readjustments should be made.
If a geographical area is coverage limited, the load on each sector can be reduced until
coverage and capacity requirements match. Reducing the load will cut the link budget
interference margin and increase Node B count. If area is capacity limited, transmitter
diversity can be added or amount of transceivers can be increased.
Operators are normally forced to co-locate their 3G base stations with existing sites or
select new site locations only on buildings known to be owned by friendly site owners.
This limits the cell planning options and may sacrifice the network quality, but it helps to
build networks faster. Forced co-location should be taken in to account in initial capacity
and coverage planning. All variation to standard configuration may need pilot power,
handover, antenna, cable and base station power level modifications.
Some network areas need special attention. Very dense urban area (CBD), open spaces,
in-building areas, water surroundings, hot spots and other special coverage areas need
well planned approach. Out-of-Cell Interference versus soft-handover cell overlap has
also to be considered. Hierarchical systems work with multi-frequency networks, but not
with single-frequency systems (like cdma). If multi-layered is planned, separate
frequencies are needed for different layers.
There is no need for plan channelisation codes as those are managed by the RNC. Unlike
the channelisation codes, the scrambling codes need to be planned. The number of
scrambling codes is so great that the planning is a quite trivial task.
The uplink scrambling code for each user is allocated by the RNC. Every RNC has a pool
of codes that are unique to it. Allocation of uplink scrambling codes to RNCs is a simple
task, due to the huge number of available codes.
Downlink scrambling codes planning is an important issue in the border areas between
countries. There is a minimum separation that should be used between cells using the
same scrambling code, but in practice the maximum separation will be planned.
Codes Scrambling codes Channelisation codes
Uplink Different users Channels from the same user
Downlink Different Node B's Different users
UMTS code usages
9. RAN Planning
Planning the UMTS RAN and core network side is basically selecting the desired
network layout, future expansion approach, calculating the required hardware, deciding
software features and dimensioning all interfaces.
Radio Access Network has several interfaces, which need to be configured and
dimensioned. This dimensioning is out of the scope of this page, but these are the RAN
interfaces that need to be configured:
Iu: Interface between the RNC and the Core Network (MSC or SGSN).
- Iucs: Iu circuit switched (voice from/to MSC)
- Iups: Iu packet switched (data from/to SGSN)
Iub: Interface between the RNC and the Node B.
Iur: Interface between two RNCs.
Node B amount is derived form air interface capacity and coverage calculations, but
Node Bs also have to be configured. Hardware configuration is vendor specific, but here
is a general list of things that need to be considered when configuring Node Bs:
Call mix of expected traffic
Type of Node Bs (outdoor vs. indoor)
Amount of low capacity Node Bs
Required redundancies (e.g. 2N, N+1)
Required diversities
Number of carriers per sector
Number of sectors per Node B
Number of users
Voice and data traffic to be carried
Node B software features
Required Node B optional features
Requirements for special antenna systems
Requirements for power and transmission systems
The RNC planning is done after the air interface dimensioning and network interfaces
planning. After those are prepared, the bandwidth of each RNC link is known. RNC
dimensioning is to calculate the number RNCs and configuration of RNCs needed to
support the radio access network requirements. Any network side equipment will have
the trade-offs in configuration selection. Network can be designed for maximising the
ease of future expansion or for minimising the total cost. Usually RNC locations are fixed
based on network operator's main site locations and transmission costs will determine the
most cost effective RNC configurations. RNC Hardware configuration is also vendor
specific, but here is a general list of things that need to be considered when dimensioning
RNCs:
10. RNC capacity and configuration options
Total CS traffic (Erlangs)
Total PS traffic (Mbps)
Total traffic and signalling load
Total number of Node Bs
Total number of cells
Total number of carriers
Used channel configurations
RNC software features
Required RNC optional features
Type of transmission interfaces
Expansion possibilities
11. Core Network Planning
Planning the UMTS core network consist of GSN (GPRS Service Node) system design,
MSC and registers dimensioning, OMC dimensioning, Core network interface
dimensioning.
The Core Network has several interfaces, which need to be configured and dimensioned.
This dimensioning is out of the scope of this page, but these are the interfaces that need to
be configured:
Gn: Interface between SGSN and GGSN
Gi: Interface between GGSN and external packet data network
Other interfaces are between MSCs, to PSTN, HLR, AUC, EIR, SMS, Billing Centre,
Voice Mail, OMC, WAP & Multi Media Servers and other network elements.
The main inputs to dimensioning of GSN system are similar to what is required in air
interface design. Hardware configuration is vendor specific, but here is a general list of
things that need to be considered when configuring GSN System:
Number of Subscribers
Number of PDP Contexts
Service Activation Rate
Peak Traffic amount and overheads (bits/s or packets/s)
Number of required links
Number of RNC in served area
The Core Network hardware configuration is also vendor specific. Network vendors have
very extensive documentation how to design all aspects of core network starting from the
room environmental requirements up to the post integration system quality audit. Here is
a general list of things that need to be considered when dimensioning MSCs:
Number of Subscribers
Average call lengths
Call mix
Total CS traffic (Erlangs)
System features
Interconnection to other equipment
MSC software features
Required redundancies (e.g. 2N, N+1)
Total traffic and signaling loads
Iu-cs and other interface dimensioning
Type of transmission interfaces
Expansion possibilities
MSC capacity and configuration options
12. Most cost effective deployment method
Number of RNC in served area
All other network equipment will be designed in a similar way. Once the main
components are designed, the rest is easy!
Other core network plans:
Numbering plan
Traffic and interconnectivity routing plan
Signalling network plan
Synchronisation plan
Expansion plan
Logical and physical node dimentioning
PS and CS network plan
Network security plan
Redundancy and QoS plan
13. Transmission Planning
Most of the 3G network license holders have an existing 2G license and will face great
transmission planning challenges when upgrading a network from 2G to 3G:
Massive capacity growth
Controlling of the expansion process
Limited microwave spectrum availability and related cost issues
Limited space for new equipment and EMR sources
Cost and budget constrains
Requirements of design scalability and flexibility
Implementation of new technologies
Increased complexity and multivendor environment
Time table, availablility of skilled manpower
Reliability requirements (climate, redundancy, etc)
2G network transmission capacity planning depends on the amount of transceivers, but
3G transmission planning depends on the customer phone usage profiles and other carried
traffic. Where 2G backbones are aggregated small pipes, 3G traffic will be in combined
large pipes carrying mixed traffic. 3G project transmission planning include a lot of
issues:
Before the 3G Roll-out
Traffic type and amount estimation
Upgrade and future network layout plan (layers, topology, media)
Availability, Operation & Maintenance, spare unit plan
Fault, Configuration, Performance, Security management plans
Network synchronisation plan
QoS and system performance specification
Deploying flexible upgradeable equipments
Current network inventory, evaluation and status
During the 3G Roll-out
Normal roll-out plans; manpower, logistics, HW, time table etc.
Deploying; ATM network, upgraded radios, nodes etc.
Links: 15GHz, 23GHz, 18GHz, 7GHz, 26GHz, 38GHz, 28GHz, 13GHz, 8GHz, 6GHz, 11GHz,
32GHz, 50+ GHz
Initial and continuous system testing
Continuous training of staff for equipment and technology
Redundancy (link, network, equipment) plan and testing
Traffic prioritising plan
Usage of other carriers capacity and reselling own capacity
Work what vendors call "future proofing"; you better ask them ;-)
After the initial 3G Roll-out
14. Traffic analysis and management
Understanding the traffic
Equipment performance and suitability analysis
Upgrades and updates
Preparing for the next roll-out cycle, long term development plan
Comparing the transmission system to competition and other vendor solutions
Future 3G transmission networks will be largely IP based systems. Topology of the
network will be a mess mesh; hybrid of point-to-point, star and ring configurations.
Transmission options are still microwave, optical fibre, leased line and even copper line.
Addition to current high capacity PDH / SDH networks, higher capacity ATM networks
will be implemented to carry the main load. Internet will be integrated to mobile network
(or visa versa).
15. The Summary
The goal of the network planning is not only to define the initial network roll-out targets,
but also to provide moving targets to the continuous process that takes the whole life time
of the network. Before the 3G network is launched, all the work is focused on estimating
how the network should look like. After the network launch customer intake and
behaviour will decide the network development direction.
The most demanding tasks are to gather all the required information for the planning
work and making the network roll-out decisions based on all these estimations, operator
demands and assumptions of future costs. Cost estimations are usually very sensitive to
the changes in basic assumptions and it is crucial that all assumptions are recorded to the
network roll-out plan.
Picture below show the issues that vendors and operators face in the beginning of the
network roll-out.