The article addresses the features of Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the period of the establishment of the countries’ independencies. It analyzes the exports of commodities and agricultural and food products from Ukraine to Slovakia. The dynamics of the change in the parameters of agricultural export in martial law is assessed. Slovakia’s position among the EU countries in terms of agricultural exports from Ukraine is specified. The ways to support Ukrainian agriculture for the EU countries and Slovakia in martial law and to secure the participation of Ukrainian companies in the implementation of investment projects related to the development of export logistics infrastructure are outlined. The article offers prospective directions in the development of Ukrainian-Slovak relations in terms of agricultural export logistics in conditions of the seaport blockade and cross-border cooperation in the framework of existing joint programs. Special attention is paid to the need to introduce alternative logistic routes for agricultural export from Ukraine to Slovakia using the capacities of rail, road, and river transport, multimodal and intermodal shipping, and the creation of modern logistics hubs. The opportunities to attract the EU institutional assistance through Slovakia are examined in the framework of maintaining the food security and support of Ukraine’s agriculture. The need for further development of Ukrainian-Slovak relations in terms of ensuring food security and fostering agricultural exports by inclusion of other EU countries in the logistics chain is emphasized.
A study of diversification of Ukrainian agricultural exports to the EU countr...Igor Britchenko
The article studies the implementation of the European Commission’s “Solidarity Lanes” initiative to promote Ukrainian agricultural exports. Stakeholders of the “Solidarity Lanes” and logistics platforms for promoting Ukrainian agricultural exports are identified. The ways to diversify Ukrainian agricultural exports using road, rail and sea transport are analysed. Measures to accelerate the implementation of the “Solidarity Lanes” initiative to increase the volume of Ukrainian agricultural exports within diversified routes are proposed.
Research on export logistics of agricultural products in Ukraine during marti...Igor Britchenko
Ensuring food security is affected by the saturation of agricultural products produced domestically and imported. The military actions in Ukraine have negatively affected the export logistics of Ukrainian agricultural products to third countries, thus posing a threat to food security. The aim of the study is to diversify the export logistics of Ukrainian agricultural products as a result of the blockade of seaports by using the capabilities of railway and vehicle transports, cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union countries. The study is based on an assessment of the volume of exports of Ukrainian agricultural products, an analysis of the geographical structure of logistics exports, and the border crossing of Ukrainian agricultural products by different types of transport. The paper describes diversified logistics routes for exporting Ukrainian agricultural products. Based on research results, identifies promising directions of support for the export logistics of Ukrainian agricultural products during martial law and ensuring food security.
Strategy Position Paper of the Ukrainian Association for the Club of RomeViktor Halasiuk, PhD
The document outlines Ukraine's development challenges and proposes a strategy. It notes that while Ukraine has significant human and natural resources, its Soviet-era economy is inefficient and the environment neglected. Over 25 years, Ukraine's GDP contracted 35% amid deindustrialization, corruption and oligarchy. The strategy proposes adapting the EU's eco-social market model to spur sustainable and equitable growth through increased investment, exports, employment and purchasing power while reducing corruption, environmental depletion and human capital loss.
This document provides an overview of Ukraine's economy and business climate, as well as its trade relations with the EU. It finds that while Ukraine has significant economic strengths in its large population, fertile farmland, and strategic location, its economy also faces weaknesses such as corruption, political instability, and an inefficient bureaucracy. The document examines Ukraine's trade with the EU and promising sectors for European investment such as agribusiness and biomass energy. It analyzes the potential for closer EU-Ukraine economic integration through a proposed Association Agreement, but also notes political risks from Ukraine's internal reforms and pressure from Russia.
Food security modern challenges and mechanisms to ensure: scientific monographIgor Britchenko
The authors of the scientific monograph have come to the conclusion that ensuring food security during martial law requires the use of mechanisms to support agricultural exports, diversify logistics routes, ensure environmental safety, provide financial and marketing support. Basic research focuses on assessment the state of agricultural producers, analysing the financial and accounting system, logistics activities, ensuring competitiveness, and environmental pollution. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models during martial law, international logistics management, digital audit, agricultural lending, integrated marketing system, risk management and diversification of Ukrainian agricultural exports. The results of the study can be used in the developing of food security policies, programmes and strategies, agricultural production development, decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate food security management processes. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on food security during martial law and Ukraine’s recovery economy after the victory.
Food security and policy review in Ukraine_issue 1Oleg Nivievskyi
Food Security and Policy Review in Ukraine aims at providing a regular monitoring of the
food security situation in Ukraine and wartime agricultural policy response. It shall assist various
stakeholders and interested parties in taking decisions
based on facts and evidence
Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino Russian Agricul...ijtsrd
As two neighboring agricultural powers, China and Russia have always attached great importance to the agricultural cooperation between the two sides. Especially after China promoted the Belt and Road Initiative, building the China Mongolia Russia Economic Corridor and other major economic development strategies, the two countries have become more closely linked in the trade of agricultural products, and have actively explored deeper cooperation. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Sino Russian agricultural products trade, and then discusses the trade potential of Sino Russian agricultural products under the Belt and Road Initiative through the gravity model. Aiming at the problems existing in Sino Russian agricultural products trade, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the cooperation development of Sino Russian agricultural products trade. Lai Quanlin | Jiang Lijie "Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49351.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49351/research-on-trade-competitiveness-and-trade-potential-of-sinorussian-agricultural-products/lai-quanlin
Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino Russian Agricul...ijtsrd
As two neighboring agricultural powers, China and Russia have always attached great importance to the agricultural cooperation between the two sides. Especially after China promoted the Belt and Road Initiative, building the China Mongolia Russia Economic Corridor and other major economic development strategies, the two countries have become more closely linked in the trade of agricultural products, and have actively explored deeper cooperation. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Sino Russian agricultural products trade, and then discusses the trade potential of Sino Russian agricultural products under the Belt and Road Initiative through the gravity model. Aiming at the problems existing in Sino Russian agricultural products trade, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the cooperation development of Sino Russian agricultural products trade. Lai Quanlin | Jiang Lijie "Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49351.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49351/research-on-trade-competitiveness-and-trade-potential-of-sinorussian-agricultural-products/lai-quanlin
A study of diversification of Ukrainian agricultural exports to the EU countr...Igor Britchenko
The article studies the implementation of the European Commission’s “Solidarity Lanes” initiative to promote Ukrainian agricultural exports. Stakeholders of the “Solidarity Lanes” and logistics platforms for promoting Ukrainian agricultural exports are identified. The ways to diversify Ukrainian agricultural exports using road, rail and sea transport are analysed. Measures to accelerate the implementation of the “Solidarity Lanes” initiative to increase the volume of Ukrainian agricultural exports within diversified routes are proposed.
Research on export logistics of agricultural products in Ukraine during marti...Igor Britchenko
Ensuring food security is affected by the saturation of agricultural products produced domestically and imported. The military actions in Ukraine have negatively affected the export logistics of Ukrainian agricultural products to third countries, thus posing a threat to food security. The aim of the study is to diversify the export logistics of Ukrainian agricultural products as a result of the blockade of seaports by using the capabilities of railway and vehicle transports, cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union countries. The study is based on an assessment of the volume of exports of Ukrainian agricultural products, an analysis of the geographical structure of logistics exports, and the border crossing of Ukrainian agricultural products by different types of transport. The paper describes diversified logistics routes for exporting Ukrainian agricultural products. Based on research results, identifies promising directions of support for the export logistics of Ukrainian agricultural products during martial law and ensuring food security.
Strategy Position Paper of the Ukrainian Association for the Club of RomeViktor Halasiuk, PhD
The document outlines Ukraine's development challenges and proposes a strategy. It notes that while Ukraine has significant human and natural resources, its Soviet-era economy is inefficient and the environment neglected. Over 25 years, Ukraine's GDP contracted 35% amid deindustrialization, corruption and oligarchy. The strategy proposes adapting the EU's eco-social market model to spur sustainable and equitable growth through increased investment, exports, employment and purchasing power while reducing corruption, environmental depletion and human capital loss.
This document provides an overview of Ukraine's economy and business climate, as well as its trade relations with the EU. It finds that while Ukraine has significant economic strengths in its large population, fertile farmland, and strategic location, its economy also faces weaknesses such as corruption, political instability, and an inefficient bureaucracy. The document examines Ukraine's trade with the EU and promising sectors for European investment such as agribusiness and biomass energy. It analyzes the potential for closer EU-Ukraine economic integration through a proposed Association Agreement, but also notes political risks from Ukraine's internal reforms and pressure from Russia.
Food security modern challenges and mechanisms to ensure: scientific monographIgor Britchenko
The authors of the scientific monograph have come to the conclusion that ensuring food security during martial law requires the use of mechanisms to support agricultural exports, diversify logistics routes, ensure environmental safety, provide financial and marketing support. Basic research focuses on assessment the state of agricultural producers, analysing the financial and accounting system, logistics activities, ensuring competitiveness, and environmental pollution. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models during martial law, international logistics management, digital audit, agricultural lending, integrated marketing system, risk management and diversification of Ukrainian agricultural exports. The results of the study can be used in the developing of food security policies, programmes and strategies, agricultural production development, decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate food security management processes. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on food security during martial law and Ukraine’s recovery economy after the victory.
Food security and policy review in Ukraine_issue 1Oleg Nivievskyi
Food Security and Policy Review in Ukraine aims at providing a regular monitoring of the
food security situation in Ukraine and wartime agricultural policy response. It shall assist various
stakeholders and interested parties in taking decisions
based on facts and evidence
Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino Russian Agricul...ijtsrd
As two neighboring agricultural powers, China and Russia have always attached great importance to the agricultural cooperation between the two sides. Especially after China promoted the Belt and Road Initiative, building the China Mongolia Russia Economic Corridor and other major economic development strategies, the two countries have become more closely linked in the trade of agricultural products, and have actively explored deeper cooperation. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Sino Russian agricultural products trade, and then discusses the trade potential of Sino Russian agricultural products under the Belt and Road Initiative through the gravity model. Aiming at the problems existing in Sino Russian agricultural products trade, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the cooperation development of Sino Russian agricultural products trade. Lai Quanlin | Jiang Lijie "Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49351.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49351/research-on-trade-competitiveness-and-trade-potential-of-sinorussian-agricultural-products/lai-quanlin
Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino Russian Agricul...ijtsrd
As two neighboring agricultural powers, China and Russia have always attached great importance to the agricultural cooperation between the two sides. Especially after China promoted the Belt and Road Initiative, building the China Mongolia Russia Economic Corridor and other major economic development strategies, the two countries have become more closely linked in the trade of agricultural products, and have actively explored deeper cooperation. This paper analyzes the competitiveness of Sino Russian agricultural products trade, and then discusses the trade potential of Sino Russian agricultural products under the Belt and Road Initiative through the gravity model. Aiming at the problems existing in Sino Russian agricultural products trade, this paper puts forward some countermeasures for the cooperation development of Sino Russian agricultural products trade. Lai Quanlin | Jiang Lijie "Research on Trade Competitiveness and Trade Potential of Sino-Russian Agricultural Products" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49351.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/international-economics/49351/research-on-trade-competitiveness-and-trade-potential-of-sinorussian-agricultural-products/lai-quanlin
The Agricultural Sector of Ukraine in the Global Food Market: Pre-war State and Post-war Prospects
Production and Commercialization Status of Improved Panicum Grass Cultivation in the Lowland Livestock Production System of South Omo South-Western Ethiopia
Macadamia Nuts (Macadamia integrifolia) Value Chain and Technical Efficiency among the Small-scale Farmers in Zimbabwe
Access and Control of Resources by Rural Women in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Cattle Marketing System in Bena-Tsemay District of South Omo, South-Western Ethiopia
Climate Adaptation in Rain-fed Agriculture: Analyzing the Determinants of Supplemental Irrigation Practices in Nepal
Agriculture Economic Overview
Analysis of the Main Threats to the System of Sustainable Development and Pla...Igor Britchenko
The main purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main threats to the system of sustainable development and planning of the region in terms of ensuring the economic security of the state. To do this, we applied a methodology that allows us to establish the dependence and connection between threats and to determine the level structure of measures to counter the negative impact of these threats on a particular region. The relevance of the study is given by the fact that the regions of Europe today are also suffering from military actions on the territory of Ukraine. As a result of the study, a multi-level matrix of the hierarchy of the negative impact of threats on the system of sustainable development and planning of the region was formed in the context of ensuring the economic security of the state. The use of this matrix is a relatively new and more effective way to determine the measure of the impact of certain phenomena. The study has limitations and they concern the selection of only one region therefore further research needs to expand and apply our matrix to more regions.
Export logistics of agricultural products of Ukraine in the context of ensuri...Igor Britchenko
The study determined the dynamics of growing grain crops in Ukraine and the geography of their export. The problems of ensuring export logistics as a result of military aggression by russia in the context of ensuring food security are pointed out. The main directions of export logistics of grain crops from Ukraine and the peculiarities of transportation by railway, river and road transport were studied. The directions of diversification of export logistics of grain crops from Ukraine during martial law in the context of ensuring food security have been determined. Further ways of ensuring the development of the export of grain crops from Ukraine and improving the logistics infrastructure are substantiated. A description of the directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union countries regarding the promotion and support of export logistics to the main countries of importers of agricultural products to ensure food security is provided. Ways of post-war restoration of the logistics of export of agricultural products from Ukraine and ensuring the sustainability of agricultural producers are considered.
This document summarizes EU funding and financing incentives for projects in Ukraine. It outlines Hudson Financial's experience in Europe and working with EU funds. Key points include:
- The EU has a 2020 strategy targeting employment, innovation, climate change, education, and poverty reduction.
- EU funding opportunities for Ukraine include grants, loans from the European Investment Bank, and programs in areas like education (Erasmus) and cross-border cooperation.
- The EU aims to strengthen ties with Ukraine through its Eastern Partnership program and Association Agreement, which promotes political and economic reforms.
- In 2014 the EU pledged over €11 billion in loans and grants to support Ukraine's economic and political transition following events that year
Which way to choose - European Prosperity or Trade StabilityIBStudy
How students saw the integration opportunities for Ukraine. Ukraine's European integration vs. integration to customs union leaded by Russia. Findings of master`s level students at International Business English Language Program, National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" 2013.
The document summarizes investment opportunities in Ukraine's infrastructure sector as presented by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine in June 2015. It highlights the potential for development in transportation infrastructure such as seaports, railways, roads, and airports given Ukraine's strategic location along major trade corridors. The government is undertaking reforms like privatizing state-owned enterprises and developing a transparent regulatory framework to attract long-term private investment needed to upgrade aging infrastructure and accommodate growing trade volumes, especially for grain exports.
The document summarizes investment opportunities in Ukraine's infrastructure sector as presented by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine in June 2015. It highlights the potential for development in transportation infrastructure such as seaports, railways, roads, and airports given Ukraine's strategic location along major trade corridors. The government is undertaking reforms like privatizing state-owned enterprises and developing a transparent regulatory framework to attract long-term private investment needed to upgrade aging infrastructure and accommodate growing trade volumes.
This paper seeks to disaggregate concerns about energy security within the wider European neighborhood from the nation-state to the household, and particularly to poor households in the transition and developing economies of the former Soviet Union. It argues that two decades of under-investment in Soviet-era energy, water, and communal service infrastructures threaten significant reductions in access to these services in the poorer countries of this region, particularly Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These problems are manifesting themselves both in terms of growing physical restrictions on access to energy, water, and communal service networks in these countries, and in terms of rapid growth in tariffs for these services which could price some vulnerable households "out of the market". The paper also suggests that these problems are apparent to various degrees in a number of other former Soviet republics, and that the impact of the global economic crisis is likely to exacerbate these problems. By calling attention to growing household vulnerability to energy and water insecurities, particularly in Central Asia, the paper seeks to bring an economic development perspective to bear on energy policy debates in the wider European region.
Authored by: Ben Slay
Published in 2009
This document summarizes Ukraine's ongoing struggles with reforms, security challenges, and anti-corruption efforts since the 2014 Euromaidan revolution. Key points include:
1) Ukraine faces ongoing security threats from Russian aggression and interference while also struggling with reforms in governance, economic policy, and anti-corruption efforts due to resistance from entrenched political and business interests.
2) Significant reforms have been undertaken in some areas like macroeconomic policy, energy sector, and banking, but resistance remains for deeper reforms in governance, rule of law, and reducing the influence of oligarchs.
3) Civil society has played an important role in supporting reforms but faces challenges in connecting with citizens and maintaining reform momentum against powerful
POLICY BRIEF. Ukrainian Migration Policy Reform: Paving the Way for the EU-Uk...Iryna Shevchenko
CEDOS think tank and Europe without Barriers presented in Brussels an approach to make Ukraine EU’s backyard partner in handling intensive immigration. (One-pager version: http://bit.ly/29e24C2)
Analysts stated that Ukraine is already Europe's safe neighbour and can satisfy the needs of many migrants heading to EU. Thus, Ukraine can be an attractive destination country for migrants.
As Andriy Solodko (migration and human rights analyst, CEDOS) explained, “An integration system that refugees and migrants (incl. internal ones) would rely on can convert Ukraine from transit to a destination country. Guarantees of human rights’ compliance, social services, access to health care and education, job opportunities and social ties, create stronger mechanisms to stay, than any fence or border control. Ukraine is able to fulfil those demands but country needs to organize its resources and actions”. And it is the organization and development of a well-designed integration policy, where Ukraine would appreciate EU's assistance.
It would be a wise long-term decision that would create a trustworthy partner for migration matters just at Europe’s backyard. This durable solution will help Ukraine and will benefit the EU.
Research of the intelligent resource security of the nanoeconomic development...Igor Britchenko
The resources and resource potential of the innovative component of nanoeconomics are analyzed. The factors of production – classical types of resources such as land, labor, capital and technology – are described. Ways of influencing the security resources of nanoeconomics within the innovation paradigm are evaluated. The purpose of the study is to identify the factor of nanoeconomics in the formation of resource security potential in the innovation paradigm. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to characterize the importance of the land resource as a factor in the potential of economic nanosystems; to highlight the importance of capital as a factor of nanoproduction and an indicator of the innovation paradigm; to determine the labor resource in the development of innovative nanosystems; to analyze the intellectual potential of nanoeconomic development of the innovation paradigm; to identify clusters of innovative nanopotential in the regions of countries with transition economies. Each resource is examined separately with the first analysis of a resource security assessment such as land. The other resource under consideration is labor. Demographic factors become decisive in describing the development of labor resources. The capital factor allows the formation of independent economic systems, when the state budget affects the possibility of developing science, education and health care. A number of methods were applied during the study: methods of induction and deduction (to assess the importance of the innovation paradigm for the development of nanoeconomics); system analysis and structural approach (to determine the aggregate state of production factors); method of comparing the quality of production factors in market economies and in developed countries; an observation method (for assessing the state of resources in different countries); method of cluster analysis (to determine the existence of innovation-territorial regions in countries with economies in transition). The analysis is carried out to identify the conditions of the impact of production factors on the innovative paradigm of nanoeconomics. It reveals theoretical approaches to the formation of nanoeconomics and its active development. As a result of the study of intellectual and resource potential of security, a cluster analysis was carried out to assess the conditions for the formation of innovation-territorial regions. This study allows to understand the role of production security factors in the formation of the innovation paradigm and the efficiency of the development of nanoeconomics. The way of providing the basis for the development of nanoeconomics in the form of efficient use of production factors is considered as a perspective.
The document provides an overview of infrastructure investment opportunities in Ukraine. It discusses Ukraine's strategic location along major trade routes and the potential for growth in various transportation sectors. Specific opportunities highlighted include modernizing rail infrastructure and rolling stock, developing seaport capacity, and improving inland waterways like the Dnieper River to increase grain exports. The government is undertaking reforms like privatizing seaports and fighting corruption to attract more private investment in upgrading Ukraine's transportation network.
The report reviews key issues in energy trade and cooperation between the EU and CIS countries. It describes historical trends of oil and gas demand in the EU, other European and CIS countries and offers demand forecasts until 2030. Recent developments in oil and gas production and exports from Russia and Caspian countries are covered in detail leading to the discussion of the likely export potential of these regions. The key factors determining the production outlook, trade-offs and competition related to energy resources transportation choices are also discussed. The report also covers the interests and role of transit countries in relations between producer and consumer regions. The analytical section leads to policy recommendations that focus mainly on the EU.
Authored by: Sabit Bagirov, Leonid Grigoriev, Wojciech Paczynski, Vladimer Papava, Marcel Salikhov, Michael Tokmazishvili
Published in 2009
This study analyzed the oil content in soybean seeds from different varieties using NMR relaxation method. The results showed:
- The lowest oil content was 14.6-14.9% in seeds of the Pentata variety weighing 100-250 mg.
- The highest oil content was 19.3-19.7% in seeds of the Ladutsa variety weighing 100-200 mg.
- Insufficient water provision in rainfed fields increased the oil content in Pentata variety seeds to 18-19% in 2020 and 2022, compared to normal years.
- NMR relaxation method allows nondestructive measurement of oil content in soybean seeds of different varieties and growing conditions.
The document discusses the challenges and perspectives for Romanian agriculture with the greening of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) during the 2014-2020 period. It notes that CAP reforms bring both opportunities and constraints for Romanian agriculture as it aims to increase competitiveness while meeting environmental requirements. The greening measures in the new CAP could support farmers' incomes and the provision of public goods, but also present difficulties for Romanian agriculture in adapting to the new standards.
This is a comprehensive analysis of the agriculture sector in Ukraine. It is a sectoral guide for perspective investors who are exploring opportunities in Ukraine. The report includes key figures characterizing the market, as well as information about the ongoing projects. This report also contains the list of forthcoming reforms and policy development needed to boost Ukrainian agriculture. The report was prepared by the Office of the National Investment Council of Ukraine and presented at the Council meeting in Kyiv, on May 25, 2018
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
Summary
• Businesses faced problems with access to electricity due to the russian shelling of energy facilities. This restrained GDP growth.
• Transportation by railway and through the Ukrainian Sea Corridor is growing, contributing to the development of several sectors of the economy.
• The value of goods exports declined sharply in March on a year-on-year basis amid continued decline in grain and iron ore prices.
• In March, a record external financing of USD 9 bn was received. Half the funds came from the EU as bridge financing under the Facility for Ukraine.
• The Government approved the Ukraine Plan, which defines priority steps and measures, the implementation of which should become the basis for the EU budget support.
• State fiscal revenues continued to grow, partly due to the windfall taxation of banks' profits.
• Inflation slowed to 3.2% yoy in March. Inflation was last at this level in the COVID year of 2020 and before the start of the russian aggression in 2014.
• The NBU lowered the policy rate to 14.5% p.a. in response to the low inflation and the resumption of aid from donors to Ukraine. However, the NBU moved cautiously as the Ukrainian economy faces serious risks.
• The hryvnia weakened to UAH 39 per USD as the NBU paced its support.
Financial and Economic Tools of Project Management in Public SectorIgor Britchenko
The article examines the introduction of project management as a result of the implementation of administrative reforms in modern states based on the management paradigm of New Public Management and New Public Governance. Based on both experts’ opinions and a number of cases from different counties, it is shown that the development of such elements of new public management as focus on achieving results, monitoring of quantitative and qualitative performance indicators, budget savings, creative organizational culture, became possible thanks to a set of economic and strategic tools that characterize project management, especially PMBoK. The expediency of a large-scale transition to professional management of public projects through the use of the generally recognized PMBoK standard, as well as the “living” Agile project methodology, is substantiated.
Financial Capacity of Insurance Companies as a Factor of Stable Development o...Igor Britchenko
The relevance of the article is based on an in-depth study of the financial potential of insurers and its impact on the insurance market, which provides valuable information for the stakeholders of the insurance industry. Therefore, this study aims to determine approaches to revealing the essence of the financial capacity of insurers, based on the scientific tools of financial science. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis of the dynamics of liabilities (raised and borrowed funds) and equity capital of insurers and the relationship between them, which enables a comprehensive look at the impact of these indicators on the development of insurance market and internal and external factors that have both an objective and subjective impact on the financial capacity of insurers and the insurance market. The article defines the stages and methodology of assessing the financial condition of insurers. In particular, the normative method, the comparative method, the static method, the formal-logical method, the economic-mathematical method, the method of analysis and synthesis became the leading research methods. These assessment methods are crucial for the timely determination of the current state of financial capacity and its potential. Using a multivariate correlation-regression model, the authors demonstrate the importance of various components of financial capacity. The presented results will be useful to various stakeholders in the insurance industry as they provide a deeper understanding of their financial strength, including the dynamics of liabilities, equity and leveraged funds. First of all, it was established that financial resources are the basis of financial capacity. Secondly, the definition of the insurance company's financial resources as a source and component of the company's functioning is formulated. Thirdly, it is shown that the insurer's financial capacity is logically dependent on its investment capacity, which is determined by the amount of financial resources. It was also determined that financial capacity is a dynamic quantity and is manifested only in the process of its use and ideally should be accompanied by its growth. Among them, it was proved that the main components that significantly affect the formation of the financial potential of insurers and the growth of the insurance market of Ukraine are insurance reserves and authorized capital. These conclusions can easily become the basis for the formation of further state insurance policy, which will be followed through legislative reforms, increased competition in the insurance market and will result in an increase in the level of trust among the population.
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Macadamia Nuts (Macadamia integrifolia) Value Chain and Technical Efficiency among the Small-scale Farmers in Zimbabwe
Access and Control of Resources by Rural Women in North Shewa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
Cattle Marketing System in Bena-Tsemay District of South Omo, South-Western Ethiopia
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Analysis of the Main Threats to the System of Sustainable Development and Pla...Igor Britchenko
The main purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main threats to the system of sustainable development and planning of the region in terms of ensuring the economic security of the state. To do this, we applied a methodology that allows us to establish the dependence and connection between threats and to determine the level structure of measures to counter the negative impact of these threats on a particular region. The relevance of the study is given by the fact that the regions of Europe today are also suffering from military actions on the territory of Ukraine. As a result of the study, a multi-level matrix of the hierarchy of the negative impact of threats on the system of sustainable development and planning of the region was formed in the context of ensuring the economic security of the state. The use of this matrix is a relatively new and more effective way to determine the measure of the impact of certain phenomena. The study has limitations and they concern the selection of only one region therefore further research needs to expand and apply our matrix to more regions.
Export logistics of agricultural products of Ukraine in the context of ensuri...Igor Britchenko
The study determined the dynamics of growing grain crops in Ukraine and the geography of their export. The problems of ensuring export logistics as a result of military aggression by russia in the context of ensuring food security are pointed out. The main directions of export logistics of grain crops from Ukraine and the peculiarities of transportation by railway, river and road transport were studied. The directions of diversification of export logistics of grain crops from Ukraine during martial law in the context of ensuring food security have been determined. Further ways of ensuring the development of the export of grain crops from Ukraine and improving the logistics infrastructure are substantiated. A description of the directions of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union countries regarding the promotion and support of export logistics to the main countries of importers of agricultural products to ensure food security is provided. Ways of post-war restoration of the logistics of export of agricultural products from Ukraine and ensuring the sustainability of agricultural producers are considered.
This document summarizes EU funding and financing incentives for projects in Ukraine. It outlines Hudson Financial's experience in Europe and working with EU funds. Key points include:
- The EU has a 2020 strategy targeting employment, innovation, climate change, education, and poverty reduction.
- EU funding opportunities for Ukraine include grants, loans from the European Investment Bank, and programs in areas like education (Erasmus) and cross-border cooperation.
- The EU aims to strengthen ties with Ukraine through its Eastern Partnership program and Association Agreement, which promotes political and economic reforms.
- In 2014 the EU pledged over €11 billion in loans and grants to support Ukraine's economic and political transition following events that year
Which way to choose - European Prosperity or Trade StabilityIBStudy
How students saw the integration opportunities for Ukraine. Ukraine's European integration vs. integration to customs union leaded by Russia. Findings of master`s level students at International Business English Language Program, National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute" 2013.
The document summarizes investment opportunities in Ukraine's infrastructure sector as presented by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine in June 2015. It highlights the potential for development in transportation infrastructure such as seaports, railways, roads, and airports given Ukraine's strategic location along major trade corridors. The government is undertaking reforms like privatizing state-owned enterprises and developing a transparent regulatory framework to attract long-term private investment needed to upgrade aging infrastructure and accommodate growing trade volumes, especially for grain exports.
The document summarizes investment opportunities in Ukraine's infrastructure sector as presented by the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine in June 2015. It highlights the potential for development in transportation infrastructure such as seaports, railways, roads, and airports given Ukraine's strategic location along major trade corridors. The government is undertaking reforms like privatizing state-owned enterprises and developing a transparent regulatory framework to attract long-term private investment needed to upgrade aging infrastructure and accommodate growing trade volumes.
This paper seeks to disaggregate concerns about energy security within the wider European neighborhood from the nation-state to the household, and particularly to poor households in the transition and developing economies of the former Soviet Union. It argues that two decades of under-investment in Soviet-era energy, water, and communal service infrastructures threaten significant reductions in access to these services in the poorer countries of this region, particularly Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. These problems are manifesting themselves both in terms of growing physical restrictions on access to energy, water, and communal service networks in these countries, and in terms of rapid growth in tariffs for these services which could price some vulnerable households "out of the market". The paper also suggests that these problems are apparent to various degrees in a number of other former Soviet republics, and that the impact of the global economic crisis is likely to exacerbate these problems. By calling attention to growing household vulnerability to energy and water insecurities, particularly in Central Asia, the paper seeks to bring an economic development perspective to bear on energy policy debates in the wider European region.
Authored by: Ben Slay
Published in 2009
This document summarizes Ukraine's ongoing struggles with reforms, security challenges, and anti-corruption efforts since the 2014 Euromaidan revolution. Key points include:
1) Ukraine faces ongoing security threats from Russian aggression and interference while also struggling with reforms in governance, economic policy, and anti-corruption efforts due to resistance from entrenched political and business interests.
2) Significant reforms have been undertaken in some areas like macroeconomic policy, energy sector, and banking, but resistance remains for deeper reforms in governance, rule of law, and reducing the influence of oligarchs.
3) Civil society has played an important role in supporting reforms but faces challenges in connecting with citizens and maintaining reform momentum against powerful
POLICY BRIEF. Ukrainian Migration Policy Reform: Paving the Way for the EU-Uk...Iryna Shevchenko
CEDOS think tank and Europe without Barriers presented in Brussels an approach to make Ukraine EU’s backyard partner in handling intensive immigration. (One-pager version: http://bit.ly/29e24C2)
Analysts stated that Ukraine is already Europe's safe neighbour and can satisfy the needs of many migrants heading to EU. Thus, Ukraine can be an attractive destination country for migrants.
As Andriy Solodko (migration and human rights analyst, CEDOS) explained, “An integration system that refugees and migrants (incl. internal ones) would rely on can convert Ukraine from transit to a destination country. Guarantees of human rights’ compliance, social services, access to health care and education, job opportunities and social ties, create stronger mechanisms to stay, than any fence or border control. Ukraine is able to fulfil those demands but country needs to organize its resources and actions”. And it is the organization and development of a well-designed integration policy, where Ukraine would appreciate EU's assistance.
It would be a wise long-term decision that would create a trustworthy partner for migration matters just at Europe’s backyard. This durable solution will help Ukraine and will benefit the EU.
Research of the intelligent resource security of the nanoeconomic development...Igor Britchenko
The resources and resource potential of the innovative component of nanoeconomics are analyzed. The factors of production – classical types of resources such as land, labor, capital and technology – are described. Ways of influencing the security resources of nanoeconomics within the innovation paradigm are evaluated. The purpose of the study is to identify the factor of nanoeconomics in the formation of resource security potential in the innovation paradigm. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to characterize the importance of the land resource as a factor in the potential of economic nanosystems; to highlight the importance of capital as a factor of nanoproduction and an indicator of the innovation paradigm; to determine the labor resource in the development of innovative nanosystems; to analyze the intellectual potential of nanoeconomic development of the innovation paradigm; to identify clusters of innovative nanopotential in the regions of countries with transition economies. Each resource is examined separately with the first analysis of a resource security assessment such as land. The other resource under consideration is labor. Demographic factors become decisive in describing the development of labor resources. The capital factor allows the formation of independent economic systems, when the state budget affects the possibility of developing science, education and health care. A number of methods were applied during the study: methods of induction and deduction (to assess the importance of the innovation paradigm for the development of nanoeconomics); system analysis and structural approach (to determine the aggregate state of production factors); method of comparing the quality of production factors in market economies and in developed countries; an observation method (for assessing the state of resources in different countries); method of cluster analysis (to determine the existence of innovation-territorial regions in countries with economies in transition). The analysis is carried out to identify the conditions of the impact of production factors on the innovative paradigm of nanoeconomics. It reveals theoretical approaches to the formation of nanoeconomics and its active development. As a result of the study of intellectual and resource potential of security, a cluster analysis was carried out to assess the conditions for the formation of innovation-territorial regions. This study allows to understand the role of production security factors in the formation of the innovation paradigm and the efficiency of the development of nanoeconomics. The way of providing the basis for the development of nanoeconomics in the form of efficient use of production factors is considered as a perspective.
The document provides an overview of infrastructure investment opportunities in Ukraine. It discusses Ukraine's strategic location along major trade routes and the potential for growth in various transportation sectors. Specific opportunities highlighted include modernizing rail infrastructure and rolling stock, developing seaport capacity, and improving inland waterways like the Dnieper River to increase grain exports. The government is undertaking reforms like privatizing seaports and fighting corruption to attract more private investment in upgrading Ukraine's transportation network.
The report reviews key issues in energy trade and cooperation between the EU and CIS countries. It describes historical trends of oil and gas demand in the EU, other European and CIS countries and offers demand forecasts until 2030. Recent developments in oil and gas production and exports from Russia and Caspian countries are covered in detail leading to the discussion of the likely export potential of these regions. The key factors determining the production outlook, trade-offs and competition related to energy resources transportation choices are also discussed. The report also covers the interests and role of transit countries in relations between producer and consumer regions. The analytical section leads to policy recommendations that focus mainly on the EU.
Authored by: Sabit Bagirov, Leonid Grigoriev, Wojciech Paczynski, Vladimer Papava, Marcel Salikhov, Michael Tokmazishvili
Published in 2009
This study analyzed the oil content in soybean seeds from different varieties using NMR relaxation method. The results showed:
- The lowest oil content was 14.6-14.9% in seeds of the Pentata variety weighing 100-250 mg.
- The highest oil content was 19.3-19.7% in seeds of the Ladutsa variety weighing 100-200 mg.
- Insufficient water provision in rainfed fields increased the oil content in Pentata variety seeds to 18-19% in 2020 and 2022, compared to normal years.
- NMR relaxation method allows nondestructive measurement of oil content in soybean seeds of different varieties and growing conditions.
The document discusses the challenges and perspectives for Romanian agriculture with the greening of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) during the 2014-2020 period. It notes that CAP reforms bring both opportunities and constraints for Romanian agriculture as it aims to increase competitiveness while meeting environmental requirements. The greening measures in the new CAP could support farmers' incomes and the provision of public goods, but also present difficulties for Romanian agriculture in adapting to the new standards.
This is a comprehensive analysis of the agriculture sector in Ukraine. It is a sectoral guide for perspective investors who are exploring opportunities in Ukraine. The report includes key figures characterizing the market, as well as information about the ongoing projects. This report also contains the list of forthcoming reforms and policy development needed to boost Ukrainian agriculture. The report was prepared by the Office of the National Investment Council of Ukraine and presented at the Council meeting in Kyiv, on May 25, 2018
The Scientific journal “Norwegian Journal of development of the International Science” is issued 24 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science.
Summary
• Businesses faced problems with access to electricity due to the russian shelling of energy facilities. This restrained GDP growth.
• Transportation by railway and through the Ukrainian Sea Corridor is growing, contributing to the development of several sectors of the economy.
• The value of goods exports declined sharply in March on a year-on-year basis amid continued decline in grain and iron ore prices.
• In March, a record external financing of USD 9 bn was received. Half the funds came from the EU as bridge financing under the Facility for Ukraine.
• The Government approved the Ukraine Plan, which defines priority steps and measures, the implementation of which should become the basis for the EU budget support.
• State fiscal revenues continued to grow, partly due to the windfall taxation of banks' profits.
• Inflation slowed to 3.2% yoy in March. Inflation was last at this level in the COVID year of 2020 and before the start of the russian aggression in 2014.
• The NBU lowered the policy rate to 14.5% p.a. in response to the low inflation and the resumption of aid from donors to Ukraine. However, the NBU moved cautiously as the Ukrainian economy faces serious risks.
• The hryvnia weakened to UAH 39 per USD as the NBU paced its support.
Similar to Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security (20)
Financial and Economic Tools of Project Management in Public SectorIgor Britchenko
The article examines the introduction of project management as a result of the implementation of administrative reforms in modern states based on the management paradigm of New Public Management and New Public Governance. Based on both experts’ opinions and a number of cases from different counties, it is shown that the development of such elements of new public management as focus on achieving results, monitoring of quantitative and qualitative performance indicators, budget savings, creative organizational culture, became possible thanks to a set of economic and strategic tools that characterize project management, especially PMBoK. The expediency of a large-scale transition to professional management of public projects through the use of the generally recognized PMBoK standard, as well as the “living” Agile project methodology, is substantiated.
Financial Capacity of Insurance Companies as a Factor of Stable Development o...Igor Britchenko
The relevance of the article is based on an in-depth study of the financial potential of insurers and its impact on the insurance market, which provides valuable information for the stakeholders of the insurance industry. Therefore, this study aims to determine approaches to revealing the essence of the financial capacity of insurers, based on the scientific tools of financial science. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis of the dynamics of liabilities (raised and borrowed funds) and equity capital of insurers and the relationship between them, which enables a comprehensive look at the impact of these indicators on the development of insurance market and internal and external factors that have both an objective and subjective impact on the financial capacity of insurers and the insurance market. The article defines the stages and methodology of assessing the financial condition of insurers. In particular, the normative method, the comparative method, the static method, the formal-logical method, the economic-mathematical method, the method of analysis and synthesis became the leading research methods. These assessment methods are crucial for the timely determination of the current state of financial capacity and its potential. Using a multivariate correlation-regression model, the authors demonstrate the importance of various components of financial capacity. The presented results will be useful to various stakeholders in the insurance industry as they provide a deeper understanding of their financial strength, including the dynamics of liabilities, equity and leveraged funds. First of all, it was established that financial resources are the basis of financial capacity. Secondly, the definition of the insurance company's financial resources as a source and component of the company's functioning is formulated. Thirdly, it is shown that the insurer's financial capacity is logically dependent on its investment capacity, which is determined by the amount of financial resources. It was also determined that financial capacity is a dynamic quantity and is manifested only in the process of its use and ideally should be accompanied by its growth. Among them, it was proved that the main components that significantly affect the formation of the financial potential of insurers and the growth of the insurance market of Ukraine are insurance reserves and authorized capital. These conclusions can easily become the basis for the formation of further state insurance policy, which will be followed through legislative reforms, increased competition in the insurance market and will result in an increase in the level of trust among the population.
Bogdan Kołcz, Mechanizmy bezpieczeństwa systemu przeciwdziałania poważnym awa...Igor Britchenko
Prezentowana monografia wskazuje na mechanizmy które powinny zapobiegać i ograniczać do minimum skutki poważnej awarii w odniesieniu do ludzi, środowiska, mienia poprzez dostosowanie uwarunkowań prawnych i organizacyjnych wobec podejmowanych czynności przez zakłady dużego ryzyka, organy administracji publicznej, podmioty ratownicze współdziałające w sytuacji awaryjnej.
W tym zakresie aby osiągnąć swój cel autor dokonał w procesie badawczym zderzenia dwóch najważniejszych systemów w tej kwestii funkcjonujących w Polsce, a mianowicie systemu przeciwdziałania poważnym awariom przemysłowym oraz krajowego systemu ratowniczo-gaśniczego. W badaniach empirycznych zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego wykorzystując technikę badania dokumentów w szczególności dokumentacji i analiz z ćwiczeń wewnętrznego planu operacyjno-ratowniczego oraz zewnętrznego planu operacyjno-ratowniczego dla określenia dotychczasowych działań i realizacji zadań nałożonych na zakłady dużego ryzyka i jednostki Państwowej Straży Pożarnej. Wykorzystano również technikę badania ankietowego wśród zespołów kierowania inżynieryjno-technicznego zakładów dużego ryzyka oraz funkcjonariuszy z jednostek Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w ramach których funkcjonuje specjalistyczna grupa ratownictwa chemiczno-ekologicznego.
W monografii problemem badawczym staje się potrzeba określenia, czy spełniane są wymagania formalnoprawne i organizacyjne w zakresie podejmowanych czynności zapobiegawczych i ograniczających skutki poważnej awarii oraz czy realizowane są efektywnie przez zespoły zakładowe we współdziałaniu z podmiotami ratowniczymi. Stosowne wdrożenie przepisów wykonawczych oraz elementów organizacyjnych do zakresu operacyjno-ratowniczego usprawni efektywność w działaniu zespołów zakładowych oraz podmiotów ratowniczych a tym samym zwiększy bezpieczeństwo w zakładach dużego ryzyka.
Economic and mathematical modeling of integration influence of information an...Igor Britchenko
This research aims at establishing the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on ecommerce development of industrial enterprises by means of economic and mathematical modelling. The goal was achieved using the following methods: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis (to critically analyse the scientific approaches of scientists regarding the expediency of using mathematical models in the context of enterprises’ e-commerce development), target, comparison and grouping (to reveal innovative methodological approach to assessing ICT impact on e-commerce development of industrial enterprises), tabular, analytical and integral method (for summarizing the analysis results of enterprises readiness to implement ICT, ICT use in the activities of industrial enterprises of Ukraine and the analysis of e-commerce development), mathematical modelling (to build a regression model determining impact of changes in ICT use on the market share occupied by industrial enterprises), generalization (to determine promising directions of e-commerce developing of industrial enterprises). The implementation of a comprehensive approach to understanding the importance of ICT influence on e-commerce development of industrial enterprises will ensure acceleration of the digitalization of business processes, will contribute to the speed increase of enterprises response to customer requests, and increase the market share occupied by enterprises. A new vision of directions for developing e-commerce of industrial enterprises is suggested, which are determined by the need for enterprise rebranding, the development of e-commerce tools and technologies, the importance of outsourcing service automation and promotion of subscription trade. ICT is considered as integration factor that determines prospects for e-commerce development of industrial enterprises and contributes to increasing efficiency of online business management. Research results demonstrate that the use of economic and mathematical modelling is an important tool for assessing ICT impact, and its absence can negatively affect the accuracy and validity of online business management.
Britchenko I., Chukurna O., Tardaskina T., Digital economy: Textbook. Sofia: ...Igor Britchenko
The textbook contains conceptual, methodological and methodological provisions for management in the digital economy. The replacement of the concept of the digital economy and the concept of management in the digital economy is open.
The development of cutting-edge technologies in management in the minds of the digital economy has been highlighted. Particular attention is paid to blockchain technology, dark calculations and great data (Big Data), as the basis for making decisions in the digital economy. Significant technologies for the development of artificial intelligence in various areas of business, e-commerce, management, marketing, finance and education. The fundamentals of information security management in the digital economy are reviewed. Provided diagrams, tables, rules for independent work.
For graduates and students of economic specialties, scientists.
Determinants of enterprise's financial security/Larysa Dokiienko, Nataliya Hr...Igor Britchenko
Our main purpose of the article was to substantiate the methodical approach to assess the enterprise's financial security based on the use of a model set for determining its parameters depending on the characteristics of financing activities and the associated level of risk. The proposed approach created opportunities to determine the parameters of the enterprise's financial security on the scale "level – status – position – zone" in the process of current and strategic management of not only financial security, but also the success of the enterprise as a whole. Based on the financial statements of Ukrainian enterprises by type of economic activity, the key financial indicators calculated and the parameters of their financial security over the past 9 years were determined. The research confirmed the decisive impact on the enterprise's financial security, the features of financing their activities, and the associated risk level. The practical use of the proposed approach proved that it is a convenient, understandable and informative tool for determining the parameters of the enterprise's financial security by the major indicators: Financial stability, liquidity, profitability, and activity financing risk.
Georgi Lyubenov Power and privileges in political history (XXX century BC – X...Igor Britchenko
The problem of the formation and development of privileges in politics in Bulgaria is not significantly different from what is happening with their evolution in Europe and worldwide. In this case, the only more substantive difference is that the privileges of power in Bulgaria began „anew“ for the simple reason that the country was liberated from Ottoman tyranny, after which the third Bulgarian state was established. That is to say, the emergence and consolidation of privileges took place immediately after the Liberation, as they found a place as an opportunity for institutionalization and regulation already in the texts of the Tarnovo Constitution (1879). Since then, the privileges of power have become an inevitable companion of political elites, who, depending on the nature of society (authoritarian, totalitarian, democratic), constantly consume one or other state benefits and advantages, legitimised in various normative documents. In this sense, and on the basis of historical development, we can conditionally divide the application of power privileges in Bulgaria into three main stages: the first – from the Liberation (1878) to 1946, or the so-called „capitalist stage“ of the primary and earliest development of this phenomenon (privileges); the second stage includes the „socialist“ nomenklatura privileges (1947 – 1989), which developed enormously in absolutely all spheres of society; and the third is the democratic, or modern, stage of the application of privilege (from 1990 to the present), during which all the benefits of power for the country’s new democratic elites (along the lines of Western democratic models) unfolded with full „legitimate force“. Through the prism of this tentative periodization, saturated with many significant accents and peculiarities in the construction of the Bulgarian state, the new institutions and political parties, we will also examine the filigree „weaving“ into the pores of statehood of many of the emerging privileges of the elite (in each stage separately), in order to highlight more clearly their significance in Bulgarian politics.
Georgi Lyubenov Manolov Power and privileges in political history (XXX centur...Igor Britchenko
It is a prehistoric truth that antiquity is the origin of human civilization. This truth is often forgotten and ignored today because in many cases the back is turned to the distant past. This past, however, continues to provide us with an enormous amount of knowledge, both in terms of facts, phenomena and processes, and as new grounds for building hypotheses, concepts and theories. In this sense, authentic historical sources (and references) and the dozens of monographs devoted to this era can help us make sense of what is happening in the contemporary world and its social development. Such is also the problem of political privilege, which is almost impossible to study and explain analytically without tracing its genesis, conceived in the bosom of antiquity. For the problem dates back to the earliest „infancy“ of human history, when there were no state entities, institutions and organs of power. But there is something else: a thorough study of privilege from the dawn of its primary germination gives us rich opportunities to trace its evolution as a social phenomenon more comprehensively, to „unravel“ its real manifestations in different types of societies, and to make comparative characterizations (in quantitative and qualitative terms) according to one or another historical epoch, political system, and party leaders. This is what makes it necessary to consider privilege in a deep historical context whose roots are to be sought in the Old World, in the functioning of tribal societies several thousand years back.
Georgi Lyubenov Manolov Power and privileges in political history (XXX centur...Igor Britchenko
The analysis of contemporary topics of the current political process is among the most important tasks that representatives of political science have to deal with today. Especially in countries like Bulgaria, whose people have borne (and still bear) on their shoulders all possible adversities related to the struggle for democracy. Because this great transition in our case was vitiated by a „primary dream“ of the newly emerged elite – looting of the national wealth! Life has proven that in such an environment, scientists cannot always specify in time and clearly enough precisely which problems in reality are to all intents and purposes relevant to the nation's agenda, which are „more relevant“, and ultimately which are „most relevant“. And as a result, they become an unchanging commitment to political analysis. This is due to the fact that the troubadours of the New Age are constantly covering up the ugly truths of modern times through their appearances on the television screen and in the pages of printed publications. Regardless of whether the data of sociology is used, or the facts related to a specific management activity are summarized. In this way, the purposeful interpretations of the facts do not allow the truths that affect the majority of the Bulgarian people to be presented in the public space in time, which is why an „information blackout“ occurs. However, it also does not allow political analysis to always and in time react with reasonable proposals to remove what is contrary to civilized social development. As a result, in reality „two types of political science“ arose and existed in Bulgaria for more than three decades. One – in its two main sub-variants – „left“ and „right“, plays the role of a servant in relation to power. This academic stratum welcomes all governments willingly, from which it earns solid financial dividends, insofar as it also „owns“ eserved media time.
Георги Л. Манолов Власт и привилегии в политическата история (XXX в. пр.н.е. ...Igor Britchenko
Проблемът за формирането и развитието на привилегиите в политиката в България не се различава съществено от това, което се случва с тяхната еволюция в европейски и световен мащаб. В случая единствената по-същностна разлика е тази, че привилегиите на властта у нас започват „начисто“ оради простата причина, че страната се освобождава от османската тирания, след което се създава третата българска държава. Тоест появата и утвърждаването на привилегиите се извършва веднага след Освобождението, тъй като те намират място като възможност за институционализация и регламентация още в текстовете на Търновската конституция (1879 г.). От тогава до сега привилегиите на властта стават неизбежен спътник на политическите елити, които в зависимост от характера на обществото (авторитарно, тоталитарно, демократично) постоянно консумират едни или други държавни изгоди и облаги, узаконени в различни нормативни документи. В този смисъл и на базата на историческото развитие можем условно да разделим приложението на властовите привилегии в България на три основни етапа: първият – от Освобождението (1878 г.) до 1946 г., или т.нар. „капиталистически етап“ на първичното и най-ранно развитие на този феномен (привилегиите); вторият етап включва „социалистическите“ номенклатурни привилегии (1947 – 1989 г.), които изключително силно се развиват в абсолютно всички обществени сфери; и третият е демократичният, или съвременният, етап от приложението на привилегиите (от 1990 г. до сега), през който се разгръщат с пълна „легитимна сила“ всички изгоди от властта за новите демократични елити в страната (по подобие на западните демократични модели). През призмата на тази условна периодизация, наситена с множество съществени акценти и особености при изграждането на българската държава, новите институции и политическите партии, ще разгледаме и филигранното „втъкаване“ в порите на държавността на голяма част от появилите се привилегии на елита (през всеки етап поотделно), за да откроим по-релефно тяхната значимост в българската политика.
Георги Л. Манолов Власт и привилегии в политическата история (XXX в. пр.н.е. ...Igor Britchenko
Праисторическа истина е, че древността е първоизточникът на човешката цивилизация. Тази истина днес често се забравя и пренебрегва, защото в редица случаи се обръща гръб на далечното минало. Това минало обаче продължава да ни дава изключително много знания както като факти, явления и процеси, така и като нови основания за изграждане на хипотези, концепции и теории. В този смисъл автентичните исторически източници (и извори) и десетките монографии, посветени на тази епоха, могат да ни помогнат да осмисляме ставащото в съвременния свят и неговото социално развитие. Такъв е проблемът и за политическите привилегии, който почти е невъзможно да се изследва и обяснява аналитично, ако не се проследи неговият генезис, заченат в лоното на древността. Защото проблемът датира от най-ранната „детска възраст“ на човешката история, когато няма никакви държавни образувания, институции и органи на властта. Но има и нещо друго: задълбоченото изучаване на привилегиите още от зората на тяхното първично покълване ни дава богати възможности да проследим попространно еволюцията им като социално явление, да „разгадаем“ реалните им проявления в различните типове общества и да правим сравнителни характеристики (в количествено и качествено отношение) в зависимост от една или друга историческа епоха, политическа система и партийни лидери. Именно това налага привилегиите да се разглеждат в дълбок исторически контекст, чиито корени следва да се търсят още в Стария свят, при функционирането на родовите общества няколко хиляди години назад.
Георги Л. Манолов Власт и привилегии в политическата история (XXX в. пр.н.е. ...Igor Britchenko
Анализът на актуалните теми на текущия политически процес е сред най-важните задачи, с които трябва да се справят представителите на политическата наука днес. Особено в държави като България, чийто народ понесе (и все още носи) на плещите си всички възможни несгоди, свързани с борбата за демокрация. Защото този велик преход в нашия случай беше опорочен от една „основна мечта“ на новопоявилия се елит – разграбване на националното богатство! Животът доказа, че в такава обстановка учените невинаги могат да кажат навреме и прекалено ясно точно кои проблеми в реалността действително са актуални за дневния ред на нацията, кои са „по-актуални“, а в края на краищата и кои са „най-актуални“. И като резултат те да се превърнат в неизменен ангажимент за политическия анализ. Понеже трубадурите на Новото време непрестанно прикриват грозните истини на съвременността чрез своите изяви на телевизионния екран и по страниците на печатните издания. Независимо от това дали се използват данните на социологията, или се обобщава фактология, свързана с конкретна управленска дейност. По този начин целенасочените интерпретации на фактите не позволяват в общественото пространство да се изнасят навреме истините, които засягат основната маса от българския народ, поради което се получава „информационно затъмнение“. То обаче не позволява и на политическия анализ винаги и навреме да реагира с разумни предложения за отстраняване на това, което противоречи на цивилизованото обществено развитие. Като следствие повече от три десетилетия в България реално възникват и битуват „два типа политическа наука“.
Research and economic evaluation of the impact of current challenges and thre...Igor Britchenko
Resilience to withstand the destructive impact of the external environment and modern challenges contributes to ensure the economic security of the company. The consequences of the pandemic, military actions in Ukraine, rising inflation, and the transformation of geopolitical processes in the European Union have negatively affected the economic security of insurance companies in Slovakia. The purpose 10 of the study is to assess the economic security of Slovak insurance companies. The study is based on the analysis of profitability, assets and liabilities, premiums, claims and expenses of insurance companies in Slovakia. The forecasting methodology is applied and various scenarios of further functioning of insurance companies in Slovakia, proposed by the National Bank of Slovakia, are analyzed. Insurance companies in Slovakia have sufficient capital, losses in the forecast period can be covered by current profits, and the growth of insurance claims can be transferred to reinsurers. The study found that insurance companies in Slovakia to ensure stability and economic security, and have prospects for further operation and development.
Innovative approaches to business management in conditions of economic instab...Igor Britchenko
The article is devoted to studying innovative approaches to enterprise management in conditions of economic instability. The main goal of the research was to identify and analyse the impact of innovative strategies and management methods on the development of enterprises’ innovative potential during economic crises. To achieve this goal, special and general academic research methods were used, in particular ‘synthesis’ and ‘generalisation’, which were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative approaches in the activities of enterprises in the conditions of unpredictable changes in the business environment. As a result of the study, it was found that, in conditions of economic instability, innovations in enterprise management should focus on strengthening innovative potential and production and on the technical improvement of business processes for which the formation of innovative strategies is necessary. It has been found that enterprises that actively implement innovative management methods in their activities have more chances to ensure their sustainability in challenging business conditions and, with this transformation of management practices, create conditions for dynamic growth and development of their innovative potential. As a result of the study, it has been established that using innovative approaches contributes to improving the efficiency of enterprise resource management, improves interaction with counterparties, and stimulates the further implementation of innovative solutions in production. Based on the research, the understanding and principles of forming innovative management strategies for enterprises in conditions of economic instability have been improved. In addition, a set of recommendations has been formed for enterprises and organisations regarding strengthening the management system based on innovative solutions to ensure the stability and dynamic development of business processes in crisis trends.
Research and economic evaluation of the impact of current challenges and thre...Igor Britchenko
Resilience to withstand the destructive impact of the external environment and modern challenges contributes to ensure the economic security of the company. The consequences of the pandemic, military actions in Ukraine, rising inflation, and the transformation of geopolitical processes in the European Union have negatively affected the economic security of insurance companies in Slovakia. The purpose
10
of the study is to assess the economic security of Slovak insurance companies. The study is based on the analysis of profitability, assets and liabilities, premiums, claims and expenses of insurance companies in Slovakia. The forecasting methodology is applied and various scenarios of further functioning of insurance companies in Slovakia, proposed by the National Bank of Slovakia, are analyzed. Insurance companies in Slovakia have sufficient capital, losses in the forecast period can be covered by current profits, and the growth of insurance claims can be transferred to reinsurers. The study found that insurance companies in Slovakia to ensure stability and economic security, and have prospects for further operation and development.
Prospects for sustainable development and ensuring the security of economic s...Igor Britchenko
The authors of the scientific monograph have come to the conclusion that ensuring sustainable development and security of economic systems in the new geostrategic realities requires the use of mechanisms for state protection of national economic interests, innovative outsourcing and digital technologies, and environmental protection. Basic research focuses on assessment the economic security of insurance companies, logistics processes, farms, healthcare organisations, retail and e-commerce, and tourist destinations. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models in the new geostrategic realities, human resource management, environmental and international security, use of artificial intelligence, and city branding. The results of the study can be used in the developing policies, programmes and strategies for public-private partnerships, post-crisis recovery of Ukraine, and decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate the processes of managing sustainable development and security. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on sustainable development and security of economic systems.
For the new realities in management and “Information security” competenceIgor Britchenko
The intensity of changes in recent years is truly astonishing. In such a context, the requirements for the competencies and skills of employees and managers are also intensifying in the direction of changes. On the other hand and in this connection, given the crises, today the management of information security is a necessity for any organization that considers organizational information as a valuable asset and considers it in the light of its competitive advantage. Information security is frequently associated with cyber security, a concept and field that is fast evolving on all fronts—technological, regulatory, and programmatic. From the perspective of the human factor, it corresponds to the knowledge transfer and learning abilities that are collectively referred to as "digital skills." Human resource professional competence and expertise are crucial to the management and development of information security initiatives, making them essential to the growth of any organization.
Exogenous determinants of the European Union’sIgor Britchenko
The article examines the influence of external factors on the economic security of the European Union. The study found that such exogenous factors as global economic instability, crisis situations in the markets of raw materials and energy resources, international terrorism, and geopolitical tensions can seriously undermine the economic security of the EU. Ways to ensure stability and compliance of European economic systems with external challenges are proposed, including improving energy efficiency, diversifying energy sources, and intensifying support for innovative technologies. The necessity of forming a comprehensive strategy for ensuring the economic security of the European Union in the conditions of globalization and growing threats from exogenous determinants is determined. Статията разглежда влиянието на външни фактори върху икономическата сигурност на Европейския Съюз. Проучването установи, че екзогенни фактори като глобалната икономическа нестабилност, кризисните ситуации на пазарите на суровини и енергийни ресурси, международният тероризъм и геополитическото напрежение могат сериозно да подкопаят икономическата сигурност на ЕС. Предложени са начини за осигуряване на стабилност и съответствие на европейските икономически системи с външни предизвикателства, включително подобряване на енергийната ефективност, диверсификация на енергийните източници и засилване на подкрепата за иновативни технологии. Определя се необходимостта от формиране на цялостна стратегия за гарантиране на икономическата сигурност на Европейския съюз в условията на глобализация и нарастващи заплахи от външни детерминанти.
Стратегия устойчивого развития аграрного сектора экономики Украины в условия ...Igor Britchenko
В монографии исследуются теоретические и концептуальные основы устойчивого развития. Анализируются предпосылки формирования стратегии устойчивого развития как альтернативы парадигме экономического роста. Это включает в себя изучение научных подходов, а также объективных причин и факторов, которые приводят к необходимости перехода к устойчивому развитию в аграрном секторе экономики. Рассматривается многофункциональность как метод разработки и инструмент контроля политики устойчивого развития. Показано, что сельскохозяйственное производство, как сложная социально-экономическо-биологическая агросистема, требует учета взаимосвязей и взаимодействия ее элементов для достижения оптимального функционирования и равновесного состояния. Системный подход к сельскохозяйственной агросистеме предполагает рассмотрение ее как целостной системы, где каждый элемент влияет на функционирование остальных элементов. Исследуется устойчивое развитие аграрного сектора экономики Украины в условиях изменения климата. Рассматривается совместимость устойчивого развития и капиталистического типа хозяйства. Показано, что сельское хозяйство в силу своих особенностей и многофункционального назначения не воспринимает организационно-правовые формы корпораций чисто коммерческого промышленного типа. Непризнание этой закономерности приводит к социальным и экологическим потерям, которые не перекрываются экономическими выгодами агро- промышленно-торговых компаний. Анализируются роль и значение сельскохозяйственных кооперативов в устойчивом развитии аграрного сектора. Исследуется сущность индикативного оценивания и концепция устойчивости в виде модели. Это включает в себя анализ методологии и подходов к индикативному оцениванию в контексте устойчивого развития. Освещается специфика модели индикативного оценивания устойчивого развития ферм в Германии. Проведен сравнительный анализ немецкого опыта с учетом украинских особенностей. Автором разработана система индикаторов (показателей) для индикативного оценивания устойчивого развития сельскохозяйственных предприятий в Украине, которая включает не только экономические, но и социальные и экологические показатели, что существенно обогащает научно-практический подход к выбору формы хозяйствования учитывая критерии устойчивого развития в сельском хозяйстве Украины.
Опис: В монографии исследуются теоретические и концептуальные основы устойчивого развития. Анализируются предпосылки формирования стратегии устойчивого развития как альтернативы парадигме экономического роста. Это включает в себя изучение научных подходов, а также объективных причин и факторов, которые приводят к необходимости перехода к устойчивому развитию в аграрном секторе экономики. Рассматривается многофункциональность как метод разработки и инструмент контроля политики устойчивого развития.
The study guide was prepared according to the program of the educational discipline ‘Transport entrepreneurship’ for students of specialty 076 - "Entrepreneurship, trade and stock market activity". The academic load of the discipline is 150 academic hours, incl. lectures (32 hours), seminars (32 hours), independent study (86 hours). Each chapter is divided into paragraphs based on course topics, as well as lesson plans, questions for panel discussions, quizzes for self-assessment and topical lists of useful literature and information resources. The study guide can be useful for students of various specialties with the course "Transport Entrepreneurship" as their major or minor.
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Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
1. KOŠICKÁ BEZPEČNOSTNÁ REVUE
KOSICE SECURITY REVUE
Vol. 12, No. 2 (2022), p. 1 – 12
ISSN 1338-4880 (print ver.), ISSN 1338-6956 (online ver.)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
1
Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of
ensuring food security
Ukrajinsko-slovenské vzťahy v kontexte
zabezpečovania potravinovej bezpečnosti
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI1
, Igor BRITCHENKO2
1
Lviv Polytechnic National University
2
University of Security Management in Košice
The manuscript was received on 05. 11. 2022 and was accepted after revision for publication on
01. 12. 2022
Abstract:
The article addresses the features of Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the period of the establishment
of the countries’ independencies. It analyzes the exports of commodities and agricultural and food
products from Ukraine to Slovakia. The dynamics of the change in the parameters of agricultural
export in martial law is assessed. Slovakia’s position among the EU countries in terms of
agricultural exports from Ukraine is specified. The ways to support Ukrainian agriculture for the
EU countries and Slovakia in martial law and to secure the participation of Ukrainian companies
in the implementation of investment projects related to the development of export logistics
infrastructure are outlined. The article offers prospective directions in the development of
Ukrainian-Slovak relations in terms of agricultural export logistics in conditions of the seaport
blockade and cross-border cooperation in the framework of existing joint programs. Special
attention is paid to the need to introduce alternative logistic routes for agricultural export from
Ukraine to Slovakia using the capacities of rail, road, and river transport, multimodal and
intermodal shipping, and the creation of modern logistics hubs. The opportunities to attract the
EU institutional assistance through Slovakia are examined in the framework of maintaining the
food security and support of Ukraine’s agriculture. The need for further development of
Ukrainian-Slovak relations in terms of ensuring food security and fostering agricultural exports by
inclusion of other EU countries in the logistics chain is emphasized.
Keywords: export, agriculture, logistics, transport, food security, Ukraine, Slovakia, European
Union.
2. 2
Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
Abstrakt:
Článok sa zaoberá črtami ukrajinsko-slovenských vzťahov v období vzniku
samostatnosti krajín. Analyzuje export komodít a poľnohospodárskych a
potravinárskych produktov z Ukrajiny na Slovensko. Hodnotí sa dynamika zmeny
parametrov poľnohospodárskeho exportu v stannom práve. Spresňuje sa postavenie
Slovenska medzi krajinami EÚ z hľadiska exportu poľnohospodárskych produktov z
Ukrajiny. Načrtnuté sú spôsoby podpory ukrajinského poľnohospodárstva pre krajiny
EÚ a SR v stannom práve a zabezpečenie účasti ukrajinských firiem na realizácii
investičných projektov súvisiacich s rozvojom exportnej logistickej infraštruktúry.
Článok ponúka perspektívne smery rozvoja ukrajinsko-slovenských vzťahov z hľadiska
poľnohospodárskej exportnej logistiky v podmienkach blokády námorných prístavov a
cezhraničnej spolupráce v rámci existujúcich spoločných programov. Osobitná
pozornosť je venovaná potrebe zavedenia alternatívnych logistických trás pre export
poľnohospodárskych produktov z Ukrajiny na Slovensko s využitím kapacít železničnej,
cestnej a riečnej dopravy, multimodálnej a intermodálnej lodnej dopravy a vytvoreniu
moderných logistických uzlov. V rámci udržania potravinovej bezpečnosti a podpory
ukrajinského poľnohospodárstva sa skúmajú možnosti získania inštitucionálnej pomoci
EÚ cez Slovensko. Zdôrazňuje sa potreba ďalšieho rozvoja ukrajinsko-slovenských
vzťahov z hľadiska zabezpečenia potravinovej bezpečnosti a podpory agroexportu
začlenením ďalších krajín EÚ do logistického reťazca.
Kľúčové slová: riziko, analýza rizík, metodika, údaje
Introduction
Ukraine and Slovakia have a long-standing friendly partnership that has
developed under the impact of a range of geopolitical transformations in Europe after
the end of the Cold War. Enjoying the common history, geographical proximity, and
general complementarity of national economies, Ukrainian-Slovak relations are of
pragmatic and balanced nature. The partnership is based on mutual interests in
security, economy, and energy. Slovakia and Ukraine are new states, which have been
implementing structural and sectoral reforms directed at the creation of public
institutions, the introduction of economic development programs, and the
implementation of cross-border projects and initiatives in foreign policy since gaining
their independencies.
The changes caused by the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement and trends in the
development of bilateral relations in new institutional and geopolitical conditions have
played an essential role in the forming of modern Ukrainian-Slovak relations. They
have manifested themselves in the harmonization and modernization of the
partnership’s legal framework, the development of trade and economic cooperation,
the securing of the irreversibility of Ukraine’s course toward European integration,
and the maintenance of Slovakia’s political-diplomatic solidarity and economic
support in conditions of russian military aggression.
The development of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Slovakia in the
context of russian military aggression shows that Slovakia consistently supports
Ukraine and its assistance has political, military, economic, and humanitarian
components. Slovakia’s support is visible in the issue of territorial integrity and
independence of Ukraine manifested in joint statements/declarations of the EU, UN,
and OSCE. Slovakia consistently supports Ukraine’s aspirations for European
3. 3
Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
integration. Namely, it actively fostered the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association
Agreement and was among the first to ratify it in September 2014 during its EU
Presidency. In 2016, Slovakia supported Ukraine in granting the latter the visa-free
regimen and supports further expansion of the free trade area between Ukraine and the
EU by facilitating the excess to the European market for Ukrainian export, including
agriculture. Taking into account the European Green Deal, Slovak businesses can
invest in high-tech agriculture and food production.
With regard to food security maintenance, Slovakia has been actively supporting
Ukraine since the beginning of the large-scale Russian aggression on 24 February
2022, including in terms of crop export by road and rail transport and the development
of multimodal and intermodal shipping. It has also been promoting the investment
activity of agricultural companies in the purchase of elevators and granaries and
implementing joint cross-border cooperation projects on the further movement of grain
cargo to Danube ports, expansion of international transport network TEN-T to
neighboring third countries, cross-border infrastructure development, etc.
These aspects of Ukrainian-Slovak relations and the issues of food security
maintenance, including in russian military aggression, are extensively covered in
modern studies of Ukrainian and foreign researchers. Slovak researchers also address
the abovementioned problems [1-10].
Taking into account the contemporary challenges and threats, Ukraine and
Slovakia have enough resources and opportunities to intensify cooperation in food
security maintenance in martial law, develop Ukraine’s agricultural export capacity,
and improve transport infrastructure between the countries through elaboration and
implementation of joint projects under international and bilateral agreements and
developed policy measures.
1. Ukraine and Slovakia in food security maintenance
1.1. Food security and agriculture in Ukraine. Agricultural export to Slovakia
Food security is a fundamental human right. It is secured by meeting the need for
enough healthy and nutritious food and food preferences good for an active and
healthy life. Food security is also achieved due to consistent output, storage,
distribution, and processing of agricultural products. It is characterized by the level of
income, proper functioning of the agricultural and food market, and the use of food –
nutritional value and safety of food.
Each country tries to maintain its food security based on natural and climate
conditions, availability of production resources and economic entities, economic
conditions for business activity, opportunities for foreign economic activity in case of
food shortage, etc. Food self-reliance is among the most essential parameters that
show the general economic and social level of the country.
EU countries are active in participating in food security policy directed at the
provision of safe and nutritious food produced from healthy plants and animals to EU
citizens. The European Union’s policy protects each part of the food production
process, from cultivation to consumption, by preventing food contamination and
promoting food hygiene, food awareness, the health of plants, and the health and
wellbeing of animals.
Finding the acceptable level of the country’s dependence on food imports from
abroad is among the significant political decisions. Meanwhile, food self-reliance is
4. 4
Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
consistently controlled. Appropriately selected levels of food security and self-reliance
must assure enough main food products for citizens in crisis on global markets.
No country worldwide is completely food self-reliant. Ukraine is among the
countries that can produce main food products for its needs and export them to
different countries. Ukraine is the fourth largest food exporter to the EU.
According to the Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic, total commodity
exports from Ukraine to Slovakia increased by 22.9 % in five years (2017-2021) (Fig.
1). In 2019-2020, exports from Ukraine declined because of the COVID-19 pandemic
and introduction of a range of restrictive measures. Commodity exports from Ukraine
to Slovakia was the largest in 2021 – $ 775.9 million, which is 2.2 times more than in
2020.
According to European Commission, in 2021, Slovakia was ranked tenth in
commodity exports from Ukraine to the EU countries, while Ukraine’s share in extra
EU imports to Slovakia was 4.5 % (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1 Commodity exports from Ukraine to Slovakia, 2021, million € [11].
Let’s examine the commodity structure of exports of some agricultural and food
products from Ukraine to Slovakia (Tab. 1). The largest share in the structure of
exports of some agricultural and food products from Ukraine to Slovakia accounts for
meat and edible offal (4.01 %) and animal and vegetable fats and oils – 1.88 %. It is
worth mentioning that exports of milling industry products from Ukraine to Slovakia
increased by 3.2 times in 2021 against 2020, finished grain products – 2.5 times, and
cereals – 2.1 times.
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Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
Fig. 2 EU imports of goods from Ukraine, 2021, million € [12].
Tab. 1 Exports of some agricultural and food products from Ukraine to Slovakia,
2021, thous. $ [13]
Agricultural and food products Cost
Index,
2021/2020, %
% of the total
Meat and edible offal 40046.2 157.7 4.01
Milk and dairy products, birds’ eggs;
natural honey 2311.2 129.0 0.23
Other animal products 57.9 34.6 0.01
Vegetables 53.8 22.0 0.01
Edible fruits and nuts 1843.2 137.3 0.18
Cereals 153.1 205.9 0.02
Milling industry products 1579.3 317.0 0.16
Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits 2607.4 144.5 0.26
Animal and vegetable fats and oils 18761.8 201.7 1.88
Finished grain products 1158.9 247.0 0.12
Various food products 584.0 78.3 0.06
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Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
In 2022, the large-scale russian invasion of Ukraine impacted the exports from
Ukraine to other countries, including the EU and Slovakia. EU countries constitute the
largest export direction for Ukrainian companies in 8 months of 2022 (62 %) [13]. Fig.
3 shows Slovakia’s position in Ukraine’s commodity export. Commodity export from
Ukraine to Slovakia declined by 33.9 % in 8 months of 2022 and amounted to 3.66 %
or $ 701 million. Ukraine exported the most to Poland, Italy, and Germany. Growing
commodity exports from Ukraine to the EU countries in the 8 months of 2021 and
2022 were boosted by the Free Trade Agreement. Taking into account the fact that
meat accounts for the largest share in exports of some agricultural and food products
from Ukraine to Slovakia, 3,394 tonnes were realized in 8 months of 2022 [13].
The analysis of agricultural and food exports from Ukraine to the EU countries
and Slovakia in the researched period shows that the maintenance of food security
directly depends on the cooperation between the countries.
1.2. The role of the EU and Slovakia in support of agriculture in Ukraine and
export capacity development
Ukrainian-Slovak cooperation is based on auxiliary institutions like Ukrainian-
Slovak Intergovernmental Commission on Cross-Border Cooperation and Ukrainian-
Slovak Commission on Economic, Industrial, and Scientific-Technical Cooperation,
which also covers food security.
European Union and the international community, including the U.N. World
Food Program and the U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), are trying to
protect food security in Ukraine and assure access to the food supply for everyone
[14].
Fig. 3 Commodity exports from Ukraine to the EU countries and Slovakia, 8 months of
2021 and 2022, $ million [13].
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Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
The Prime Minister of Slovakia has urged to guarantee the security of grain
exports from Ukraine. European Commission is trying to coordinate exports of
millions of tonnes of grain by road and rail transport, although these land corridors
cannot replace the volumes that can be shipped by sea [17].
In the spring, Ukraine and Poland signed a memorandum to intensify cooperation
in the railway industry, including the foundation of a joint logistics venture [18]. Its
major goal will be to increase Ukraine’s exports by rail to the EU and other regions
worldwide due to European transit, which would secure the increase in agricultural
exports abroad. No doubt, grain corridors are very important not only for Ukraine but
also for the countries of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, since they are the largest
importers of Ukrainian grain.
Grain is transported to Slovakia by rail through the border checkpoint Uzhorod-
Matovce. Phytosanitary control of grain was canceled at this border checkpoint in
order to increase its railway transportation capacity.
In April 2022, cooperation with businesses, central authorities, and local
governments of Slovakia contributed to the implementation of the investment project
of Ukraine’s agricultural company Grain Alliance – the purchase of granary of 20,000
tonnes of simultaneous storage capacity in Čierna nad Tisou. As of early June 2022,
the granary was reconstructed and a grain elevator accessible by Ukrainian trains was
launched. In a short time, 70,000 tonnes of grain were overloaded in the elevator [19].
The abovementioned measures taken by the EU countries and Slovakia have
secured support for Ukraine’s agriculture in terms of its exports and reinforced food
security.
2. Perspectives of Ukrainian-Slovak relations in terms of the agricultural
export capacity development
2.1. Agricultural export logistics development
Before the large-scale russian military aggression began, 75% of Ukrainian
exports had accounted for seaports [13]. The seaports have been blocked since 24
February 2022. Therefore, the further maintenance of agricultural exports from
Ukraine requires new alternative routes to establish logistics chains. Another option is
to use road and rail transport and the capacities of the Danube river transport. Slovakia
has joined the alternative logistics chains to export agriculture and assure food
security.
In our mind, the areas the logistics capacities of Slovakia can be used in terms of
Ukraine’s agricultural export capacity development are the following:
- railway infrastructure development – improving the efficiency of two border
railway checkpoints with Slovakia. To increase the capacity of border railway
checkpoints with Slovakia, new terminals must be constructed, already
existing ones must be modernized, mobile staging posts must be created, the
number of narrow-gauge trolleys must be increased, more narrow-gauge
rolling stock of carriers must be added, and border crossing procedures must
be simplified. It is also necessary to subsidize the manufacturing of cars for
grain transportation at the largest EU plant in Slovakia to secure continuous
transportation of grain by rail transport, reduce the rolling stock shortage,
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Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
and optimize logistics costs. Reconstruction of the border checkpoint
“Uzhorod- Vyšné Nemecké” will foster agricultural capacity, namely, a
separate line for cargo on the Slovak side should be added. For that matter,
the border checkpoint “Solomonovo-Čierna nad Tisou” should be developed
and the project on the restoration of standard gauge on the Chop-Uzhorod
section should be implemented. To increase railway capacity, stronger
involvement of Slovak railway operator ŽSR is necessary;
- border transport infrastructure improvement and creation of storage
capacities for agriculture in the territory of Slovakia close to the Ukrainian
border;
- construction of new border checkpoints jointly exploited by Ukraine and
Slovakia and application of innovative technologies to simplify border and
customs control through the introduction of e-services and consolidation of
databases on both sides;
- an increase of the Danube river ports’ capacity to ship agriculture, creation
of a new transport corridor to export agriculture to third countries – from
Ukraine by rail to the river port in Bratislava and further by the Danube to
Romanian Black Sea Port Constanța, etc.
2.2. The use of cross-border cooperation
The further development of Ukrainian-Slovak relations in agriculture and
implementation of agricultural export capacity is possible under the EU Strategy for
the Danube Region that has been covering Ukraine and Slovakia since 2010. The
Program is directed at the strengthening of transnational cooperation in the region to
overcome imbalances in its socio-economic development and consolidate and
coordinate endeavors of all participants to implement joint projects [20].
In this regard, the prospective ways to develop Ukrainian-Slovak cross-border
cooperation in agriculture and agricultural export logistics are the following:
- an increase in the share of sustainable transport like rail and water. Efficient
logistics in rail transport must be secured through the improvement of the
capacity of western border checkpoints with Slovakia, primarily the change of
gauge and modernization and improvement of railroad capacity. The logistics
of water transport and its infrastructure should be developed by the extension
of the river ports network, the improvement of the efficiency of available
capacities in river ports, the increase of water transport capacity, and the
increase of capacity, modernization, and development of the Danube region
ports, including the modernization of access to them by water and road routes
(electrification of sections of railroad tracks to reduce the total cost of
logistics and construction of new railroads);
- development of multimodal and intermodal freight transportation. It should
be realized through the inclusion of ports into multimodal transportation,
including in universal containers and in the combination of rail and water
transport to ship agriculture and export it, the creation of a multimodal hub
based on Danube ports and river terminals to activate freight traffic with
Slovakia, the improvement of the technological capacity of multimodal
transportation (including the development of freight transport-logistics
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Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
terminals), the maintenance of coordinated functioning of all parts of supply
chain using several modes of transport, and the modernization of existing and
creation of new logistics multimodal terminals in Zakarpatska oblast with the
functioning of integrated transport-logistics centers, customs servicing, and
application of modern digital logistics solutions (TMS, YMS, WMS). The
essential directions of the development of multimodal and intermodal freight
transportation include the construction and arrangement of multimodal
terminals on the border with Slovakia with an opportunity to overload
automotive vehicles, in particular, to railway platforms for transportation on
the 1,520 mm and 1,435 mm gauge;
- the extension of the international transport network TEN-T to neighboring
countries (non-EU members) and the development of cross-border
infrastructure. It stipulates the inclusion of domestic water routes of Ukraine
into the international transport network TEN-T on the Ukrainian side of the
Danube. The implementation of this direction will foster the establishment of
a qualitatively new border with Slovakia, strengthen the integration of the
national transport network with that of the EU, and expand the list of routes
included in the TEN-T. The development of rail and domestic water routes
included in the TEN-T indicative maps will promote the increase of
competitiveness of transport corridors, the improvement of the quality of
infrastructure, and the increase in agricultural exports.
- cluster cooperation in agriculture founded on a smart approach to
specialization. It can be realized when producing organic agriculture in the
Ukrainian part of the Danube region. Zakarpatska oblast has accumulated
the valuable experience of transition to organic agriculture. The creation of
production-environmental clusters that cover business entities, farms, various
agricultural companies and other agricultural entities, and processing
companies stipulates the integration aimed at manufacturing of eco-friendly
products based on innovative technology.
Conclusion
The Ukrainian-Slovak relations have been developing under the impact of
structural transformations in geopolitics, and in several stages. Both countries face a
range of common threats and opportunities related largely to the consequences of the
European and transatlantic integration processes and the emergence of new
geopolitical alliances in Euro-Atlantic and Eurasian spaces. The geographical
proximity of the countries, their historical, cultural, and language similarities, and
common national interests and foreign economic benchmarks create preconditions for
the future cooperation between Ukraine and Slovakia and the use of unrealized
capacity.
Ukraine is an essential and strategic trade partner for Slovak companies from the
viewpoint of joint borders, market size, and its future consolidation.
Ukrainian-Slovak foreign trade relations are based on close historical trade links.
Yet, the share of Ukrainian export in foreign trade with Slovakia accounts for less than
4%. Slovakia is positive toward Ukraine’s transformation, strongly supports the
European integration vector of the country’s development, and provides political,
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Ukrainian-Slovak relations in the context of ensuring food security
Maksym BEZPARTOCHNYI, Igor BRITCHENKO
economic, security-related, and humanitarian assistance. Slovak’s support intensified
in russian military aggression.
The issues related to the development of international relations for Ukraine are
very relevant in view of the 2014 events in the context of the protection of national
interests. The fact of keeping good neighborly relations between Ukraine and Slovakia
currently strengthens stability and security in Central and Eastern Europe. The
emergence of new security challenges and threats has activated the cross-border
cooperation between Ukraine and Slovakia regarding the support of agricultural
exports.
The research on commodity exports from Ukraine to Slovakia shows positive
dynamics. Slovakia imports agriculture from Ukraine, mainly plant and vegetable fats
and oils and meat. Significant growth in exports from Ukraine to Slovakia of the
milling industry products and finished grain products can be observed. The volumes of
commodity exports from Ukraine to Slovakia declined in the period of the large-scale
military aggression.
A russian blockade of seaports in Ukraine and the impossibility to secure
sustainable agricultural exports have forced the Governments of the EU countries and
Slovakia to develop alternative logistics routes. To assure food security, the ways to
ship agriculture by road and rail transport across the Slovakian border have been
elaborated, phytosanitary control has been canceled, and import duties have been
lifted.
In order to secure further agricultural export logistics, the ways to develop
shipping by rail, improve border transport infrastructure, construct new border
checkpoints jointly exploited by Ukraine and Slovakia, and increase the Danube river
ports capacity are offered. In the framework of the use of cross-border cooperation
between Ukraine and Slovakia in terms of agricultural exports logistics and agriculture
development, the increase in the share of sustainable transport like rail and domestic
water ones, development of multimodal and intermodal freight transportation,
expansion of international transport network TEN-T to neighboring countries (non-EU
members), development of border infrastructure, and creation of production-
environmental clusters growing organic products and exporting it to the EU countries
and Slovakia are recommended.
Future relations between Ukraine and Slovakia will be based on a strategic
partnership that will secure extended cooperation in agriculture and an increase in
exports, contributing to the reinforcement of food security.
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Autors:
1
Maksym Bezpartochnyi – Lviv Polytechnic National University,
Gorbachevskogo str. 18, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine, e-mail:
maksym.h.bezpartochnyi@lpnu.ua
2
Igor Britchenko – University of Security Management in Košice, Košťova str.
2373/1, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia, e-mail: ibritchenko@gmail.com