The resources and resource potential of the innovative component of nanoeconomics are analyzed. The factors of production – classical types of resources such as land, labor, capital and technology – are described. Ways of influencing the security resources of nanoeconomics within the innovation paradigm are evaluated. The purpose of the study is to identify the factor of nanoeconomics in the formation of resource security potential in the innovation paradigm. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to characterize the importance of the land resource as a factor in the potential of economic nanosystems; to highlight the importance of capital as a factor of nanoproduction and an indicator of the innovation paradigm; to determine the labor resource in the development of innovative nanosystems; to analyze the intellectual potential of nanoeconomic development of the innovation paradigm; to identify clusters of innovative nanopotential in the regions of countries with transition economies. Each resource is examined separately with the first analysis of a resource security assessment such as land. The other resource under consideration is labor. Demographic factors become decisive in describing the development of labor resources. The capital factor allows the formation of independent economic systems, when the state budget affects the possibility of developing science, education and health care. A number of methods were applied during the study: methods of induction and deduction (to assess the importance of the innovation paradigm for the development of nanoeconomics); system analysis and structural approach (to determine the aggregate state of production factors); method of comparing the quality of production factors in market economies and in developed countries; an observation method (for assessing the state of resources in different countries); method of cluster analysis (to determine the existence of innovation-territorial regions in countries with economies in transition). The analysis is carried out to identify the conditions of the impact of production factors on the innovative paradigm of nanoeconomics. It reveals theoretical approaches to the formation of nanoeconomics and its active development. As a result of the study of intellectual and resource potential of security, a cluster analysis was carried out to assess the conditions for the formation of innovation-territorial regions. This study allows to understand the role of production security factors in the formation of the innovation paradigm and the efficiency of the development of nanoeconomics. The way of providing the basis for the development of nanoeconomics in the form of efficient use of production factors is considered as a perspective.
Ensuring innovative development of the marine transport management system in ...Igor Britchenko
The article considers the peculiarities of the transformation of the freight transport management system in the conditions of digital economy formation. The integration of digital platforms into the management system of transport companies is designed to increase the overall efficiency of their activities. At the same time, it is objectively necessary to apply clear criteria for digitization of the maritime traffic management system. It is proved that the introduction of digital software solutions will allow transport companies to reduce their costs and increase the overall efficiency and profitability of their operation.
Information as element of enforcing the state`s information securityIgor Britchenko
The article is devoted to the study of key aspects of the formation of the information policy of the state in terms of the need to ensure its information security. It was determined that information security is not only an organic component of national security but also an important area of its provision. Information security is one of the most important concepts in science and various fields of human activity. The essence and complexity of this concept is the nature of the modern information society. The analysis of different approaches to determining the content of the concept of “information security” provides an opportunity to note the inexpediency of strict choice of a position.
Ostapenko, T., Britchenko, I., Marchenko, V. (2021). Definition of conceptual...Igor Britchenko
The definition of nanoeconomics can relate to
different levels and areas of economic life. First of all,
this is the nanolevel of the economic system. As a human
economy, nanoeconomics provides for the allocation of
an individual factor within the framework of a socioeconomic
phenomenon. The nanoeconomic aspect is
central to the definition of inclusion. So, the inclusion of
a person, as the main subject of nanoeconomics, to the
formation and stabilization of economic systems is the
initial one in the integration of an individual in relation
to production processes and economic development. A
person is involved in academic and social life by making
decisions about their own business and integrating
it into the sectoral and national economic space. It
is proved that its indicators are the conditions for
clustering the economic system. The study carried out
a cluster analysis of the innovation system in a country
with an economy in transition.
In addition, the study outlined that inclusive
phenomena in the economy are close to integration
and are the opposite of segregation and isolation. It is
noted that different institutions of integration can be
used to form objective conditions for the development of
babyeconomics. Public decisions of inclusion involve the
use of Arrow's impossibility theorem.
The research results can be used:
– the individualistic functions of inclusion should be
used in the formation of the babyeconomics, the human
economy and the economy of nanotechnology;
– states of inclusion must be created at all levels of
the economic system;
– a person and wealth are an individualistic aspect
of an inclusive economy, because national wealth
consists of individual wealth.
Nanoeconomics is just beginning to be included in
the systemic processes of inclusive economic phenomena,
especially in countries with economies in transition.
Current Shopping Trends In Slovakia/Jana Mitríková, Martina Marchevská, Irina...Igor Britchenko
Understanding the buying and shopping behaviour of current and potential consumers is essential in formulating a successful marketing strategy. It is no longer sufficient for companies to merely produce goods or provide services; companies must know who their consumers are, why they buy, when, where and at what price they buy, and what benefits they expect to gain from the purchase. Companies also need to identify how far consumers are willing to travel to make their purchases and whether the size of the sales area plays a significant role in their preferences. Retailers must also determine whether their customers prefer online shopping or want to buy and spend their leisure time in shopping centres. The paper aims at presenting the selected current trends in buying and shopping through elaborating an overview of the selected research studies and secondary data. The paper also gives an overview of contemporary trends in shopping, customer preferences with regard to types of retail outlets, e-commerce as such, buying and shopping in the online environment and, last but not least, the changes in consumer behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Koshova, S., Britchenko, I., & Bezpartochnyi, M. (2021). Economic and mathema...Igor Britchenko
The article examines a problem relevant to the national security of the state, the possibility of applying economic and mathematical models to predict the prospects for the development of the space industry. In modern conditions the, space industry is seen as the basis for innovative development and economic security of the state, which is the driving force of economic development. After all, in order to sustainably develop the economy and achieve the indicators planned by the government, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the mechanisms and function of the system as a whole and its individual parts. That is why competent forecasting of the main indicators of the development of the space industry with the identification of key factors influencing it is especially relevant at the present stage. Forecasting of indicators, based on the construction of economic and mathematical models of industry development. It is determined that the construction of this model begins with the development of a specification of the model, which includes a verbal description of the study, followed by a presentation of the process of its operation in the form of mathematical formulas. It is important to clearly formulate and define the problem, as well as to identify all the factors and patterns that characterize the functioning of the system. Economic and mathematical models can increase the efficiency of the planning system of the industry and increase the accuracy of the process of forecasting its development. The successful development of the space industry today becomes a necessary condition for preserving national sovereignty both in the military-political aspect and in the field of information security.
The article is devoted to the problem of development and application of information
technologies in the strategic management of industrial enterprises under uncertainty
based on mathematical modeling. The purpose of the article is to develop tools that
support decision-making when choosing strategic guidelines for the development of
enterprises using economic and mathematical methods. The study of the system of
strategic management of industrial enterprises, which has the property of development,
based on the application of the methodology of system analysis. A model of the strategic
management process in the form of a logical structure containing a combined decisionmaking
procedure for solving problems, ranging from the study of the environment and
the development of the mission, and ending with the creation of economic and
mathematical tools and its use to evaluate decisions. The economic and mathematical
tools to support decision-making on the strategic guidelines for the development of
industrial enterprises in the conditions of stochastic uncertainty. As the characteristics
of the cost-effectiveness of strategies selected measure of profitability
The Journal of Scientific Papers “VUZF REVIEW” published from the year 2016, is issued 4 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science in various areas of economic theory and practice, management, marketing and applied research methods. The journal is international in the essence and scope. All articles pass through the procedure of reviewing by the editorial board. Editorial Board consist of well-known scientists whose activities contributes to the integration of the global scientific community. OUR AUTHORS ARE: Leading scientists; University professors; Graduate students; Students; Foreign researchers; Scientists; Applicants for degrees.
Ensuring innovative development of the marine transport management system in ...Igor Britchenko
The article considers the peculiarities of the transformation of the freight transport management system in the conditions of digital economy formation. The integration of digital platforms into the management system of transport companies is designed to increase the overall efficiency of their activities. At the same time, it is objectively necessary to apply clear criteria for digitization of the maritime traffic management system. It is proved that the introduction of digital software solutions will allow transport companies to reduce their costs and increase the overall efficiency and profitability of their operation.
Information as element of enforcing the state`s information securityIgor Britchenko
The article is devoted to the study of key aspects of the formation of the information policy of the state in terms of the need to ensure its information security. It was determined that information security is not only an organic component of national security but also an important area of its provision. Information security is one of the most important concepts in science and various fields of human activity. The essence and complexity of this concept is the nature of the modern information society. The analysis of different approaches to determining the content of the concept of “information security” provides an opportunity to note the inexpediency of strict choice of a position.
Ostapenko, T., Britchenko, I., Marchenko, V. (2021). Definition of conceptual...Igor Britchenko
The definition of nanoeconomics can relate to
different levels and areas of economic life. First of all,
this is the nanolevel of the economic system. As a human
economy, nanoeconomics provides for the allocation of
an individual factor within the framework of a socioeconomic
phenomenon. The nanoeconomic aspect is
central to the definition of inclusion. So, the inclusion of
a person, as the main subject of nanoeconomics, to the
formation and stabilization of economic systems is the
initial one in the integration of an individual in relation
to production processes and economic development. A
person is involved in academic and social life by making
decisions about their own business and integrating
it into the sectoral and national economic space. It
is proved that its indicators are the conditions for
clustering the economic system. The study carried out
a cluster analysis of the innovation system in a country
with an economy in transition.
In addition, the study outlined that inclusive
phenomena in the economy are close to integration
and are the opposite of segregation and isolation. It is
noted that different institutions of integration can be
used to form objective conditions for the development of
babyeconomics. Public decisions of inclusion involve the
use of Arrow's impossibility theorem.
The research results can be used:
– the individualistic functions of inclusion should be
used in the formation of the babyeconomics, the human
economy and the economy of nanotechnology;
– states of inclusion must be created at all levels of
the economic system;
– a person and wealth are an individualistic aspect
of an inclusive economy, because national wealth
consists of individual wealth.
Nanoeconomics is just beginning to be included in
the systemic processes of inclusive economic phenomena,
especially in countries with economies in transition.
Current Shopping Trends In Slovakia/Jana Mitríková, Martina Marchevská, Irina...Igor Britchenko
Understanding the buying and shopping behaviour of current and potential consumers is essential in formulating a successful marketing strategy. It is no longer sufficient for companies to merely produce goods or provide services; companies must know who their consumers are, why they buy, when, where and at what price they buy, and what benefits they expect to gain from the purchase. Companies also need to identify how far consumers are willing to travel to make their purchases and whether the size of the sales area plays a significant role in their preferences. Retailers must also determine whether their customers prefer online shopping or want to buy and spend their leisure time in shopping centres. The paper aims at presenting the selected current trends in buying and shopping through elaborating an overview of the selected research studies and secondary data. The paper also gives an overview of contemporary trends in shopping, customer preferences with regard to types of retail outlets, e-commerce as such, buying and shopping in the online environment and, last but not least, the changes in consumer behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Koshova, S., Britchenko, I., & Bezpartochnyi, M. (2021). Economic and mathema...Igor Britchenko
The article examines a problem relevant to the national security of the state, the possibility of applying economic and mathematical models to predict the prospects for the development of the space industry. In modern conditions the, space industry is seen as the basis for innovative development and economic security of the state, which is the driving force of economic development. After all, in order to sustainably develop the economy and achieve the indicators planned by the government, it is necessary to have a clear idea of the mechanisms and function of the system as a whole and its individual parts. That is why competent forecasting of the main indicators of the development of the space industry with the identification of key factors influencing it is especially relevant at the present stage. Forecasting of indicators, based on the construction of economic and mathematical models of industry development. It is determined that the construction of this model begins with the development of a specification of the model, which includes a verbal description of the study, followed by a presentation of the process of its operation in the form of mathematical formulas. It is important to clearly formulate and define the problem, as well as to identify all the factors and patterns that characterize the functioning of the system. Economic and mathematical models can increase the efficiency of the planning system of the industry and increase the accuracy of the process of forecasting its development. The successful development of the space industry today becomes a necessary condition for preserving national sovereignty both in the military-political aspect and in the field of information security.
The article is devoted to the problem of development and application of information
technologies in the strategic management of industrial enterprises under uncertainty
based on mathematical modeling. The purpose of the article is to develop tools that
support decision-making when choosing strategic guidelines for the development of
enterprises using economic and mathematical methods. The study of the system of
strategic management of industrial enterprises, which has the property of development,
based on the application of the methodology of system analysis. A model of the strategic
management process in the form of a logical structure containing a combined decisionmaking
procedure for solving problems, ranging from the study of the environment and
the development of the mission, and ending with the creation of economic and
mathematical tools and its use to evaluate decisions. The economic and mathematical
tools to support decision-making on the strategic guidelines for the development of
industrial enterprises in the conditions of stochastic uncertainty. As the characteristics
of the cost-effectiveness of strategies selected measure of profitability
The Journal of Scientific Papers “VUZF REVIEW” published from the year 2016, is issued 4 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science in various areas of economic theory and practice, management, marketing and applied research methods. The journal is international in the essence and scope. All articles pass through the procedure of reviewing by the editorial board. Editorial Board consist of well-known scientists whose activities contributes to the integration of the global scientific community. OUR AUTHORS ARE: Leading scientists; University professors; Graduate students; Students; Foreign researchers; Scientists; Applicants for degrees.
Analysis of effect of the presence of soekarno hatta airport province of envi...IJASRD Journal
This research is causality which has the objective to analyze the presence or absence of mutual influence of existence of the relationship between variables Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Manufacturing, Transportation, Services, wholesale and retail trade, Hotels, Restaurants and Economic Growth of Banten. The development of Soekarno Hatta airport positively gives the economic growth effect in the province Banten through economic sectors (Industry, Transport, Real Estate services, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants. Analysis result is development of Soekarno Hatta Airport (PBSH) directly affects the economic sectors (Manufacturing Industry (IP), Transport (ANG), the Government and Private Services (JS), Wholesale and Retail (DBE), Hotel (HTL), Restaurants (RST). Sector Economic Sector (IP, ANG, JS, DBE, HTL, RST) directly influence the Banten Economic Growth and The Airport Soekarno-Hatta International Environment device that is in the form of waste water treatment, waste incineration aviation industry, protective tree planting around the airport has done well, but the basic concept based on field studies for Environmental setting has not been done.
The Causality Relationship between Hnx Index and Stock Trading Volume in Hano...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper examines the casual relations between the market return and trading volume for the Ha Noi Stock Exchange during the period from May 3th , 2013 to March 2rd, 2016. This paper uses Granger test and the results showed that the change of the volume of transactions that affect the change of HNX-Index. On the basis of this conclusion, we shall determine the degree of influence of the change in trading volume with HNX-Index by means of regression analysis.
The Economic Consultant is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Journal’s aim is to disseminate scientific research related to the actualization of modern socio-economic problems; to cover the latest achievements of socio-economic sciences; to consolidate the expert opinion on the problems of management development in the economic sphere.
The journal is a scientific consultant on effective public administration and regulation in various sectors of the social sphere and economy. It’s scope covers in management of innovations, labor and demographic economics, economics of education, social welfare, etc.
The Scientific journal “VUZF REVIEW” published from the year 2016, is issued 4 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science in various areas of economic theory and practice, management, marketing and applied research methods. The journal is international in the essence and scope. All articles pass through the procedure of reviewing by the editorial board. Editorial Board consist of well-known scientists whose activities contributes to the integration of the global scientific community. OUR AUTHORS ARE: Leading scientists; University professors; Graduate students; Students; Foreign researchers; Scientists; Applicants for degrees
The Scientific journal “VUZF REVIEW” published from the year 2016, is issued 4 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science in various areas of economic theory and practice, management, marketing and applied research methods. The journal is international in the essence and scope. All articles pass through the procedure of reviewing by the editorial board. Editorial Board consist of well-known scientists whose activities contributes to the integration of the global scientific community. OUR AUTHORS ARE: Leading scientists; University professors; Graduate students; Students; Foreign researchers; Scientists; Applicants for degrees
Environmental and economic security in the conditions of the Ukraine`s economyIgor Britchenko
The article examines the peculiarities and modern specifics of the formation of ecological and economic security in Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization. It was determined that the lack of dynamic growth, the violation of the optimal balance and balance of the ecological and economic system are caused by the depletion of raw resources, a decrease in the overall potential of the environment, and the irrational use of natural resources. It has been proven that in the conditions of digitalization, a new challenge for all enterprises is to ensure the ecological and economic efficiency of their activities, which combines the principles of transparency and openness in their functioning. It has been proven that the strategy of environmentally-oriented economic development should be aimed at solving environmental problems and preserving biological diversity.
Identification of regularities in the development of the baby economy as a co...Igor Britchenko
This study has proven that the economic system is determined by various components, in particular, it includes the real sector of the economy, which is formed on mega-, macro, meso-, micro-and nano-levels. In addition, it was proved that the nano-level is determined by the activities of individuals whose economic activity begins with the birth and attitude of parents, attending various educational and upbringing institutions, and studying at university. A separate segment of the nano-level of the economic system is the baby industry responsible for the production of goods and services for children and future parents. All these aspects are indicators of the development of the baby economy. Such an economic category as the baby economy was separated and defined. The study uses the following methods: analysis, synthesis, structural analysis, systemic approach, observation, comparison, multifactor regression. These methods made it possible to achieve the results, which involve isolation of the baby economy as a component of nanoeconomy and definition of such components of the baby economic segment of nanoeconomy as a family or household economy, the baby industry, the economy of the educational process and upbringing. For this purpose, the value-institutional approach was applied. In addition, multifactorial analysis of the impact of indicators of the baby economy development on the population of a country with a transitive economy with incomes below the subsistence minimum was performed. This analysis identified a direct but minor relationship between these phenomena, which demonstrates the need to intensify and create a policy for the baby economy in similar states. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is determined by the introduction of a new economic category of "the baby economy" for the formation of a nano economic component within socio-economic systems.
Modern information and communication technologies in the digital economy in t...Igor Britchenko
The article considers the features of ensuring the economic security of
enterprises in the conditions of intensive introduction of information technologies in
their activities in the process of forming the digital economy. It is determined that
digitalization creates important advantages for enterprises in terms of implementing a
long-term strategy for their development, strengthening economic security, and
achieving significant competitive advantages in doing business. It is studied that the
system of economic security of the enterprise is an organized set of elements of the
management infrastructure of the enterprise, which are focused on ensuring stable and
effective development of the business entity, neutralization, and elimination of internal
and external threats.
Analysis of the Main Threats to the System of Sustainable Development and Pla...Igor Britchenko
The main purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main threats to the system of sustainable development and planning of the region in terms of ensuring the economic security of the state. To do this, we applied a methodology that allows us to establish the dependence and connection between threats and to determine the level structure of measures to counter the negative impact of these threats on a particular region. The relevance of the study is given by the fact that the regions of Europe today are also suffering from military actions on the territory of Ukraine. As a result of the study, a multi-level matrix of the hierarchy of the negative impact of threats on the system of sustainable development and planning of the region was formed in the context of ensuring the economic security of the state. The use of this matrix is a relatively new and more effective way to determine the measure of the impact of certain phenomena. The study has limitations and they concern the selection of only one region therefore further research needs to expand and apply our matrix to more regions.
The paper discusses the issue of labor force mobility in a broad sense, and analyses how changes in social security policy and the structure of the social safety net (SSN) affects different aspects of labor force mobility. The text is structured as follows: Introduction, then follows Chapter 2, which provides an overview of the labor market and social safety net developments in Russian and Ukraine over the last decade, as well as discusses common features of these countries. The Chapter 3 establishes theoretical models for different aspects of labor force mobility, discusses the availability of data on Russia and Ukraine to test these models, and provides a statistical analysis of the data. The Chapter 4 discusses results of the statistical analysis. The final chapter discusses policy conclusions that can be derived from comparison of the effect of the SSN on labor mobility in these two countries, and extends them to all countries in transition.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Oleksander Rohozynsky
Published in 2009
Investment in the space industry: a comparative analysis of Ukraine and the EUIgor Britchenko
The identity and institutional capabilities of the European Union (EU) have changed over the years. As a global player in international politics, the EU has recognized the need to develop a comprehensive space policy perspective. This perspective is shaped by changes in the dynamics of the space ecosystem, the "New Space", and this phenomenon consists of new business models, new technologies, new markets, new value chains and new actors. New space actors (private investors) have fundamentally changed the dynamics of space activities. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the influence of investment processes of the EU and Ukraine on the development of space industries. The methodological basis consisted of general scientific and special methods of knowledge, based on a systematic approach to the consideration of economic processes. The article aims to examine investment in the context of space management in the EU and Ukraine, and to examine in detail the trends in such funding of space companies. In order to better understand the European space system. The article concludes that, recognizing the indisputable importance of space applications and safety of space systems, the EU attaches great importance to taking into account the trend of "New Space" in its governance structure and stimulating changes in this sector. Unfortunately, Ukraine lags far behind in this respect. In the EU, in the initial stages of space research and use, space programs are financed from the general budget, and as individual activities reach a level of profitability, their public funding is reduced. Therefore, the sphere of commercial space activities and the share of private investments in their total financing are rapidly growing. The reduction of state expenditures is compensated by investments of private business in commercial projects. Thus, the article emphasizes the particular importance of private investments in the development of the Ukrainian space industry and points to the need to develop the commercialization of space activities, especially given the potential in the absence of budget financing. It is impossible to compare the sufficiently powerful and effective investment system of the EU and the lack of even state financing of the space industry in Ukraine. Against the backdrop of hostilities in Ukraine, there is a significant need to reconsider investments in this area on the basis of public-private and international partnerships. Conclusion. The main tasks for Ukraine are revision and change of the state policy, right accents on investments into the space industry, qualitative overcoming of bureaucratic obstacles, approval of a new Strategy of Space Industry Development. As an example, one could use the experience of the EU and refer to its previous experience in this sphere to have an opportunity to stay among the world space powers.
Review on a Monograph «International Technology Transfer and National Securit...ijtsrd
Review is given to monograph «International High Technology Transfer and National Security Trends, Challenges, Prospects», which deals with the problems of innovation based national security providing policy and presents the main important aspects of presented research. The main scientific results are outlined and discussed. Olha Kudrina "Review on a Monograph «International Technology Transfer and National Security: Trends, Challenges, Prospects», Written by Omelyanenko V" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31175.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/31175/review-on-a-monograph-%C2%ABinternational-technology-transfer-and-national-security-trends-challenges-prospects%C2%BB-written-by-omelyanenko-v/olha-kudrina
International Journal of Information, Business and Management,.docxnormanibarber20063
International Journal of Information, Business and Management, Vol. 7, No.3, 2015
ISSN 2076-9202
51
The impact of research and development (R&D) on economic growth: The
case of the MENA countries.
1
Lamia Ben Amor and
2
Naceur Ben Zina
1. Member and researcher at the unit of reasearch, economic and developpement at the University of
Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia.
2. Associate Professor of Economics at the Unit of Dynamic Economics and Environmental Research
(URDEE) at the University of Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia.
* Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between research and development (R & D) and
economic growth. We will try to enlighten, from a theoretical side, the importance of R&D as a critical
factor for recovery.
This empirical study is based on different estimation methods developed in the context of a static panel on
a sample of 15 countries over the period 1980-2009. The methods used are the GMM (Generalized
Method of Moments), the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) and causality tests, a unit root applied to panel
data. The overall findings identify a positive and significant relationship.
JEL Codes: C33, D83, F43.
Keywords: R & D, Economic Growth, Static Panel Model.
1. INTRODUCTION
To cope with the increased globalization, competition from emerging economies and ever-changingneeds
of consumers, the economies of industrialized countries are increasingly relying on the activities of
research anddevelopment, which are essential to provide the firms with the competitive advantages
necessary for their competitiveness.
According to the OECD (2004), expenditure on research and development (R & D) conducted
International Journal of Information, Business and Management, Vol. 7, No.3, 2015
ISSN 2076-9202
52
inindustrialized countries (EU, U.S., Japan) increased from 396 billion euros in 1995 to more than680
billion in 2003. In the same way, some emerging economies seem to be determined also to increase their
technological capital. Let us takeChina as an example: by reference to OECD, its expenditure of R& D
expressed as a percentage of the GDP (gross domestic product) doubled during the period 1995 -2002.
Indeed, they went from 0.6% to 1.2%.
The key role of R & D in the competitiveness of firms led by industrialized countries to seekterritories
and more attractive partners to carry out their innovation strategies, including emergingmarkets, which
should increase their technological capital. R&D often implies a set of cumulativeprocesses of
inventions and innovations, skills and know-how. Through its horizontal and verticaldiversification of
goods and services, it is.
Devising a procedure of state financial protectionism in the agricultural ind...Igor Britchenko
This paper considers the issue of state financial protectionism of the agricultural industry in the context of regionalization. A comprehensive methodology of state financial protectionism of the agricultural industry in the context of regionalization has been proposed, taking into consideration IPR and the value of the agricultural industry in a region. Based on statistical data on the indicators of investment attractiveness of the region (IAR) and the value of the agricultural industry in a region, regions for financing were determined. The problem of determining the fate of state financial protectionism for the agricultural industry in the context of regionalization has been stated and solved. The proposed methodology was tested by an experimental method.
It is proposed that the state financial protectionism in the context of regionalization should include budget (investment) financial injections based on the investment attractiveness of a region and the value of the agricultural industry in the region, which are directed to the agricultural sector, in order to support it.
The calculation results show that the distribution of financial resources with the available amount of public finances S=1 allocated for support is carried out proportionally. The comprehensive approach has made it possible to identify four regions for financing, and those are the regions that have the greatest value in the agricultural industry.
Practical value is for management bodies (local, territorial, etc.) in the distribution of funds according to the vector of protectionism of the agricultural industry. The theoretical value is for researchers dealing with financial support, state protectionism, and public administration.
Analysis of effect of the presence of soekarno hatta airport province of envi...IJASRD Journal
This research is causality which has the objective to analyze the presence or absence of mutual influence of existence of the relationship between variables Soekarno-Hatta International Airport, Manufacturing, Transportation, Services, wholesale and retail trade, Hotels, Restaurants and Economic Growth of Banten. The development of Soekarno Hatta airport positively gives the economic growth effect in the province Banten through economic sectors (Industry, Transport, Real Estate services, wholesale and retail trade, hotels and restaurants. Analysis result is development of Soekarno Hatta Airport (PBSH) directly affects the economic sectors (Manufacturing Industry (IP), Transport (ANG), the Government and Private Services (JS), Wholesale and Retail (DBE), Hotel (HTL), Restaurants (RST). Sector Economic Sector (IP, ANG, JS, DBE, HTL, RST) directly influence the Banten Economic Growth and The Airport Soekarno-Hatta International Environment device that is in the form of waste water treatment, waste incineration aviation industry, protective tree planting around the airport has done well, but the basic concept based on field studies for Environmental setting has not been done.
The Causality Relationship between Hnx Index and Stock Trading Volume in Hano...IJAEMSJORNAL
This paper examines the casual relations between the market return and trading volume for the Ha Noi Stock Exchange during the period from May 3th , 2013 to March 2rd, 2016. This paper uses Granger test and the results showed that the change of the volume of transactions that affect the change of HNX-Index. On the basis of this conclusion, we shall determine the degree of influence of the change in trading volume with HNX-Index by means of regression analysis.
The Economic Consultant is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal.
Journal’s aim is to disseminate scientific research related to the actualization of modern socio-economic problems; to cover the latest achievements of socio-economic sciences; to consolidate the expert opinion on the problems of management development in the economic sphere.
The journal is a scientific consultant on effective public administration and regulation in various sectors of the social sphere and economy. It’s scope covers in management of innovations, labor and demographic economics, economics of education, social welfare, etc.
The Scientific journal “VUZF REVIEW” published from the year 2016, is issued 4 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science in various areas of economic theory and practice, management, marketing and applied research methods. The journal is international in the essence and scope. All articles pass through the procedure of reviewing by the editorial board. Editorial Board consist of well-known scientists whose activities contributes to the integration of the global scientific community. OUR AUTHORS ARE: Leading scientists; University professors; Graduate students; Students; Foreign researchers; Scientists; Applicants for degrees
The Scientific journal “VUZF REVIEW” published from the year 2016, is issued 4 times a year and is a scientific publication on topical problems of science in various areas of economic theory and practice, management, marketing and applied research methods. The journal is international in the essence and scope. All articles pass through the procedure of reviewing by the editorial board. Editorial Board consist of well-known scientists whose activities contributes to the integration of the global scientific community. OUR AUTHORS ARE: Leading scientists; University professors; Graduate students; Students; Foreign researchers; Scientists; Applicants for degrees
Environmental and economic security in the conditions of the Ukraine`s economyIgor Britchenko
The article examines the peculiarities and modern specifics of the formation of ecological and economic security in Ukraine in the conditions of digitalization. It was determined that the lack of dynamic growth, the violation of the optimal balance and balance of the ecological and economic system are caused by the depletion of raw resources, a decrease in the overall potential of the environment, and the irrational use of natural resources. It has been proven that in the conditions of digitalization, a new challenge for all enterprises is to ensure the ecological and economic efficiency of their activities, which combines the principles of transparency and openness in their functioning. It has been proven that the strategy of environmentally-oriented economic development should be aimed at solving environmental problems and preserving biological diversity.
Identification of regularities in the development of the baby economy as a co...Igor Britchenko
This study has proven that the economic system is determined by various components, in particular, it includes the real sector of the economy, which is formed on mega-, macro, meso-, micro-and nano-levels. In addition, it was proved that the nano-level is determined by the activities of individuals whose economic activity begins with the birth and attitude of parents, attending various educational and upbringing institutions, and studying at university. A separate segment of the nano-level of the economic system is the baby industry responsible for the production of goods and services for children and future parents. All these aspects are indicators of the development of the baby economy. Such an economic category as the baby economy was separated and defined. The study uses the following methods: analysis, synthesis, structural analysis, systemic approach, observation, comparison, multifactor regression. These methods made it possible to achieve the results, which involve isolation of the baby economy as a component of nanoeconomy and definition of such components of the baby economic segment of nanoeconomy as a family or household economy, the baby industry, the economy of the educational process and upbringing. For this purpose, the value-institutional approach was applied. In addition, multifactorial analysis of the impact of indicators of the baby economy development on the population of a country with a transitive economy with incomes below the subsistence minimum was performed. This analysis identified a direct but minor relationship between these phenomena, which demonstrates the need to intensify and create a policy for the baby economy in similar states. The theoretical significance of the obtained results is determined by the introduction of a new economic category of "the baby economy" for the formation of a nano economic component within socio-economic systems.
Modern information and communication technologies in the digital economy in t...Igor Britchenko
The article considers the features of ensuring the economic security of
enterprises in the conditions of intensive introduction of information technologies in
their activities in the process of forming the digital economy. It is determined that
digitalization creates important advantages for enterprises in terms of implementing a
long-term strategy for their development, strengthening economic security, and
achieving significant competitive advantages in doing business. It is studied that the
system of economic security of the enterprise is an organized set of elements of the
management infrastructure of the enterprise, which are focused on ensuring stable and
effective development of the business entity, neutralization, and elimination of internal
and external threats.
Analysis of the Main Threats to the System of Sustainable Development and Pla...Igor Britchenko
The main purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the main threats to the system of sustainable development and planning of the region in terms of ensuring the economic security of the state. To do this, we applied a methodology that allows us to establish the dependence and connection between threats and to determine the level structure of measures to counter the negative impact of these threats on a particular region. The relevance of the study is given by the fact that the regions of Europe today are also suffering from military actions on the territory of Ukraine. As a result of the study, a multi-level matrix of the hierarchy of the negative impact of threats on the system of sustainable development and planning of the region was formed in the context of ensuring the economic security of the state. The use of this matrix is a relatively new and more effective way to determine the measure of the impact of certain phenomena. The study has limitations and they concern the selection of only one region therefore further research needs to expand and apply our matrix to more regions.
The paper discusses the issue of labor force mobility in a broad sense, and analyses how changes in social security policy and the structure of the social safety net (SSN) affects different aspects of labor force mobility. The text is structured as follows: Introduction, then follows Chapter 2, which provides an overview of the labor market and social safety net developments in Russian and Ukraine over the last decade, as well as discusses common features of these countries. The Chapter 3 establishes theoretical models for different aspects of labor force mobility, discusses the availability of data on Russia and Ukraine to test these models, and provides a statistical analysis of the data. The Chapter 4 discusses results of the statistical analysis. The final chapter discusses policy conclusions that can be derived from comparison of the effect of the SSN on labor mobility in these two countries, and extends them to all countries in transition.
Authored by: Marek Gora, Oleksander Rohozynsky
Published in 2009
Investment in the space industry: a comparative analysis of Ukraine and the EUIgor Britchenko
The identity and institutional capabilities of the European Union (EU) have changed over the years. As a global player in international politics, the EU has recognized the need to develop a comprehensive space policy perspective. This perspective is shaped by changes in the dynamics of the space ecosystem, the "New Space", and this phenomenon consists of new business models, new technologies, new markets, new value chains and new actors. New space actors (private investors) have fundamentally changed the dynamics of space activities. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the influence of investment processes of the EU and Ukraine on the development of space industries. The methodological basis consisted of general scientific and special methods of knowledge, based on a systematic approach to the consideration of economic processes. The article aims to examine investment in the context of space management in the EU and Ukraine, and to examine in detail the trends in such funding of space companies. In order to better understand the European space system. The article concludes that, recognizing the indisputable importance of space applications and safety of space systems, the EU attaches great importance to taking into account the trend of "New Space" in its governance structure and stimulating changes in this sector. Unfortunately, Ukraine lags far behind in this respect. In the EU, in the initial stages of space research and use, space programs are financed from the general budget, and as individual activities reach a level of profitability, their public funding is reduced. Therefore, the sphere of commercial space activities and the share of private investments in their total financing are rapidly growing. The reduction of state expenditures is compensated by investments of private business in commercial projects. Thus, the article emphasizes the particular importance of private investments in the development of the Ukrainian space industry and points to the need to develop the commercialization of space activities, especially given the potential in the absence of budget financing. It is impossible to compare the sufficiently powerful and effective investment system of the EU and the lack of even state financing of the space industry in Ukraine. Against the backdrop of hostilities in Ukraine, there is a significant need to reconsider investments in this area on the basis of public-private and international partnerships. Conclusion. The main tasks for Ukraine are revision and change of the state policy, right accents on investments into the space industry, qualitative overcoming of bureaucratic obstacles, approval of a new Strategy of Space Industry Development. As an example, one could use the experience of the EU and refer to its previous experience in this sphere to have an opportunity to stay among the world space powers.
Review on a Monograph «International Technology Transfer and National Securit...ijtsrd
Review is given to monograph «International High Technology Transfer and National Security Trends, Challenges, Prospects», which deals with the problems of innovation based national security providing policy and presents the main important aspects of presented research. The main scientific results are outlined and discussed. Olha Kudrina "Review on a Monograph «International Technology Transfer and National Security: Trends, Challenges, Prospects», Written by Omelyanenko V" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31175.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/31175/review-on-a-monograph-%C2%ABinternational-technology-transfer-and-national-security-trends-challenges-prospects%C2%BB-written-by-omelyanenko-v/olha-kudrina
International Journal of Information, Business and Management,.docxnormanibarber20063
International Journal of Information, Business and Management, Vol. 7, No.3, 2015
ISSN 2076-9202
51
The impact of research and development (R&D) on economic growth: The
case of the MENA countries.
1
Lamia Ben Amor and
2
Naceur Ben Zina
1. Member and researcher at the unit of reasearch, economic and developpement at the University of
Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia.
2. Associate Professor of Economics at the Unit of Dynamic Economics and Environmental Research
(URDEE) at the University of Economics and Management of Sfax, Tunisia.
* Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between research and development (R & D) and
economic growth. We will try to enlighten, from a theoretical side, the importance of R&D as a critical
factor for recovery.
This empirical study is based on different estimation methods developed in the context of a static panel on
a sample of 15 countries over the period 1980-2009. The methods used are the GMM (Generalized
Method of Moments), the OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) and causality tests, a unit root applied to panel
data. The overall findings identify a positive and significant relationship.
JEL Codes: C33, D83, F43.
Keywords: R & D, Economic Growth, Static Panel Model.
1. INTRODUCTION
To cope with the increased globalization, competition from emerging economies and ever-changingneeds
of consumers, the economies of industrialized countries are increasingly relying on the activities of
research anddevelopment, which are essential to provide the firms with the competitive advantages
necessary for their competitiveness.
According to the OECD (2004), expenditure on research and development (R & D) conducted
International Journal of Information, Business and Management, Vol. 7, No.3, 2015
ISSN 2076-9202
52
inindustrialized countries (EU, U.S., Japan) increased from 396 billion euros in 1995 to more than680
billion in 2003. In the same way, some emerging economies seem to be determined also to increase their
technological capital. Let us takeChina as an example: by reference to OECD, its expenditure of R& D
expressed as a percentage of the GDP (gross domestic product) doubled during the period 1995 -2002.
Indeed, they went from 0.6% to 1.2%.
The key role of R & D in the competitiveness of firms led by industrialized countries to seekterritories
and more attractive partners to carry out their innovation strategies, including emergingmarkets, which
should increase their technological capital. R&D often implies a set of cumulativeprocesses of
inventions and innovations, skills and know-how. Through its horizontal and verticaldiversification of
goods and services, it is.
Devising a procedure of state financial protectionism in the agricultural ind...Igor Britchenko
This paper considers the issue of state financial protectionism of the agricultural industry in the context of regionalization. A comprehensive methodology of state financial protectionism of the agricultural industry in the context of regionalization has been proposed, taking into consideration IPR and the value of the agricultural industry in a region. Based on statistical data on the indicators of investment attractiveness of the region (IAR) and the value of the agricultural industry in a region, regions for financing were determined. The problem of determining the fate of state financial protectionism for the agricultural industry in the context of regionalization has been stated and solved. The proposed methodology was tested by an experimental method.
It is proposed that the state financial protectionism in the context of regionalization should include budget (investment) financial injections based on the investment attractiveness of a region and the value of the agricultural industry in the region, which are directed to the agricultural sector, in order to support it.
The calculation results show that the distribution of financial resources with the available amount of public finances S=1 allocated for support is carried out proportionally. The comprehensive approach has made it possible to identify four regions for financing, and those are the regions that have the greatest value in the agricultural industry.
Practical value is for management bodies (local, territorial, etc.) in the distribution of funds according to the vector of protectionism of the agricultural industry. The theoretical value is for researchers dealing with financial support, state protectionism, and public administration.
Economy of Innovation and Technological Change A Theoretical Approach of Schu...ijtsrd
In the current economic dynamics, the leading role of technological innovation in business competitiveness, development and economic growth is widely recognized and accepted. The objective of this article is to focus on the field of economic and business analysis of the process of innovation and technological change, as a socio economic process, an objective that is developed from a review of the theoretical contributions, which can well be called the father of an economy of innovation of technological change. Abdunazarov Saidahmad "Economy of Innovation and Technological Change: A Theoretical Approach of Schumpeter" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31236.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/innovation-and-product-dev/31236/economy-of-innovation-and-technological-change-a-theoretical-approach-of-schumpeter/abdunazarov-saidahmad
The Department of Commerce has determined the economy in the creative industry into 14 (fourteen) sectors: (1) advertising
services, (2) architecture, (3) art and antiques market, (4) craft, (5) design, (6) fashion, (7) video, film and photography, (8)
interactive games (9) music, (10) performing arts, (11) publishing and printing, (12) computer and software services, (13)
television and radio, (14) research and development. Mapping of creative industrial areas is done so that the process of guidance
and distribution of assistance from local and central government and the management of the creative industries from each regi on
focused so that the regions have characteristics in producing the creative industry and can compete in the current era of
globalization. Creative industry in Indonesia began to mushroom in 2007, but many people still do not understand what sectors are
included into the creative industry and its development. With so many people's lack of understanding of the creative industry, it
makes its own homework for the government to socialize the creative industries so that the government seeks to map the creative
industries in Indonesia. Though the creative industry is able to contribute greatly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an area
and create jobs.
This study aims to further understand the characteristics of creative industries, as well as to identify the constraints and
opportunities faced by creative industry players in Indonesia. To identify and analyze the creative industries used 4 quadrant
statistical methods Location Quadrant (LQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ). This study uses secondary data of large and
medium industry statistics as well as small and micro industries in 2010-2013 at Provincial level obtained from the Central Bureau
of Statistics (BPS).
The results of this mapping study will provide a general overview of the creative industries sector that has competitiveness in
every region or province in Indonesia.
This report, titled "Age and Productivity. Human Capital Accumulation and Depreciation", was released within a project NEUJOBS- “The Impact of Service Sector Innovation and Internationalisation on Growth and Productivity”, funded by the European Commission, Research Directorate General as part of the 7th Framework Programme.
The report focuses on links between age, productivity and lifelong learning. Various data sources (EU-SILC, LFS, Structure of Earnings Survey, SHARE, ELSA, SHARELIFE) and methodological approaches were used in this report. The analysis identifies clusters of countries with common characteristics of age-earnings profiles (for certain groups of employees) and allows for an explanation of those differences. Some differences can be attributed to the share of sectors, education types, and occupations in country-specific employment. Others are due to labour market institutions and the (dis)incentives to work at older ages provided by social security systems. Additionally, the dynamics of earnings after age 50 differ less between educational and occupational groups than at earlier ages. The authors show that the dynamics of average wages are strongly influenced by the timing of entering and leaving labour market. An estimation of the impact of LLL on productivity (measuredby earnings) at older ages shows that for employees aged 50+, participation in training increases wages in the short-term.
Written by Anna Ruzik-Sierdzinska, Maciej Lis, Monika Potoczna, Michele Belloni and Claudia Villosio. Published in October 2013.
PDF available on our website at: http://www.case-research.eu/en/node/58334
Financial and Economic Tools of Project Management in Public SectorIgor Britchenko
The article examines the introduction of project management as a result of the implementation of administrative reforms in modern states based on the management paradigm of New Public Management and New Public Governance. Based on both experts’ opinions and a number of cases from different counties, it is shown that the development of such elements of new public management as focus on achieving results, monitoring of quantitative and qualitative performance indicators, budget savings, creative organizational culture, became possible thanks to a set of economic and strategic tools that characterize project management, especially PMBoK. The expediency of a large-scale transition to professional management of public projects through the use of the generally recognized PMBoK standard, as well as the “living” Agile project methodology, is substantiated.
Financial Capacity of Insurance Companies as a Factor of Stable Development o...Igor Britchenko
The relevance of the article is based on an in-depth study of the financial potential of insurers and its impact on the insurance market, which provides valuable information for the stakeholders of the insurance industry. Therefore, this study aims to determine approaches to revealing the essence of the financial capacity of insurers, based on the scientific tools of financial science. The leading approach to the study of this problem is the analysis of the dynamics of liabilities (raised and borrowed funds) and equity capital of insurers and the relationship between them, which enables a comprehensive look at the impact of these indicators on the development of insurance market and internal and external factors that have both an objective and subjective impact on the financial capacity of insurers and the insurance market. The article defines the stages and methodology of assessing the financial condition of insurers. In particular, the normative method, the comparative method, the static method, the formal-logical method, the economic-mathematical method, the method of analysis and synthesis became the leading research methods. These assessment methods are crucial for the timely determination of the current state of financial capacity and its potential. Using a multivariate correlation-regression model, the authors demonstrate the importance of various components of financial capacity. The presented results will be useful to various stakeholders in the insurance industry as they provide a deeper understanding of their financial strength, including the dynamics of liabilities, equity and leveraged funds. First of all, it was established that financial resources are the basis of financial capacity. Secondly, the definition of the insurance company's financial resources as a source and component of the company's functioning is formulated. Thirdly, it is shown that the insurer's financial capacity is logically dependent on its investment capacity, which is determined by the amount of financial resources. It was also determined that financial capacity is a dynamic quantity and is manifested only in the process of its use and ideally should be accompanied by its growth. Among them, it was proved that the main components that significantly affect the formation of the financial potential of insurers and the growth of the insurance market of Ukraine are insurance reserves and authorized capital. These conclusions can easily become the basis for the formation of further state insurance policy, which will be followed through legislative reforms, increased competition in the insurance market and will result in an increase in the level of trust among the population.
Bogdan Kołcz, Mechanizmy bezpieczeństwa systemu przeciwdziałania poważnym awa...Igor Britchenko
Prezentowana monografia wskazuje na mechanizmy które powinny zapobiegać i ograniczać do minimum skutki poważnej awarii w odniesieniu do ludzi, środowiska, mienia poprzez dostosowanie uwarunkowań prawnych i organizacyjnych wobec podejmowanych czynności przez zakłady dużego ryzyka, organy administracji publicznej, podmioty ratownicze współdziałające w sytuacji awaryjnej.
W tym zakresie aby osiągnąć swój cel autor dokonał w procesie badawczym zderzenia dwóch najważniejszych systemów w tej kwestii funkcjonujących w Polsce, a mianowicie systemu przeciwdziałania poważnym awariom przemysłowym oraz krajowego systemu ratowniczo-gaśniczego. W badaniach empirycznych zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego wykorzystując technikę badania dokumentów w szczególności dokumentacji i analiz z ćwiczeń wewnętrznego planu operacyjno-ratowniczego oraz zewnętrznego planu operacyjno-ratowniczego dla określenia dotychczasowych działań i realizacji zadań nałożonych na zakłady dużego ryzyka i jednostki Państwowej Straży Pożarnej. Wykorzystano również technikę badania ankietowego wśród zespołów kierowania inżynieryjno-technicznego zakładów dużego ryzyka oraz funkcjonariuszy z jednostek Państwowej Straży Pożarnej w ramach których funkcjonuje specjalistyczna grupa ratownictwa chemiczno-ekologicznego.
W monografii problemem badawczym staje się potrzeba określenia, czy spełniane są wymagania formalnoprawne i organizacyjne w zakresie podejmowanych czynności zapobiegawczych i ograniczających skutki poważnej awarii oraz czy realizowane są efektywnie przez zespoły zakładowe we współdziałaniu z podmiotami ratowniczymi. Stosowne wdrożenie przepisów wykonawczych oraz elementów organizacyjnych do zakresu operacyjno-ratowniczego usprawni efektywność w działaniu zespołów zakładowych oraz podmiotów ratowniczych a tym samym zwiększy bezpieczeństwo w zakładach dużego ryzyka.
Economic and mathematical modeling of integration influence of information an...Igor Britchenko
This research aims at establishing the impact of information and communication technologies (ICT) on ecommerce development of industrial enterprises by means of economic and mathematical modelling. The goal was achieved using the following methods: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis (to critically analyse the scientific approaches of scientists regarding the expediency of using mathematical models in the context of enterprises’ e-commerce development), target, comparison and grouping (to reveal innovative methodological approach to assessing ICT impact on e-commerce development of industrial enterprises), tabular, analytical and integral method (for summarizing the analysis results of enterprises readiness to implement ICT, ICT use in the activities of industrial enterprises of Ukraine and the analysis of e-commerce development), mathematical modelling (to build a regression model determining impact of changes in ICT use on the market share occupied by industrial enterprises), generalization (to determine promising directions of e-commerce developing of industrial enterprises). The implementation of a comprehensive approach to understanding the importance of ICT influence on e-commerce development of industrial enterprises will ensure acceleration of the digitalization of business processes, will contribute to the speed increase of enterprises response to customer requests, and increase the market share occupied by enterprises. A new vision of directions for developing e-commerce of industrial enterprises is suggested, which are determined by the need for enterprise rebranding, the development of e-commerce tools and technologies, the importance of outsourcing service automation and promotion of subscription trade. ICT is considered as integration factor that determines prospects for e-commerce development of industrial enterprises and contributes to increasing efficiency of online business management. Research results demonstrate that the use of economic and mathematical modelling is an important tool for assessing ICT impact, and its absence can negatively affect the accuracy and validity of online business management.
Britchenko I., Chukurna O., Tardaskina T., Digital economy: Textbook. Sofia: ...Igor Britchenko
The textbook contains conceptual, methodological and methodological provisions for management in the digital economy. The replacement of the concept of the digital economy and the concept of management in the digital economy is open.
The development of cutting-edge technologies in management in the minds of the digital economy has been highlighted. Particular attention is paid to blockchain technology, dark calculations and great data (Big Data), as the basis for making decisions in the digital economy. Significant technologies for the development of artificial intelligence in various areas of business, e-commerce, management, marketing, finance and education. The fundamentals of information security management in the digital economy are reviewed. Provided diagrams, tables, rules for independent work.
For graduates and students of economic specialties, scientists.
Determinants of enterprise's financial security/Larysa Dokiienko, Nataliya Hr...Igor Britchenko
Our main purpose of the article was to substantiate the methodical approach to assess the enterprise's financial security based on the use of a model set for determining its parameters depending on the characteristics of financing activities and the associated level of risk. The proposed approach created opportunities to determine the parameters of the enterprise's financial security on the scale "level – status – position – zone" in the process of current and strategic management of not only financial security, but also the success of the enterprise as a whole. Based on the financial statements of Ukrainian enterprises by type of economic activity, the key financial indicators calculated and the parameters of their financial security over the past 9 years were determined. The research confirmed the decisive impact on the enterprise's financial security, the features of financing their activities, and the associated risk level. The practical use of the proposed approach proved that it is a convenient, understandable and informative tool for determining the parameters of the enterprise's financial security by the major indicators: Financial stability, liquidity, profitability, and activity financing risk.
Georgi Lyubenov Power and privileges in political history (XXX century BC – X...Igor Britchenko
The problem of the formation and development of privileges in politics in Bulgaria is not significantly different from what is happening with their evolution in Europe and worldwide. In this case, the only more substantive difference is that the privileges of power in Bulgaria began „anew“ for the simple reason that the country was liberated from Ottoman tyranny, after which the third Bulgarian state was established. That is to say, the emergence and consolidation of privileges took place immediately after the Liberation, as they found a place as an opportunity for institutionalization and regulation already in the texts of the Tarnovo Constitution (1879). Since then, the privileges of power have become an inevitable companion of political elites, who, depending on the nature of society (authoritarian, totalitarian, democratic), constantly consume one or other state benefits and advantages, legitimised in various normative documents. In this sense, and on the basis of historical development, we can conditionally divide the application of power privileges in Bulgaria into three main stages: the first – from the Liberation (1878) to 1946, or the so-called „capitalist stage“ of the primary and earliest development of this phenomenon (privileges); the second stage includes the „socialist“ nomenklatura privileges (1947 – 1989), which developed enormously in absolutely all spheres of society; and the third is the democratic, or modern, stage of the application of privilege (from 1990 to the present), during which all the benefits of power for the country’s new democratic elites (along the lines of Western democratic models) unfolded with full „legitimate force“. Through the prism of this tentative periodization, saturated with many significant accents and peculiarities in the construction of the Bulgarian state, the new institutions and political parties, we will also examine the filigree „weaving“ into the pores of statehood of many of the emerging privileges of the elite (in each stage separately), in order to highlight more clearly their significance in Bulgarian politics.
Georgi Lyubenov Manolov Power and privileges in political history (XXX centur...Igor Britchenko
It is a prehistoric truth that antiquity is the origin of human civilization. This truth is often forgotten and ignored today because in many cases the back is turned to the distant past. This past, however, continues to provide us with an enormous amount of knowledge, both in terms of facts, phenomena and processes, and as new grounds for building hypotheses, concepts and theories. In this sense, authentic historical sources (and references) and the dozens of monographs devoted to this era can help us make sense of what is happening in the contemporary world and its social development. Such is also the problem of political privilege, which is almost impossible to study and explain analytically without tracing its genesis, conceived in the bosom of antiquity. For the problem dates back to the earliest „infancy“ of human history, when there were no state entities, institutions and organs of power. But there is something else: a thorough study of privilege from the dawn of its primary germination gives us rich opportunities to trace its evolution as a social phenomenon more comprehensively, to „unravel“ its real manifestations in different types of societies, and to make comparative characterizations (in quantitative and qualitative terms) according to one or another historical epoch, political system, and party leaders. This is what makes it necessary to consider privilege in a deep historical context whose roots are to be sought in the Old World, in the functioning of tribal societies several thousand years back.
Georgi Lyubenov Manolov Power and privileges in political history (XXX centur...Igor Britchenko
The analysis of contemporary topics of the current political process is among the most important tasks that representatives of political science have to deal with today. Especially in countries like Bulgaria, whose people have borne (and still bear) on their shoulders all possible adversities related to the struggle for democracy. Because this great transition in our case was vitiated by a „primary dream“ of the newly emerged elite – looting of the national wealth! Life has proven that in such an environment, scientists cannot always specify in time and clearly enough precisely which problems in reality are to all intents and purposes relevant to the nation's agenda, which are „more relevant“, and ultimately which are „most relevant“. And as a result, they become an unchanging commitment to political analysis. This is due to the fact that the troubadours of the New Age are constantly covering up the ugly truths of modern times through their appearances on the television screen and in the pages of printed publications. Regardless of whether the data of sociology is used, or the facts related to a specific management activity are summarized. In this way, the purposeful interpretations of the facts do not allow the truths that affect the majority of the Bulgarian people to be presented in the public space in time, which is why an „information blackout“ occurs. However, it also does not allow political analysis to always and in time react with reasonable proposals to remove what is contrary to civilized social development. As a result, in reality „two types of political science“ arose and existed in Bulgaria for more than three decades. One – in its two main sub-variants – „left“ and „right“, plays the role of a servant in relation to power. This academic stratum welcomes all governments willingly, from which it earns solid financial dividends, insofar as it also „owns“ eserved media time.
Георги Л. Манолов Власт и привилегии в политическата история (XXX в. пр.н.е. ...Igor Britchenko
Проблемът за формирането и развитието на привилегиите в политиката в България не се различава съществено от това, което се случва с тяхната еволюция в европейски и световен мащаб. В случая единствената по-същностна разлика е тази, че привилегиите на властта у нас започват „начисто“ оради простата причина, че страната се освобождава от османската тирания, след което се създава третата българска държава. Тоест появата и утвърждаването на привилегиите се извършва веднага след Освобождението, тъй като те намират място като възможност за институционализация и регламентация още в текстовете на Търновската конституция (1879 г.). От тогава до сега привилегиите на властта стават неизбежен спътник на политическите елити, които в зависимост от характера на обществото (авторитарно, тоталитарно, демократично) постоянно консумират едни или други държавни изгоди и облаги, узаконени в различни нормативни документи. В този смисъл и на базата на историческото развитие можем условно да разделим приложението на властовите привилегии в България на три основни етапа: първият – от Освобождението (1878 г.) до 1946 г., или т.нар. „капиталистически етап“ на първичното и най-ранно развитие на този феномен (привилегиите); вторият етап включва „социалистическите“ номенклатурни привилегии (1947 – 1989 г.), които изключително силно се развиват в абсолютно всички обществени сфери; и третият е демократичният, или съвременният, етап от приложението на привилегиите (от 1990 г. до сега), през който се разгръщат с пълна „легитимна сила“ всички изгоди от властта за новите демократични елити в страната (по подобие на западните демократични модели). През призмата на тази условна периодизация, наситена с множество съществени акценти и особености при изграждането на българската държава, новите институции и политическите партии, ще разгледаме и филигранното „втъкаване“ в порите на държавността на голяма част от появилите се привилегии на елита (през всеки етап поотделно), за да откроим по-релефно тяхната значимост в българската политика.
Георги Л. Манолов Власт и привилегии в политическата история (XXX в. пр.н.е. ...Igor Britchenko
Праисторическа истина е, че древността е първоизточникът на човешката цивилизация. Тази истина днес често се забравя и пренебрегва, защото в редица случаи се обръща гръб на далечното минало. Това минало обаче продължава да ни дава изключително много знания както като факти, явления и процеси, така и като нови основания за изграждане на хипотези, концепции и теории. В този смисъл автентичните исторически източници (и извори) и десетките монографии, посветени на тази епоха, могат да ни помогнат да осмисляме ставащото в съвременния свят и неговото социално развитие. Такъв е проблемът и за политическите привилегии, който почти е невъзможно да се изследва и обяснява аналитично, ако не се проследи неговият генезис, заченат в лоното на древността. Защото проблемът датира от най-ранната „детска възраст“ на човешката история, когато няма никакви държавни образувания, институции и органи на властта. Но има и нещо друго: задълбоченото изучаване на привилегиите още от зората на тяхното първично покълване ни дава богати възможности да проследим попространно еволюцията им като социално явление, да „разгадаем“ реалните им проявления в различните типове общества и да правим сравнителни характеристики (в количествено и качествено отношение) в зависимост от една или друга историческа епоха, политическа система и партийни лидери. Именно това налага привилегиите да се разглеждат в дълбок исторически контекст, чиито корени следва да се търсят още в Стария свят, при функционирането на родовите общества няколко хиляди години назад.
Георги Л. Манолов Власт и привилегии в политическата история (XXX в. пр.н.е. ...Igor Britchenko
Анализът на актуалните теми на текущия политически процес е сред най-важните задачи, с които трябва да се справят представителите на политическата наука днес. Особено в държави като България, чийто народ понесе (и все още носи) на плещите си всички възможни несгоди, свързани с борбата за демокрация. Защото този велик преход в нашия случай беше опорочен от една „основна мечта“ на новопоявилия се елит – разграбване на националното богатство! Животът доказа, че в такава обстановка учените невинаги могат да кажат навреме и прекалено ясно точно кои проблеми в реалността действително са актуални за дневния ред на нацията, кои са „по-актуални“, а в края на краищата и кои са „най-актуални“. И като резултат те да се превърнат в неизменен ангажимент за политическия анализ. Понеже трубадурите на Новото време непрестанно прикриват грозните истини на съвременността чрез своите изяви на телевизионния екран и по страниците на печатните издания. Независимо от това дали се използват данните на социологията, или се обобщава фактология, свързана с конкретна управленска дейност. По този начин целенасочените интерпретации на фактите не позволяват в общественото пространство да се изнасят навреме истините, които засягат основната маса от българския народ, поради което се получава „информационно затъмнение“. То обаче не позволява и на политическия анализ винаги и навреме да реагира с разумни предложения за отстраняване на това, което противоречи на цивилизованото обществено развитие. Като следствие повече от три десетилетия в България реално възникват и битуват „два типа политическа наука“.
Research and economic evaluation of the impact of current challenges and thre...Igor Britchenko
Resilience to withstand the destructive impact of the external environment and modern challenges contributes to ensure the economic security of the company. The consequences of the pandemic, military actions in Ukraine, rising inflation, and the transformation of geopolitical processes in the European Union have negatively affected the economic security of insurance companies in Slovakia. The purpose 10 of the study is to assess the economic security of Slovak insurance companies. The study is based on the analysis of profitability, assets and liabilities, premiums, claims and expenses of insurance companies in Slovakia. The forecasting methodology is applied and various scenarios of further functioning of insurance companies in Slovakia, proposed by the National Bank of Slovakia, are analyzed. Insurance companies in Slovakia have sufficient capital, losses in the forecast period can be covered by current profits, and the growth of insurance claims can be transferred to reinsurers. The study found that insurance companies in Slovakia to ensure stability and economic security, and have prospects for further operation and development.
Innovative approaches to business management in conditions of economic instab...Igor Britchenko
The article is devoted to studying innovative approaches to enterprise management in conditions of economic instability. The main goal of the research was to identify and analyse the impact of innovative strategies and management methods on the development of enterprises’ innovative potential during economic crises. To achieve this goal, special and general academic research methods were used, in particular ‘synthesis’ and ‘generalisation’, which were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative approaches in the activities of enterprises in the conditions of unpredictable changes in the business environment. As a result of the study, it was found that, in conditions of economic instability, innovations in enterprise management should focus on strengthening innovative potential and production and on the technical improvement of business processes for which the formation of innovative strategies is necessary. It has been found that enterprises that actively implement innovative management methods in their activities have more chances to ensure their sustainability in challenging business conditions and, with this transformation of management practices, create conditions for dynamic growth and development of their innovative potential. As a result of the study, it has been established that using innovative approaches contributes to improving the efficiency of enterprise resource management, improves interaction with counterparties, and stimulates the further implementation of innovative solutions in production. Based on the research, the understanding and principles of forming innovative management strategies for enterprises in conditions of economic instability have been improved. In addition, a set of recommendations has been formed for enterprises and organisations regarding strengthening the management system based on innovative solutions to ensure the stability and dynamic development of business processes in crisis trends.
Research and economic evaluation of the impact of current challenges and thre...Igor Britchenko
Resilience to withstand the destructive impact of the external environment and modern challenges contributes to ensure the economic security of the company. The consequences of the pandemic, military actions in Ukraine, rising inflation, and the transformation of geopolitical processes in the European Union have negatively affected the economic security of insurance companies in Slovakia. The purpose
10
of the study is to assess the economic security of Slovak insurance companies. The study is based on the analysis of profitability, assets and liabilities, premiums, claims and expenses of insurance companies in Slovakia. The forecasting methodology is applied and various scenarios of further functioning of insurance companies in Slovakia, proposed by the National Bank of Slovakia, are analyzed. Insurance companies in Slovakia have sufficient capital, losses in the forecast period can be covered by current profits, and the growth of insurance claims can be transferred to reinsurers. The study found that insurance companies in Slovakia to ensure stability and economic security, and have prospects for further operation and development.
Prospects for sustainable development and ensuring the security of economic s...Igor Britchenko
The authors of the scientific monograph have come to the conclusion that ensuring sustainable development and security of economic systems in the new geostrategic realities requires the use of mechanisms for state protection of national economic interests, innovative outsourcing and digital technologies, and environmental protection. Basic research focuses on assessment the economic security of insurance companies, logistics processes, farms, healthcare organisations, retail and e-commerce, and tourist destinations. The research results have been implemented in the different decision-making models in the new geostrategic realities, human resource management, environmental and international security, use of artificial intelligence, and city branding. The results of the study can be used in the developing policies, programmes and strategies for public-private partnerships, post-crisis recovery of Ukraine, and decision-making at the level of ministries and agencies that regulate the processes of managing sustainable development and security. The results can also be used by students and young scientists in the educational process and conducting scientific research on sustainable development and security of economic systems.
For the new realities in management and “Information security” competenceIgor Britchenko
The intensity of changes in recent years is truly astonishing. In such a context, the requirements for the competencies and skills of employees and managers are also intensifying in the direction of changes. On the other hand and in this connection, given the crises, today the management of information security is a necessity for any organization that considers organizational information as a valuable asset and considers it in the light of its competitive advantage. Information security is frequently associated with cyber security, a concept and field that is fast evolving on all fronts—technological, regulatory, and programmatic. From the perspective of the human factor, it corresponds to the knowledge transfer and learning abilities that are collectively referred to as "digital skills." Human resource professional competence and expertise are crucial to the management and development of information security initiatives, making them essential to the growth of any organization.
Exogenous determinants of the European Union’sIgor Britchenko
The article examines the influence of external factors on the economic security of the European Union. The study found that such exogenous factors as global economic instability, crisis situations in the markets of raw materials and energy resources, international terrorism, and geopolitical tensions can seriously undermine the economic security of the EU. Ways to ensure stability and compliance of European economic systems with external challenges are proposed, including improving energy efficiency, diversifying energy sources, and intensifying support for innovative technologies. The necessity of forming a comprehensive strategy for ensuring the economic security of the European Union in the conditions of globalization and growing threats from exogenous determinants is determined. Статията разглежда влиянието на външни фактори върху икономическата сигурност на Европейския Съюз. Проучването установи, че екзогенни фактори като глобалната икономическа нестабилност, кризисните ситуации на пазарите на суровини и енергийни ресурси, международният тероризъм и геополитическото напрежение могат сериозно да подкопаят икономическата сигурност на ЕС. Предложени са начини за осигуряване на стабилност и съответствие на европейските икономически системи с външни предизвикателства, включително подобряване на енергийната ефективност, диверсификация на енергийните източници и засилване на подкрепата за иновативни технологии. Определя се необходимостта от формиране на цялостна стратегия за гарантиране на икономическата сигурност на Европейския съюз в условията на глобализация и нарастващи заплахи от външни детерминанти.
Стратегия устойчивого развития аграрного сектора экономики Украины в условия ...Igor Britchenko
В монографии исследуются теоретические и концептуальные основы устойчивого развития. Анализируются предпосылки формирования стратегии устойчивого развития как альтернативы парадигме экономического роста. Это включает в себя изучение научных подходов, а также объективных причин и факторов, которые приводят к необходимости перехода к устойчивому развитию в аграрном секторе экономики. Рассматривается многофункциональность как метод разработки и инструмент контроля политики устойчивого развития. Показано, что сельскохозяйственное производство, как сложная социально-экономическо-биологическая агросистема, требует учета взаимосвязей и взаимодействия ее элементов для достижения оптимального функционирования и равновесного состояния. Системный подход к сельскохозяйственной агросистеме предполагает рассмотрение ее как целостной системы, где каждый элемент влияет на функционирование остальных элементов. Исследуется устойчивое развитие аграрного сектора экономики Украины в условиях изменения климата. Рассматривается совместимость устойчивого развития и капиталистического типа хозяйства. Показано, что сельское хозяйство в силу своих особенностей и многофункционального назначения не воспринимает организационно-правовые формы корпораций чисто коммерческого промышленного типа. Непризнание этой закономерности приводит к социальным и экологическим потерям, которые не перекрываются экономическими выгодами агро- промышленно-торговых компаний. Анализируются роль и значение сельскохозяйственных кооперативов в устойчивом развитии аграрного сектора. Исследуется сущность индикативного оценивания и концепция устойчивости в виде модели. Это включает в себя анализ методологии и подходов к индикативному оцениванию в контексте устойчивого развития. Освещается специфика модели индикативного оценивания устойчивого развития ферм в Германии. Проведен сравнительный анализ немецкого опыта с учетом украинских особенностей. Автором разработана система индикаторов (показателей) для индикативного оценивания устойчивого развития сельскохозяйственных предприятий в Украине, которая включает не только экономические, но и социальные и экологические показатели, что существенно обогащает научно-практический подход к выбору формы хозяйствования учитывая критерии устойчивого развития в сельском хозяйстве Украины.
Опис: В монографии исследуются теоретические и концептуальные основы устойчивого развития. Анализируются предпосылки формирования стратегии устойчивого развития как альтернативы парадигме экономического роста. Это включает в себя изучение научных подходов, а также объективных причин и факторов, которые приводят к необходимости перехода к устойчивому развитию в аграрном секторе экономики. Рассматривается многофункциональность как метод разработки и инструмент контроля политики устойчивого развития.
The study guide was prepared according to the program of the educational discipline ‘Transport entrepreneurship’ for students of specialty 076 - "Entrepreneurship, trade and stock market activity". The academic load of the discipline is 150 academic hours, incl. lectures (32 hours), seminars (32 hours), independent study (86 hours). Each chapter is divided into paragraphs based on course topics, as well as lesson plans, questions for panel discussions, quizzes for self-assessment and topical lists of useful literature and information resources. The study guide can be useful for students of various specialties with the course "Transport Entrepreneurship" as their major or minor.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Yes of course, you can easily start mining pi network coin today and sell to legit pi vendors in the United States.
Here the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network #pi coins #legit #passive income
#US
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Seminar: Gender Board Diversity through Ownership NetworksGRAPE
Seminar on gender diversity spillovers through ownership networks at FAME|GRAPE. Presenting novel research. Studies in economics and management using econometrics methods.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
Research of the intelligent resource security of the nanoeconomic development innovation paradigm
1. Baltic Journal of Economic Studies
159
Vol. 7 No. 5, 2021
Corresponding author:
1
National Aviation University, Ukraine.
E-mail: ostapenco@ukr.net
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2032-1365
2
State Higher Vocational School Memorial of Prof. Stanislaw Tarnowski in Tarnobrzeg, Poland.
E-mail: ibritchenko@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9196-8740
3
University of Security Management in Košice, Slovakia.
E-mail: peter.losonczi@vsbm.sk
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3944-8462
DOI: https://doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2021-7-5-159-168
RESEARCH OF THE INTELLIGENT RESOURCE SECURITY
OF THE NANOECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
INNOVATION PARADIGM
Tetiana Ostapenko1
, Igor Britchenko2
, Peter Lošonczi3
Abstract. The resources and resource potential of the innovative component of nanoeconomics are analyzed.
The factors of production – classical types of resources such as land, labor, capital and technology – are described.
Ways of influencing the security resources of nanoeconomics within the innovation paradigm are evaluated. The
purpose of the study is to identify the factor of nanoeconomics in the formation of resource security potential in the
innovation paradigm. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to characterize the importance of the land
resource as a factor in the potential of economic nanosystems; to highlight the importance of capital as a factor of
nanoproduction and an indicator of the innovation paradigm; to determine the labor resource in the development
of innovative nanosystems; to analyze the intellectual potential of nanoeconomic development of the innovation
paradigm; to identify clusters of innovative nanopotential in the regions of countries with transition economies.
Each resource is examined separately with the first analysis of a resource security assessment such as land.The other
resource under consideration is labor. Demographic factors become decisive in describing the development of
labor resources. The capital factor allows the formation of independent economic systems, when the state budget
affects the possibility of developing science, education and health care. A number of methods were applied during
the study: methods of induction and deduction (to assess the importance of the innovation paradigm for the
development of nanoeconomics); system analysis and structural approach (to determine the aggregate state of
production factors); method of comparing the quality of production factors in market economies and in developed
countries; an observation method (for assessing the state of resources in different countries); method of cluster
analysis (to determine the existence of innovation-territorial regions in countries with economies in transition).
The analysis is carried out to identify the conditions of the impact of production factors on the innovative
paradigm of nanoeconomics. It reveals theoretical approaches to the formation of nanoeconomics and its active
development. As a result of the study of intellectual and resource potential of security, a cluster analysis was carried
out to assess the conditions for the formation of innovation-territorial regions. This study allows to understand
the role of production security factors in the formation of the innovation paradigm and the efficiency of the
development of nanoeconomics. The way of providing the basis for the development of nanoeconomics in the
form of efficient use of production factors is considered as a perspective.
Key words: intellectual-resources security, innovation paradigm, nanoeconomiсs, factors of production, innovation
clusters.
JEL Classification: D11, F63, I31, L60, O10
1. Introduction
In the modern conditions of economic science
development, the human factor plays a decisive role
in the development of economic systems of different
levels. The lowest system is nanoeconomics, which
is defined as a human economy. Its innovative basis
is the innovation paradigm with the determinants of
intellectual and resource security. The determinants
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of resource supply are vital for the development of
any production system. Factors of production are
the primary resource endowment for the creation of
goods and services within the production processes
of the real sector.
The nature of the nanoeconomy is defined along
with the characteristics of the factors of production.
Thus, it implies the identification of the individual
as owner, producer, and consumer. The owner is the
bearer of factors of production, the producer is their
user, and the consumer is the modifier of factors
of production in finished goods and services. The
factors of production in the nanoeconomy allow
the creation of goods by individuals (scientific and
technological personnel) for technology development;
production personnel (for the use of technology in
flow production); and sales personnel (for the purchase
and sale of finished goods and services). In the process
of expanded reproduction (from scientific development
to realization to the final consumer) of the nano-
economy certain persons are involved, who conduct
this process and ensure production at its various
levels. To determine the quality of production factors
in Ukraine, it is necessary to compare them with
the availability of resources in the countries of the
European continent as the main partners of the
economy in transition.
The land factor is crucial for the development
of the agro-industrial complex and the solution of the
food problem. Most of the industrialized countries
of the world are fully self-sufficient in agricultural
products. At the very beginning of their joint existence,
EU countries formed a Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP) aimed at 100% self-sufficiency in
food. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, agricultural
production gradually adjusted.
The land factor in Ukraine is comparable to that
of France, since agriculture is the most important
sector of the transition economy in a country
like Ukraine. Meanwhile, France is the leader of
agribusiness in the EU.
When it comes to civil engineering, land is used
for construction. The territory of former plants and
factories is used for housing, and new industrial
enterprises are built on the outskirts of settlements
with the conversion of existing facilities. The land
resource is defined in nanoeconomics as the basis for
wealth management.
Capital as a factor of production is necessary for the
safe development of production at the national and
nanoscale. This factor of production makes it possible
to acquire other necessary resources and form working
capital.
The capital factor in transition economies (such as
Ukraine) is compared to the situation in Great Britain,
the country with the highest quality of capital in the
world and Western Europe in particular.
Workforce is also a security resource for the
production of certain goods. This security resource
is directly related to the nanoeconomy because it
is human. Human labor becomes the basis for the
development of the production of goods and services.
On the other hand, humans are their main consumers.
The labor resource differs from the nanoeconomy
in that the former is analyzed as labor. It is also
viewed as the cost of producing certain goods, while
nanoeconomics is a whole system, reflecting both
production and consumption from the moment
a person is born until retirement.
The intellectual security resource (or technology) is
also critical to economic growth. The more innovative
production is, the more opportunities for economic
systems to develop and grow. All types of factors of
production are the basis of innovative development,
and the latter is the basis for long-term growth
prospects within the national economy and the
nanoeconomy.
Thus, the problem of security of intellectual-resource
impact of innovation paradigm on the development of
nanotechnology economy becomes the key to activate
national innovation systems. The relevance of this
issue is due to the fact that the individualization
of economic processes outlines the merging of
economic systems of different levels and forms the
dependence of economic and innovative subjects on
the subjective factor.
2. Analysis of recent researches
and publications
Various scholars around the world have paid
attention to the question of shaping the innovation
paradigm. Thus, the researcher (Rylach, 2016) notes
that innovation is one of the most important categories
of the modern economic paradigm. There are some
authors (Schumpeter, 2011) who have begun to use
this category in science and practice. Other authors
(Bazhal, 2015), (Tugan-Baranovsky, 1894) have
outlined the stages of formation of the innovation
paradigm since the early 20th
century, enriching these
studies with such components as long waves (Tugan-
Baranovsky, 1894) and scientific and technological
structures (Bazhal, 2015). The technical and economic
structure is characterized by certain key factors and
the nature of the development of industries during
the life cycle of this structure. Mixed economy is
important (Bazhal, 2015). A theory has also been
developed in which education is a growth factor.
Such authors have found that one of the factors
of economic growth is special education (Bazhal,
2015); emphasizing the availability of highly
educated professionals as a major factor in economic
development (Bazhal, 2015). Technological progress
is an exogenous factor of economic development.
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Regarding the types of resources that are used to
expand knowledge, the author (Rylach, 2016)
identifies the following: research and development,
technology development and production, learning,
human development activities, learning by doing.
In general, models of endogenous economic
growth and the innovation paradigm fall into several
groups (Rylach, 2016):
a) models in which the production of innovation is
represented as a product produced in the RED process;
b) activities directed at the individual which increase
human capital;
c) learning-by-doing models;
d) models of international trade and technology
diffusion;
e) models of technological progress and population;
f) models of inequality and economic growth.
Various authors note that a systematic analysis,
which originated in the 1990s, is used in the study of
the innovation paradigm. Innovation networks and
innovation systems are also studied separately.
Another author (Zabarna, Kozakova, 2019)
defines the paradigm of innovative development in
a market transformation. The following issues are also
identified: innovative development at the meso
level, theoretical and methodological principles of
innovation, processes of formation and development
of innovative activity, development of innovation as
a component of the innovation process, as well as the
strategic direction of innovation activity.
The researcher (Kotko, 2016) defines the innovation
ecosystem as a new paradigm of innovative economic
development. The author forms approaches to the
relationship of environmental, economic and social
factors in the development of the ecosystem with the
innovation paradigm as the basis of the ecosystem.
The analyst (Zhyhalkevych, 2014) notes that the
paradigm is the original system of views, in particular
on the formation of clusters. The paradigmatic basis
of cluster formation is determined by the following
components:
– geographic concentration;
– the multitude of economic agents;
– the functional interconnection and interaction
of the participants;
– specialization of companies (cluster subjects);
– the competition within the cluster;
– availability of highly qualified staff.
These issues are crucial for the influence of
nanoeconomics on the creation of an innovation
paradigmwithinnationaleconomicsystems.Itshouldbe
noted that recently the nano-agent has been seen more
asapriorityinthesystemof"human–society"relations.
The individualization of such relations subjectively
affects the development of national economic and
innovation systems. The author (Arrow, 1974) was
the first to introduce the term "nanoeconomics" as an
economic category. At this stage of the development
of economic science, this category is increasingly
becoming the object of research in various fields.
The influence of nanoeconomics on the formation of
the innovation paradigm is an issue not fully disclosed
in the scientific sources. The relevance of its research
is the basis for the development of an individualized
factor in the formation of innovative approaches to the
national economic system.
3. Purpose and objectives of the study
The purpose of the study is to determine the factor
of nanoeconomics in the formation of the resource
potential of security within the innovation paradigm.
In order to achieve this goal, the following tasks
were set:
– to characterize the significance of the land resource
as a factor in the security potential of economic
nanosystems;
– to emphasize the importance of capital as a factor
of nanoproduction and an indicator of the innovation
paradigm;
– to determine the labor resource in the development of
innovative nanosystems;
– to analyze the intellectual potential of the
nanoeconomic development of the innovation
paradigm;
– to identify clusters of innovation nanopotential in
the regions of countries with economies in transition.
4. Sources and methods of research
A number of methods were applied during the
study: methods of induction and deduction (to assess
the importance of the innovation paradigm for the
development of nanoeconomics); system analysis and
structural approach (to determine the aggregate state of
production factors); comparison method (to compare
the quality of production factors in market economies
and in developed countries); method of observation
(to assess the state of resources in different countries);
method of cluster analysis (to determine the existence
of innovative and territorial regions in countries with
economies in transition).
5. The results of the study of the influence
of the quality of production factors
on the innovative paradigm of nanoeconomics
5.1. The study of the land resource as a factor
in the potential of economic systems
Having identified the main components of
nanoeconomics, its subject matter can be characterized
as nanoeconomics. It is a human economy, which
stipulates that its productive force is man, the
interconnection is the process of acquiring the skills of
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economic behavior by children and adults. It is aimed
at ensuring high competitiveness and dissemination
of experience in the economic environment of the
country.
Nanoeconomics is different from nanotechnology
economics, where the latter means the development,
processing and introduction of nanotechnology
into the production process. Nanotechnology
economics is a component of nanoeconomics. The
latter consists of child economics, human economics
and nanotechnology economics. First of all, the
leading link in the nanoeconomy is the human being.
The child economy covers the whole period from
birth to graduation. It is a new person who uses
certain resources for his or her maturation and
subsistence, which takes place with the help of the
household in which the person lives and develops. It is
a whole industry of childhood that produces goods and
services for children and the rising generation. It is
also a system of educational process and upbringing.
The second component of the nanoeconomy is
the human economy. This component implies an
effort to achieve a high quality of life. Thus, human
capital is a resource for improving life. For some, it is
entrepreneurial capital, where ownership becomes the
key to improving quality of life. Free capital becomes
the basis for the formation of entrepreneurship,
and the latter becomes the basis for increased profits.
When it is not entrepreneurship, a person is usually
a wage laborer who sells his labor to provide a high
quality of life for himself and his family. In this case all
resources are used: labor, land, capital and technology.
The third component of the nanoeconomy is the
economy of nanotechnology, which is a type of
innovation economy. A person, who is an entrepreneur
or an employee, is engaged in the development of
nanotechnology solutions. This process also requires
production factors. Thus, nanotechnology develops on
the basis of previously invented technologies, forming
a new nanostructure. It is well known that appropriate
financial support is necessary for such developments,
since without capital it is impossible to carry out
expensive research. In order to create the basis for the
production of new materials, processes, and goods,
appropriate raw materials must be available.
In addition, the human factor of production implies
that only highly qualified specialists can produce
appropriate nanotechnology.
Some authors (Porter, 2018) emphasize that factor
parameters are a determinant of national economic
competitiveness development. These factors of
production are land, labor, capital and technology.
It is known that all factors are divided into basic and
developed, general and specialized. The basic ones
are those that are used inefficiently. For example, in
the early 1990s and 2000s, land was used inefficiently
in some transition countries, as 30 centners per
hectare were harvested, despite the fact that this land
is the most fertile in the world. Meanwhile, on brown
soils of France harvested up to 70 quintals per hectare,
which is an effective use of this production factor,
taking into account the resource being developed
(Dziubanovska, 2019).
Common factors are used in many areas. For
example, in the 1990s, labor could be seen as a common
resource in transition countries because there were
specialists and no jobs for them. People retrained and
moved to areas where they could find work. Unlike
in the U.S., where there is a narrow specialization of
specialists, moving into a new field requires retraining,
which is a specialized resource (Nosachevska,
Afanasyeva, 2019).
The analysis of the factors of production in selected
countries with economies in transition is worth
making a model country with a transition economy and
a system of development of nanoeconomic principles.
Agricultural areas in these countries are used quite
effectively. Thus, cereals and legumes occupy the
largest areas and provide the largest volume of
production, but the volume of yields is not high
enough and amounts to almost 30 quintals per hectare.
The volume of the potato crop is high and shows
a positive trend year after year. The volume of fruits
and vegetables is also increasing, so more and more of
these products are being exported.
Entrepreneurs in the agricultural sector are quite
active, and individual entrepreneurs have a significant
share in the production of various crops. It can also
be seen that the total number of enterprises engaged
in the cultivation of grain and legume crops is
34,673 units. This is a high figure with a significant
share (61%) of small agricultural businesses occupying
up to 100.00 m2
. Accordingly, a small number of
large agricultural enterprises harvest significant crops
andformtheirgrainprofile(Oliynyk-Dunn,Wasilewski,
2020). Thus, the harvest volume of large agricultural
enterprises varies from 50 to 65 centners per hectare,
and small agribusiness collects 35.8 quintals per
hectare. The smaller the agribusiness enterprise,
the less crop is harvested with the smallest harvest
volume indicator.
The nanofactor of agricultural business development
is also important when analyzing approaches to
security resources within the innovation paradigm.
Thus, the number of organizations performing
research in the field of agriculture, forestry and
fisheries was 14 institutions in 2017 and 7 institutions
in 2019. As can be seen, there has been a decrease in
the indicators by half. This is a negative trend, which
indicates a decrease in the role of the agricultural
sector for innovative development of the economy as
a whole. The nanofactor provides the distribution of
the number of workers engaged in the implementation
of scientific research. There are only 79,262 people in
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transition countries, of whom 6,508 are employed in
agriculture, which is 8.21%. Innovation in agriculture
must be supported by the number of researchers
with PhDs. Their number is indicated only 35 people,
including 18 women (51.4%). However, this number
is decreasing year by year. In 2017, there were
136 researchers with PhD degrees in agriculture.
Clearly, there is a negative trend of little nanofactor
influence on agricultural innovation and land
endowment (Pokojski, 2020).
To compare the conditions for the use of land
resources in countries with economies in transition,
it is worth considering the state of the agricultural
complex in France, which is currently the breadbasket
of Europe.
In 2019, France sold 39,124 million euros worth
of agricultural products, a significant figure that
implies a multi-billion-dollar profit in this area. Cereal
production accounts for 14.8% of the country's total.
Arable land in the country is 329,457 km2
. These are
the agricultural regions. The intermediate regions
cover 258389 km2
the cities cover 50629 km2
. A large
part of the territory is occupied by agricultural land.
Most agricultural enterprises in France are either
small or large (24.3% and 21.9%, respectively). Thus,
small enterprises are run by family farms and large ones
by holding companies such as TNCs or large national
companies. The structure of agricultural workers in
France is as follows: the total number is 456,000,
of whom 29.7% are women, 339,110 are owners,
116,690 are family members, and the permanent labor
force is 403,750.
It is obvious that agricultural labor in France is
mainly a family business, in which hired workers are
intensively involved. Land use is a very important
security factor in the development of the national
economy and in the system of nano-economic relations.
Along with this factor of production, capital is actively
used and formed.
5.2. Evaluation of capital as a factor
of production and an indicator
of the innovation paradigm
The consolidated budget of the transition country
has grown almost tenfold in 12 years. Security
expenditures have consistently exceeded revenues
due to the budget deficit, but the latter is gradually
decreasing, which could be a positive trend (Melnyk,
Leshchukh, 2020).
Lending also increased manifold. The data
show that lending in different forms and modes of
repayment increased from 71.3 million euros to
128.1 million euros in 2010. If we talk about loans
issued by depository corporations (banks) to residents,
in 2017, 19020.9 million euros were issued in national
currency, as well as 14867.7 million euros in foreign
currency. Capital is circulating, and residents are
using borrowed funds for business or household life.
Loans were issued more than deposits received by
banks. Thus, in 2017, household deposits were made in
local currency for a total of 8,414.6 million euros and
8,095.8 million euros in foreign currency.
Another indicator of capital development in
a country is investment. The nano-factor of such
development is human capital. Capital investment by
asset type in transition countries in 2017 amounted
to 14,948.7 million euros, the largest share of which
came from machinery, equipment and inventory,
in particular 34.5% of the total, while engineering
structures accounted for 17.5%. There has long been
a debate in scientific publications about how to attract
more funds for industrial development. At present,
statistics show that investors in national production
are domestic investors who contribute to the
modernization of various industries and their safety.
Such production should be supported by the
development of human capital as a nanoeconomic
factor.
Capital investment in professional, scientific,
technical activities in 2017 amounted to 265.5 million
euros, while 4,776.6 million euros were invested
in the industrial sector and 116.4 million euros in
education. Education should be self-sufficient and
funded by the state, as universities, in addition to the
educational system, should develop a component of
scientific security with the involvement of promising
students and young researchers.
The situation in one of the transition countries
should be compared to Great Britain, since it is the
country with the most stable currency and a high level
of security capital development. Thus, statistics show
that in this state budget expenditures exceed revenues.
In 2017, revenues were 769 billion pounds and
expenditures were 809 billion pounds. The government
budget deficit (as a percentage of GDP) was 0.1 in FY
2019–2020 and 0.2 in fiscal year 2020–2021. Public
sector net investment (as a percentage of GDP) was
2.2 and 2.6, respectively. It should be noted that the
figures are rising, which is a negative trend.
The structure of the expenditure portion of the
budget in fiscal year 2019–2020 was as follows:
Health care – 7,1 %;
Education – 4,6 %
Housework – 0,7 %
Jurisprudence – 0,5 %
Defence – 10,5 %
International development – 2,0 %
Local government – 0,0 %
Transport – 14,6 %
Business, energy complex, industrial strategy – 11,2 %
Digital economy, culture, media, sport – 0,6 %
It can be seen that most of the money is spent on
transportation and business. Health care and education
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are well-funded, which means government support
for the social sectors of the security economy. The
nanoeconomy has made significant progress in this
island country, where special attention is paid to
education (from pre-school to university). People
are known to come to Britain from all over the world
to get an education. They are children of all ages,
from schoolchildren to graduate students.
Another production factor influencing the
formation of the innovation paradigm is the availability
of human resources (workforce). It is this resource that
determines the development of the nanoeconomy.
However, while this factor is quantitative,
nanoeconomics is mainly characterized by qualitative
characteristics.
5.3. Evaluation of labor resources
in the development of innovation systems
The population of Ukraine as a country
with a transitional economic system in 2018 is
42.4 million people, of which 69.3% are urban
and 30.7% are rural. There are 19558180 men and
22658586 women. Women outnumber men,
indicating the fertility potential of our population.
It is known that the population of many transition
countries is aging, so in 2018 there were
11,725 thousand pensioners. The number of
pensioners per 1,000 people in 2018 was 278,
сompared to 301 in 2011 (Libanova, 2020).
The population is not getting younger because of
declining birth rates and rising mortality. In 2017,
for example, the natural increase in the population
of transition countries was 210.1 thousand people,
so it decreased by two hundred and ten thousand
inhabitants. The number of live births that year was
364.0 thousand, and the number of deaths was 574.1.
Life expectancy at birth in 2017 was 72.0 years,
67.0 years for men and 76.8 years for women.
Obviously, men live less than women. The reasons for
this statistic are stress, reluctance to go to doctors, etc.
It has been proven in nanoeconomics that life
expectancy depends on quality of life. Moreover,
married people live longer. For example, in 2017 there
were 249,500 marriages with 128,700 divorces. Thus,
about 50% of marriages tend to break up. This is
a negative trend, which can significantly affect the
performance of the nanoeconomy in the future.
The quality of the labor force is also determined by
labor market conditions. The economically active
population in a country in transition is declining:
from 22,830,800 in 2000 to 17,854,400 in 2017, with
women employed less than men at 8,423,800 and
9,430,600, respectively. It shows the employment
of the population in a country with an economy in
transition by type of economic activity (Lipkova,
Brockova, Baleha, 2020).
The largest number of employees are employed in
the areas of wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor
vehicles and motorcycles – 3525.8 thousand people.
In the sectors of agriculture, forestry and fishing
employed 2,860.7 thousand people, in manufacturing –
2,440.6 thousand, in education – 1,423.4, in health and
social assistance – 1,013.6 people. These areas of
employment represent the real sector of the security
economy, which produces a significant amount of
value added.
Italy's population on January 1, 2021 was
59,257,566, of which 28,846,088 were men and
30,393478 were women. The natural balance was
-214,333 people, so there is a decrease in population,
and the natural movement is negative. Birth rate is
6.8-7 births per thousand inhabitants (Kichurchak,
2020).
Italy has a very responsible attitude toward the
institution of marriage, with couples with children
making up the majority of all families in the country,
but as the number of family members increases,
the number of families decreases. One-person
families are becoming more and more popular in
this country and its security. The institution of the
family follows the religious beliefs of Italians. In
2019 there were 47,400 religious marriages and
52,600 civil marriages. Divorces amounted to
22,087 cases in 2018. Getting a divorce in Italy is
quite difficult, and former couples live separately
without a de-jure divorce.
The qualitative characteristics of the Italian
population are indicators of the development of the
labor force. Thus, the workforce in this country in
2020 will be 25,214 thousand people, of whom
22,904 will be employed and 2,310,000 will be
unemployed. Human capital is an important resource
in Italy, but the high unemployment rate of 9-10%
(according to ILO methodology) is an indicator
of a rather mismanaged labor market and lack of
employment opportunities outside the family business.
Family business and employment, as well as
vocational education, are factors shaping the
nanoeconomy in Italy and its innovation paradigm.
For Ukraine, this practice can be used to create
a nanoeconomy as a holistic security system.
5.4. Analysis of the intellectual potential
of the innovation paradigm
Workforce is the basis for the formation of the
intellectual resource of the security of the national
economy. There are some indirect indicators of the
intellectual resource, which should include some
characteristics of research work. For example,
in transition economies, the organizations that
performed research work in 2010 were
1,303 institutions, and in 2019 there were 950.
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The number of R&D workers in 2010 was 182484
(0.95% of the total) and 79262 in 2019 (0.48%
of the total employed population in our state).
The downward trend in innovation is a negative
phenomenon to describe the innovation paradigm of
the nanoeconomy in transitional economies.
The largest volume of S&T expenditures in
some countries of the world is on scientific and
technological development – 57.7% of all research,
while basic research accounts for 21.7%. Applied
research activity is significant, but insufficiently
relevant, although this category of research
is the most popular among researchers in the
developed countries of the world. Nanoeconomics
in such an environment actively influences
these securitization processes, as researchers are
largely involved in research activities at various
levels (Ershova, Obukhova, Belyaeva, 2020).
Intellectual activity is also high in transition
economies, as evidenced by the number of
organizations that have conducted research by
economic activity.
Relevant research institutions are quantitatively
larger in terms of R&D, followed by higher education
institutions, which actively conduct research. Under
current conditions, it is possible to intensify scientific
analysis using the levers of the nanoeconomy, when,
for example, students are engaged in promising
developments. Experienced specialists become
mentors and promote such students to work in
laboratories where both basic and applied research is
conducted. A country characterized by high activity in
the research sector is Germany, and its situation can
be compared with the Ukrainian reality.
Thus, the number of workers and researchers in
the EU involved in the implementation of R&D per
1,000 employees in 2017 was in the EU 28-21.6, in
Germany – 24.0. The share of research expenditure in
GDP on average across the EU in 2017 was EU 28 –
2.08, in Germany – 3.04, in European transition
countries – 0.45%. It is becoming clear that Germany
is the flagship of innovative development either in
Europe (Bessonova, Battalov, 2020) or in the world.
The nanoeconomic component of such development
is crucial for the intensification of economic activity
at various levels. Thus, the number of researchers,
technicians and auxiliary personnel in the total
number of employees involved in the implementation
of scientific research in 2017 is distributed as follows:
Germany, 64.2, 21.4, 14.5%, respectively; transition
country, 63.0, 9.7, 27.3%, respectively. It can be
argued that both countries have the largest number
of researchers. As a rule, they have a degree or are
trying to obtain one. It should be noted that the
European transition country has fewer technical
specialists, while Germany has fewer security
personnel.
5.5. Cluster analysis of regional innovation
potential in a European country
with a transition economy
As a result of the study, a cluster analysis of
Ukrainian regions with the potential for innovative
development and the impact of nanotechnology on
them was conducted.
K-means clustering was also performed. This is
a vector quantization method, which was originally
found for signal processing and is often used for
cluster analysis of data. K-means clustering aims at
dividing n observations into k clusters, in which each
observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest
average (cluster centers or cluster centroid).
The meaning of "proximity" is defined by the
Euclidean metric:
ρ x y x y x y
i
n
i i
,�
( ) = − = −
( )
=
∑ 1
2
,
where
x, y ∈ Rn
In this procedure, the number of clusters is
unknown and is chosen by the researcher when
initializing the algorithm.
In the R programming language, the k-means
function KMeans_arma was selected in the armadillo
library of the ClusterR package.
To use KMeans_arma, the number of columns
(vector variables) in the data must exceed the number
of clusters, otherwise the function will return an error.
The algorithm is initialized once, and 10 iterations
are usually sufficient for convergence. The output
centroids are distributed according to one of the
algorithms – keep_existing, static_subset, random_subset,
static_spread or random_spread.
Listing:
claster <-read_excel("C:/Users/ASUS1/Desktop/
claster.xlsx") #data download from Excel to claster
array
claster_1<-claster[2:9] #array construction
claster_1 without a column with the names of regions
rownames(claster_1) <- claster$X_1 #taking
claster_1 array column header as region names
install.packages("ClusterR") #”ClusterR” package
installation
library(ClusterR) #package lib download
X = claster[2:8] #data without dependent “regions”
variable of claster array
y = claster[1] #dependent “region” variable of claster
array
dat = center_scale(X, mean_center = T, sd_scale =
T) # data scale and centering
pca_dat = stats::princomp(dat)$scores[, 1:2]
#decrease in the number of measurements in claster data
through PCA – principal component analysis
km = KMeans_arma(pca_dat, clusters = 5, n_iter =
10, seed_mode = "random_subset",
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verbose = T, CENTROIDS = NULL) #5-cluster
model construction
pr = predict_Kmeans (pca_dat, km) #clustering
method application to data array
Tab_1<-table(claster$X_1, pr)#results recording in
the table
write.csv(Tab_1,'claster_1.csv')#recordofclustering
results in 'claster_1.csv' file
The results of the cluster analysis are presented in
Table 1. The number "1" refers the region to a particular
cluster.
A list of clusters is shown in Table 2.
The different values and results of the cluster
analysis using the vector quantization method
determine that the regional grouping of one of the
transition economies has some differences. Thus,
the most optimal innovation cluster unites Dnipro,
Lviv and Kharkiv regions. Donetsk and Luhansk
regions in this method are the constituents of different
groups: 1st
and 5th
clusters. The cluster analysis proves
that the groups formed during the time of the Soviet
Union are currently being reshaped, and significant
differences are being created between the regions of
the first cluster – 16 regions. Some distinctive features
inherent in a smaller number of regions of Ukraine are
still evident today. Thus, the regional groups include
the regions of different geographical zones of Ukraine
where Donetsk is grouped with Volhynia and
Khmelnytskyi regions or Sumy – with Zaporizhzhia.
It can be stated that the sectors of the economy and
innovation spheres of different regions of Ukraine are
now becoming interconnected.
6. Assessment of the intellectual and resource
security of the innovative paradigm
of nanoeconomics development
The results justify the formation of an innovation
paradigm under the influence of securitization of
production factors. The paradigm is analyzed as
a condition for the existence of innovation systems in
the framework of nanoeconomics.
Paradigms are analyzed as expressions of a particular
phenomenon. The method of investigating paradigms
through an intellectual-resource security approach
makes it possible to assess the basis of the phenomenon
and its impact on the nanoeconomy.
Such a study has the following limitations: the lack
of statistical information regarding the direct influence
of production factors on the nanoeconomy and the
innovation paradigm, as well as the limitations of the
analysis of the nanoeconomy as a human economy –
all data are quite subjective in nature.
There is a controversial issue of attributing certain
resources to the main factors of production. Their
classification as human and capital resources is
conditional in determining the development of
national economies.
Table 1
Cluster analysis results
Regions 1cluster 2cluster 3cluster 4cluster 5cluster
Vinnytsia 0 0 0 1 0
Volhynia 1 0 0 0 0
Dnipro 0 0 1 0 0
Donetsk 1 0 0 0 0
Zhytomyr 1 0 0 0 0
Transcarpathia 0 0 0 1 0
Zaporizhzhia 0 1 0 0 0
Ivano-Frankivsk 0 0 0 1 0
Kyiv 0 1 0 0 0
Kirovohrad 1 0 0 0 0
Luhansk 0 0 0 0 1
Lviv 0 0 1 0 0
Mykolaiv 0 1 0 0 0
Odessa 0 1 0 0 0
Poltava 0 0 0 1 0
Rivne 1 0 0 0 0
Sumy 0 1 0 0 0
Ternopil 1 0 0 0 0
Kharkiv 0 0 1 0 0
Kherson 0 0 0 1 0
Khmelnytskyi 1 0 0 0 0
Cherkasy 0 0 0 1 0
Chernivtsi 0 0 0 1 0
Chernihiv 0 0 0 0 1
Table 2
List of innovation-resources clusters
Regions Clusters
Volhynia
1 cluster
Donetsk
Zhytomyr
Kirovohrad
Rivne
Ternopil
Khmelnytskyi
Zaporizhzhia
2 cluster
Kyiv
Mykolaiv
Odessa
Sumy
Dnipro
3 cluster
Lviv
Kharkiv
Vinnytsia
4 cluster
Transcarpathia
Ivano-Frankivsk
Poltava
Kherson
Cherkasy
Chernivtsi
Luhansk
5 cluster
Chernihiv
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The innovation paradigm is becoming a
determining factor in economic development.
However, its resource component can be defined as
having an intellectual justification. Thus, labor and
technology are direct factors of production that form
the innovation paradigm, while capital and land are
factors that have an indirect influence on innovative
development.
Clustering is an approach to the formation of an
innovative paradigm, representing the sustainable
development of the national economy using geo-
industrial regions (clusters). The question of defining
clusters as the basis of regions is still debatable. In
particular, can the economy and the nanoeconomy
be efficient if both are not cluster-based? This question
remains crucial in interpreting the geographical factor as
the key to the formation of the nanoeconomy.
7. Conclusions
1. The land security resource has a great impact
on various areas of the real sectors of the economy,
especially agriculture. For agriculture to be effective,
the land resource must be innovative for the agro-
complex and land use as a whole. These spheres
are related to the development of land science. The
role of the nanofactor in land development is also
decisive. In transition economies, land innovation is
mainly driven by an ecological approach, as farmers
use new and environmentally friendly tools. France,
the modern breadbasket of Europe, is increasingly
adopting science-based agricultural approaches that
allow greater yields and the use of fewer chemicals.
Countries with economies in transition should follow
France's land-use experience. This is agricultural
innovation at the level of nanosubjects. The innovation
paradigm of the agrocomplex should be based on the
individual level of nanoeconomic security.
2. The capital factor has a significant impact on the
development of other collateral resources and their use
in the productive sectors of the economy. In transition
economies, the capitalization of the economy has
been at a low level for a long time, since there has not
been a constant inflow of foreign investment. At the
present stage, the most important investors are national
enterprises, which are the source of budget revenues.
In transition countries, however, there is a chronic
budget deficit, as expenditures exceed revenues. The
situation is similar with the budget deficit in Great
Britain at the end of the fiscal year, although other
indicators of capital development are more positive.
Moreover, this country ranks first among the leading
countries of the world in international credit ratings.
As a factor of production, capital should ensure the
self-financing of the nano-economy. Thus, the main
investors should be national enterprises and national
holders of capital. The owners of financial resources
are identified at the nanoscale as private individuals.
The presence of the resource of financial security
becomes the basis of the innovative component of
nanoeconomic development, because national owners
have a resource for improving technological production.
3. Workforce, as a factor of production, affects all
other aspects of resource development in the economy.
It is this resource that determines the individual
approach in resource supplying economic development.
Thus, land, capital and technological development
depend on skilled workers. It is the nanofactor that
has a positive influence on the development of the
innovation paradigm, forming appropriate conditions
for the national economy as a whole. In the countries in
transition,thelaborresourceisthedeterminingfactorof
the nano-economic system, while in Italy it is the main
resource for the development of the national economy
as a whole. Thus, Italy is a family-oriented country in the
development of business and security economy.
4. The intellectual potential of innovative paradigm
development depends on the three main factors
described above. It is the resource provision of
innovative development of national economies at
different levels. In transition countries, the technical
component of economic development was inherited
from the Soviet era, when the scientific aspect was
separated from the entrepreneurial sector. At the
present stage of development of market relations, the
scientific component is gradually integrated with the
production approaches of economic development and
with the application of nano-economic basis for the
development of more efficient market relations and
the economy as a whole. Germany is an example of
a country in transition that is generating innovation
and using nanofactors to develop optimized safety
production processes.
5. The cluster analysis of innovative regions in the
countries in transition proves that there is a transition
from the model of development of innovative security
of the Soviet Union to the market model. Regions
are very different, and geographic innovation centers
are located in different geographic areas. At the
present stage of development of the nano-economy,
common features of industrial sectors with a common
geographical location are formed, contributing to the
further development of the security of the national
economy as a whole and its innovation paradigm.
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