Flowering in plants is controlled by environmental conditions and developmental regulation through complex signaling pathways. Key hormones that regulate flowering include gibberellin and cytokinin. Gibberellin promotes flowering by activating the LFY promoter and the LFY pathway. Cytokinin also accelerates flowering in various plants. Additional hormones like ABA, ethylene, and brassinosteroids also play a role in floral signaling pathways by inhibiting or promoting flowering.

2.  Flowering is controlled by environmental
conditions and developmental regulation.
 The complexity of this regulation is created by
an intricate network of signalling pathways.
 Distinct signaling pathways are known to
converge on the activation of the same
flowering genes.

3.  Most important pathway.
 It controls the flowering.
 Some plants are short day and others are long
day plants.
 Some genes are required for day-length
response and some of these encode regulatory
proteins specifically involved in the regulation
of flowering.

4. Main hormones that control flowering in plants
include
 1: gibberellin
 2: cytokinin

5.  The floral initiation and floral organ
development is controlled by GA in many
plants.
 Endogenous GA is involved in flowering.
 Many plants were studied to check the activity
of GA but the most common was Arabidopsis.
 Additionally the effectr was studied in grasses.

6.  GA promotes the
flowering by activating
the LFY promoter.
 The pathway is known
as LFY pathway.
 the regulation of LFY by
the help of GAMYB
promotes the activity of
GA and promote
flowering.

7.  Activation of the
hypothetical
transmembrane
receptor by GA inhibits
repressors of GA
signalling.
 These repressors are
encoded by DELLA
proteins.
 The SPY gene also
repress the GA and act
as upstream of RGA
and GAI.

8.  Other regulators have also been identified such
as micro RNAs( ss, 20-22 ntds)
 They cause complementry dependent
claevages of target RNA molecules.
 The expression of miR159 results in delayed
flowering because it reduce LFY transcripts.

9.  Recent rapid advances have discovered hybrid
histidine protein kinases as cytokinin receptors.
 The exogenous applications of cytokinin has
been reported to accelerate flowering in
various plants

10.  High endogenous amounts of cytokinins are
associated with early flowering.
 Corbrsier et al(2003) recently analysed
cytokinins in leaf extracts, leaf phloem exudate
and in SAM at different times during the floral
transition.

11.  In addition to GA and cytokinin other
hormones include:
 ABA_ inhibits flowering.
 ABi1and ABi2 have been shown to reduce the
flowering time of fca-1 mutants.

13.  Ethylene signalling mutants , the
brassinosteroid biosynthesis mutant det2 and
plants altered in SA biosynthesis are late
flowering implicating these plant growth
regulators in floral signalling pathways.