Tx law-18 - 1
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The document provides an overview of the history and sources of law, the structure of courts in Texas, and legal remedies. It discusses how civil law is imposed by the state while common law is based on precedent. The sources of law include constitutional law which establishes government branches and rights, statutory law created by legislatures, and administrative law in the form of regulations and ordinances. Texas has a complex five-level court system and legal remedies involve litigation through lawsuits or alternative dispute resolution like mediation and arbitration.
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This document provides an overview of key concepts in the Canadian legal system. It discusses:
1) The importance of studying Canadian law given the country's diversity and need for a common set of rules.
2) Core theories of law including positivism, natural legal theory, realism, and critical legal theories.
3) Central ideas like constitutional monarchy, democracy, federalism, parliamentary supremacy, and the rule of law.
4) The main branches of government - judicial, legislative, and executive - and Canada's unitary court system.
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Canada has a legal system based on British common law with some influences from French civil law. The country has a federal structure with both federal and provincial laws. Key aspects of Canadian law include criminal law under the federal government, provincial control over property and inheritance, and Aboriginal law governing indigenous land and rights. The Canadian court system has federal and provincial courts with higher courts able to overrule lower ones.
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in Canadian law, including:
1) It defines law and discusses philosophical bases like natural law theory and legal positivism.
2) It outlines categories of laws like substantive and procedural law, and legal systems like civil law and common law.
3) It discusses important sources of Canadian law like the constitution, statutes, and common law, as well as the division of powers between federal and provincial governments.
4) It describes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and how it protects individual rights and freedoms.
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The Canadian judicial system is based on a combination of French civil law, English common law, and statutory law. Courts have the basic role of helping resolve disputes fairly and establishing legal precedents. Canadian law is organized in a pyramid structure with the constitution at the top, followed by statutes, regulations, and common law. There are two main types of law - public law which deals with relationships between citizens and the state, and private law which deals with relationships between individuals. Public law includes criminal, constitutional, and administrative law, while private law includes contracts, torts, and family law.
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The document discusses the British and American legal systems, including constitutional law and common law. It provides definitions and comparisons of civil law versus common law legal traditions. It also outlines some key aspects of the British constitution, such as it being an unwritten constitution based on statutes, case law, customs and conventions. Parliament is supreme in Britain and it upholds the principles of the rule of law and parliamentary supremacy.
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The US legal system is derived from English common law, which emphasized precedent and predictability. When framing new laws, the Founding Fathers expanded on English common law while also emphasizing individual rights and establishing a national government with state control over local matters. As a result, the US legal system is complex, with laws coming from various sources like the Constitution, statutes, common law, treaties, and administrative agencies that work together and integrate with each other. The Constitution establishes three branches of government - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - that provide checks and balances to each other to protect fundamental individual rights.
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The Constitutional Court of Italy has 15 members who are appointed by various governmental bodies. Its main functions are judicial review of legislation, resolving disputes between branches of government and between the state and regions, determining the admissibility of referendums, and judging the President if impeached. When conducting judicial review, the Court can accept or dismiss questions of constitutionality in whole or part through judgments or orders that annul norms, establish interpretations, or manipulate wording. Its rulings have general retroactive effects except in already judged cases.
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Lesson01 canadian law
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the Canadian legal system. It discusses:
1) The importance of studying Canadian law given the country's diversity and need for a common set of rules.
2) Core theories of law including positivism, natural legal theory, realism, and critical legal theories.
3) Central ideas like constitutional monarchy, democracy, federalism, parliamentary supremacy, and the rule of law.
4) The main branches of government - judicial, legislative, and executive - and Canada's unitary court system.
Law of Canada
Canada has a legal system based on British common law with some influences from French civil law. The country has a federal structure with both federal and provincial laws. Key aspects of Canadian law include criminal law under the federal government, provincial control over property and inheritance, and Aboriginal law governing indigenous land and rights. The Canadian court system has federal and provincial courts with higher courts able to overrule lower ones.
The Canadian Legal System
The document provides an overview of key concepts in Canadian law, including:
1) It defines law and discusses philosophical bases like natural law theory and legal positivism.
2) It outlines categories of laws like substantive and procedural law, and legal systems like civil law and common law.
3) It discusses important sources of Canadian law like the constitution, statutes, and common law, as well as the division of powers between federal and provincial governments.
4) It describes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and how it protects individual rights and freedoms.
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The Canadian judicial system is based on a combination of French civil law, English common law, and statutory law. Courts have the basic role of helping resolve disputes fairly and establishing legal precedents. Canadian law is organized in a pyramid structure with the constitution at the top, followed by statutes, regulations, and common law. There are two main types of law - public law which deals with relationships between citizens and the state, and private law which deals with relationships between individuals. Public law includes criminal, constitutional, and administrative law, while private law includes contracts, torts, and family law.
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The US legal system is derived from English common law, which emphasized precedent and predictability. When framing new laws, the Founding Fathers expanded on English common law while also emphasizing individual rights and establishing a national government with state control over local matters. As a result, the US legal system is complex, with laws coming from various sources like the Constitution, statutes, common law, treaties, and administrative agencies that work together and integrate with each other. The Constitution establishes three branches of government - the executive, legislative, and judicial branches - that provide checks and balances to each other to protect fundamental individual rights.
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John Adams appointed Marbury as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. However, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison refused to deliver Marbury's commission. This led to the landmark Supreme Court case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803, where Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review. The Court declared Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, marking the first time it struck down a law for being unconstitutional. This established the Supreme Court's ability to review the constitutionality of laws and acts of Congress.
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The Constitutional Court of Italy has 15 members who are appointed by various governmental bodies. Its main functions are judicial review of legislation, resolving disputes between branches of government and between the state and regions, determining the admissibility of referendums, and judging the President if impeached. When conducting judicial review, the Court can accept or dismiss questions of constitutionality in whole or part through judgments or orders that annul norms, establish interpretations, or manipulate wording. Its rulings have general retroactive effects except in already judged cases.
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Charles M. Stam is an accomplished attorney who practices trial law with Zehl & Associates in Houston, Texas. Among his other areas of professional interest, Charles Maurice Stam is well versed in the intricacies of both common law and civil law.
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In common law countries like the United States, case law predominates. This means that published judicial opinions from former cases play a primary role in the formation of new judicial opinions. Civil law countries, by contrast, rely primarily on codified statutes when forming decisions.
Today, approximately 80 countries worldwide are home to common law systems, while approximately 150 are home to civil law systems. This may be a bit of an oversimplification, however, because most countries have systems that employ a mixture of both common and civil law elements.
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3) There is debate around whether constitutional statutes are truly entrenched or can be amended, as statutes establishing things like devolution in Ireland and Wales have later been modified.
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The document outlines the constitutional basis for business regulation in the United States. It discusses how the US Constitution imposes limitations on business, gives governments power to regulate, and protects individual rights. It also describes how the Constitution allocates regulatory responsibilities among the three branches of government and can be amended. The system of checks and balances aims to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the evolution and types of law. It describes how law has evolved from individuals seeking revenge to organized court systems. It distinguishes between common law based on customs and positive law dictated from above. It also outlines the three levels of government in the US and how power is allocated between the federal and state governments and among the three branches of government. Additionally, it defines the different sources of law including constitutional, statutory, case, and administrative law and how conflicts between these different laws are resolved.
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Constitutional, statutory, and case law are the three sources of American law, ranked in that order from highest to lowest. Constitutional law establishes the framework of government and is established through constitutions. Statutory law regulates individuals and private actions and is established through statutes passed by legislatures. Case law supplements the law through precedent established in past court rulings and helps interpret statutes and constitutions.
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The document provides an overview of the English legal system, including the sources of law and the differences between common law and civil law systems. It discusses that the UK has a common law system, where laws come from three sources: statutory law from acts of parliament, common law from judicial precedent, and equity principles. It also explains key concepts like binding precedent from the ratio decidendi of higher court rulings, and that only superior courts can create precedent that lower courts must follow.
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Administrative law deals with rules created and applied by government bodies that have been delegated powers from the executive branch, such as boards, agencies, commissions, and tribunals. These government bodies regulate many activities that have a significant impact on individuals and businesses. Administrative law is a complex area that involves determining the legality of government actions and providing individuals with mechanisms for judicial review and remedies for wrongful government acts. It has expanded greatly in the 20th century as more government agencies were created to regulate increasingly complex social and economic spheres.
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Charles M. Stam is an accomplished attorney who practices trial law with Zehl & Associates in Houston, Texas. Among his other areas of professional interest, Charles Maurice Stam is well versed in the intricacies of both common law and civil law.
In countries around the world, legal systems tend toward one or two general approaches: the common law approach or the civil law approach. The primary difference between common law and civil law lies in their basis for making final legal judgments.
In common law countries like the United States, case law predominates. This means that published judicial opinions from former cases play a primary role in the formation of new judicial opinions. Civil law countries, by contrast, rely primarily on codified statutes when forming decisions.
Today, approximately 80 countries worldwide are home to common law systems, while approximately 150 are home to civil law systems. This may be a bit of an oversimplification, however, because most countries have systems that employ a mixture of both common and civil law elements.
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1) The theory of separation of powers was first discussed by the Greek philosopher Aristotle, who divided state powers among three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial.
2) Recent UK constitutional statutes like the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005 and Constitutional Reform and Governance Act of 2010 consolidated the separation of powers and transformed systems like judicial appointments.
3) There is debate around whether constitutional statutes are truly entrenched or can be amended, as statutes establishing things like devolution in Ireland and Wales have later been modified.
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The document provides an overview of the branches of the U.S. government and their roles. It discusses how Congress has the power to make laws through the Elastic Clause and the Supreme Court's power of judicial review. It then outlines the President's main duties of executing laws, directing diplomacy, and serving as Commander-in-Chief, as well as legislative roles. Next, it describes that Congress is made up of the House and Senate and their lawmaking process. It finally reviews the role of the court system in interpreting laws and protecting constitutional rights.
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This document discusses the principle of separation of powers in the UK constitution. It notes that while the principle is fully expressed in the US constitution, it is only used as a guide in the UK. The document traces the origins of separation of powers back to Aristotle and was later developed by Montesquieu. It then describes how powers are separated in the UK between the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches, but also notes some overlap and anomalies. Specifically, it outlines the roles of each branch and their relationships with each other, noting both independence and areas of control.
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The document summarizes key components of the US Constitution and public policy process. It outlines the 7 original articles of the Constitution, including Article 1 establishing the legislative branch, Article 2 the executive branch, and Article 3 the judicial branch. It also mentions the 27 amendments added later that protect citizen rights. Regarding public policy, it describes how problems influence policymaking, and that various groups and politicians advocate for their positions to ultimately influence the policies government officials choose.
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The document discusses the key aspects and structure of the US Constitution, including the three branches of government and the system of checks and balances. It notes that while some were concerned it would take away individual rights, the Constitution was designed to protect the people. Additionally, the document explains that the Constitution is an improvement over the Articles of Confederation in establishing a stronger central government with balanced representation.
Judicial Review and Constitutional Interpretation
This document discusses judicial review and constitutional interpretation in the United States. It begins by defining judicial review as the ability of courts, especially the Supreme Court, to review legislation and determine its constitutionality. It then discusses how judicial review was established through Marbury v. Madison in 1803, even though it is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. The document goes on to analyze different approaches to constitutional interpretation such as originalism and living constitutionalism. It also examines notable Supreme Court cases that illustrate these approaches in practice and controversial cases where the Court may have overstepped. In conclusion, it considers the role of judicial review in resolving future constitutional issues.
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The document discusses the structure and jurisdiction of the US federal court system. It explains that the Constitution created the Supreme Court and authorized Congress to establish lower federal courts. It describes the types of federal courts and outlines the criteria for federal court jurisdiction over subject matter and parties. It also summarizes how federal judges are appointed, their terms, salaries, and removal from office.
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David Ford Avon CT | State Legislatures for regulating individual activities
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The document outlines the constitutional basis for business regulation in the United States. It discusses how the US Constitution imposes limitations on business, gives governments power to regulate, and protects individual rights. It also describes how the Constitution allocates regulatory responsibilities among the three branches of government and can be amended. The system of checks and balances aims to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
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The document summarizes key concepts about the evolution and types of law. It describes how law has evolved from individuals seeking revenge to organized court systems. It distinguishes between common law based on customs and positive law dictated from above. It also outlines the three levels of government in the US and how power is allocated between the federal and state governments and among the three branches of government. Additionally, it defines the different sources of law including constitutional, statutory, case, and administrative law and how conflicts between these different laws are resolved.
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The document discusses the definition and sources of law in India. It notes that laws are rules established and enforced by government that involve mandatory rules and consequences. The main sources of law in India are discussed as religion, customs, judicial decisions, equity, and legislation. The document then provides details on the Indian legal system, including the roles of the Supreme Court, High Courts, and subordinate courts. It also discusses different types of laws such as civil, criminal, constitutional, administrative, property, contract, family, employment, tort, tax, and international law.
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Separation Of Powers
The delegates at the Constitutional Convention divided power between the national and state governments, and also separated the national government into three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This created a system of separation of powers. To prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful, the founders established a system of checks and balances, allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others. For example, Congress checks the president through the power to override a veto or impeach, while the president checks Congress through the veto power and ability to call special sessions. This system aimed to prevent tyranny and protect individual liberties.
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WEEK 5: SUPREME COURT
Lesson
Lesson 5: The Supreme Court
"A law embodies beliefs that have triumphed in the battle of ideas.”
-Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes
Expected Outcomes
To understand the evolution of the Supreme Court in relation to the other branches of power; to appreciate the difference between the “original intent” and “judicial activist” philosophies; and to critically evaluate the political and cultural importance of major Supreme Court decisions.
Overview
I. The Legal Framework
Most American laws are based on the English legal system. The body of judge-made law is referred to as common law. The U.S. Constitution, State Constitutions and statutes - laws passed by Congress or State Legislatures - are sources upon which American law is founded. Common law countries around the world include: United States; Britain, Australia, Canada, India, and New Zealand.
The United States utilizes a dual court system which is comprised of both State and Federal Courts. The rules and principles which are the basis of court decisions are referred to as Case Law. Case law has bearing on future cases that involve similar facts and constitutional issues. The case law or court rule from previous cases establishes the precedents on which future cases will be relied upon in the decision making process. The doctrine of stare decisis means to stand on the decided cases.
A courts authority to hear and decide cases refers to the jurisdiction of the court. According to the Constitution, the accused must receive a fair trial in the jurisdiction in which the crime was committed. Federal Courts have jurisdiction when there is a federal question in the case, when there is diversity of citizenship involved in the case (meaning citizens from different states), and when there are two or more different states or state boundaries involved. When a case is to be heard in Federal Court, courts with limited jurisdiction include Tax and Bankruptcy Courts. These are examples of courts that deal with very specialized issues that do not deal with constitutional issues, but other federal issues.
II. The Judicial Powers
According to Article III of the Constitution, the judicial power of the United States would be vested in one Supreme Court. The actual authority of the Supreme Court was described as:
· “The Judicial power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority; to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls; to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction; to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; to Controversies between two or more States; between a State and Citizens of another State; between Citizens of different States; between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizen ...
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can be exceedingly complex. The bulk of your constitutional law textbook
consists of cases in which a court-usually the U.S. Supreme Court-has
been asked to decide whether certain government decisions or practices
are invalid because they violate the requirements of the Constitution . This
process by which courts rule on the constitutionality of actions taken by
federal and state officials is known as judicial review.
Judicial review is the fountain of constitutional law. This is true for
several reasons. First, the process of judicial review has created the body
of reported decisions that we think of as the law of the Constitution. When we
wish to know whether or not the Constitution allows a particular govern-
mental practice, we usually look first to previous court decisions that have
interpreted the constitutional provisions in question. Without this steadily
accumulating body of case law, we would have little definitive guidance as
to the meaning of the Constitution.
Second, it is the process of judicial review that renders the Constitu tion
binding and enforceable as law. In the absence of judicial review, the Con-
stitution would be little more than a statement of normative principles and
I . judicial Review
ideals-similar to the Golden Rule or to the Universal Declaration of 2
Rights . Public officials w ould fmd it much easier to ignore the Cons ·
and statutes that were contrary to the Constitution might still be en:
Judicial review serves as a mechanism by which public officials m ay be -
pelled to perform their duties in accordance with the Constitution.
This chapter examines the doctrine of judicial review as it was r ~
oped by the Supreme Court in the early nineteenth century. In revie,•i.:::: -3
debate surrounding the legitimacy of this doctrine, we will see that:!l __ .
in the Constitution's text specifically authorizes the federal courts to ?"
the validity of actions taken by the other branches of the federal goye....~
or by the states. Yet the historical backdrop against which judicial ~e-.-,::
emerged makes clear that the doctrine is fully consistent with th e Fmc::
conception of a balanced democracy in which abuses of p ow er ·-·-
branch may be checked or prevented by actions of the coordinate bra.:::
In this chapter we will also explore the question of what sources a:J.,...
Lecturer 01.pptx
The document provides an overview of the Bangladeshi legal system and commercial law. It discusses:
1. The types of legislation in Bangladesh including acts passed by parliament, ordinances, and rules.
2. The definition of law and key characteristics such as attempting to regulate human conduct.
3. The main sources of law including customs, religious laws, precedents, and legislation.
4. The different areas of commercial law that govern business transactions and types of legal situations that can arise.
Imp of Law.pdf
The document discusses the Law Commission of India, an advisory body established by the Government of India to work on legal reform. It outlines the Commission's composition, history, functions, and powers. The Commission is headed by a Chairperson, usually a retired Supreme Court judge, and includes other legal experts. It works for three years on topics referred by the Ministry of Law and Justice, reviewing laws and recommending reforms. While its recommendations are non-binding, the Commission serves as the initiation point for law reform in India.
Concept of law
The document discusses the Law Commission of India, an advisory body established by the Government of India to work on legal reform. It outlines the Commission's composition, history, functions, and powers. The Commission is headed by a Chairperson, usually a retired Supreme Court judge, and includes other legal experts. It works for three years on topics referred by the Ministry of Law and Justice, reviewing laws and recommending reforms. While its recommendations are non-binding, the Commission serves as the initiation point for law reform in India.
Lis chapter 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Chapter 1 of a textbook about law. It discusses the stages in the growth of law, the differences between common and positive law, and the origin of the US legal system from English common law. It also outlines the four sources of law - constitutions, statutes, case law, and administrative law. The document explains how conflicts between laws are resolved and compares criminal and civil laws as well as substantive and procedural law. Finally, it defines ethics and discusses civil disobedience in relation to ethical bases for laws.
Lis chapter 1
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Chapter 1 of a textbook about law. It discusses the stages in the growth of law, the differences between common and positive law, and the origin of the US legal system from English common law. It also outlines the four sources of law - constitutions, statutes, case law, and administrative law. The document explains how conflicts between laws are resolved and compares criminal and civil laws as well as substantive and procedural law. Finally, it defines ethics and discusses civil disobedience in relation to the ethical foundations of law.
Chapter 3
The document summarizes key aspects of the U.S. Constitution, including that it divides the national government into three branches, outlines their powers and interactions, and describes the relationship between federal and state governments. It also discusses the revolutionary roots of the Constitution and the transition from the Articles of Confederation to the final Constitution, including compromises reached at the Constitutional Convention.
Liberty Tree
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the US government as established by the Constitution. It describes the three branches of government - legislative, executive, and judicial - and their roles. It also explains the principles of separation of powers, checks and balances, and how the Constitution aims to protect individual rights while limiting government power.
ACC560 Week 3 Homework Chapter 4 Activity-Based Costing.docx
ACC560 Week 3 Homework:
Chapter 4: Activity-Based Costing
Constitutional Law
National Power and Federalism
~ Sixth Edition
~ Christopher N. May and Allan Ides
Judicial Review
§I. I INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
In the constitutional law course, we study the United States Constitution as it
has been interpreted and explained by the federal courts for more than 2 0 0
years. The Constitution itself is an amazingly short document. Stripped of its
amendments, the Constitution occupies fewer than a dozen pages in your
casebook. Even with its amendments, the document is barely 20 pages long.
Yet while the Constitution itself is extremely brief, the interpretation of it
can be exceedingly complex. The bulk of your constitutional law textbook
consists of cases in which a court-usually the U.S. Supreme Court-has
been asked to decide whether certain government decisions or practices
are invalid because they violate the requirements of the Constitution . This
process by which courts rule on the constitutionality of actions taken by
federal and state officials is known as judicial review.
Judicial review is the fountain of constitutional law. This is true for
several reasons. First, the process of judicial review has created the body
of reported decisions that we think of as the law of the Constitution. When we
wish to know whether or not the Constitution allows a particular govern-
mental practice, we usually look first to previous court decisions that have
interpreted the constitutional provisions in question. Without this steadily
accumulating body of case law, we would have little definitive guidance as
to the meaning of the Constitution.
Second, it is the process of judicial review that renders the Constitu tion
binding and enforceable as law. In the absence of judicial review, the Con-
stitution would be little more than a statement of normative principles and
I . judicial Review
ideals-similar to the Golden Rule or to the Universal Declaration of 2
Rights . Public officials w ould fmd it much easier to ignore the Cons ·
and statutes that were contrary to the Constitution might still be en:
Judicial review serves as a mechanism by which public officials m ay be -
pelled to perform their duties in accordance with the Constitution.
This chapter examines the doctrine of judicial review as it was r ~
oped by the Supreme Court in the early nineteenth century. In revie,•i.:::: -3
debate surrounding the legitimacy of this doctrine, we will see that:!l __ .
in the Constitution's text specifically authorizes the federal courts to ?"
the validity of actions taken by the other branches of the federal goye....~
or by the states. Yet the historical backdrop against which judicial ~e-.-,::
emerged makes clear that the doctrine is fully consistent with th e Fmc::
conception of a balanced democracy in which abuses of p ow er ·-·-
branch may be checked or prevented by actions of the coordinate bra.:::.
The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of RightsThe U.S. Constitutio.docx
The U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights
The U.S. Constitution is divided into seven separate articles, which are numbered using the Roman numerals I–VII. Each article has sections that define and clarify the article. The Constitution is approximately 4300 words in length. Each article outlines a basic function of government. Let's learn what these articles state.
When the U.S. Constitution was finalized, it was signed and sent to the states for ratification. The ratification process required 9 of the 13 states to agree to ratification before the U.S. Constitution was official. As a compromise with the antifederalists, the Bill of Right was conceived to allay their fears and to buy support for the ratification. After lengthy discussions among the states, in 1789, the Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution as the first ten amendments, which aimed at protecting the rights of the citizens of the newly formed United States of America. Today we cannot imagine the Constitution without the Bill of Rights. However, the original Constitution did not have the Bill of Rights until it was amended. Let's learn about the Bill of Rights.
The last amendment (Twenty-Seventh Amendment, limiting congressional pay increases) to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1992. Ratification occurs after three-fourths of the states vote for the amendment.
Congressional Outputs and Committee Work
Both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate has many committees and subcommittees. It is often stated that the real work of Congress is done in committee. This is where bills are initially assigned, debated, and amended. A bill can remain in committee and never emerge. Passing through a committee is a rite of passage for bills that become law. The main responsibilities of these committees are related to legislation, but there are other committees that have other outputs. Let's learn about the different types of congressional committees.
Legislation that reaches the U.S. House or the U.S. Senate is referred to a committee, depending on congressional law and procedures. It can go to the standing committee or a subcommittee, where the initial work is done on the legislation. After the hearings are complete, the bill undergoes a markup (or changes that have occurred to the bill as a result of the work of the subcommittee). If the bill is accepted by the subcommittee, it goes to the standing committee for a vote or further hearings. If ultimately passed by both houses of Congress the bill must be reconciled between the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate so that both legislative bodies pass exactly the same bill.
The U.S. Court System
The judicial branch of the U.S. government was created by Article III of the U.S. Constitution. At the time of the signing of the Constitution, there was no federal court system and the states had control over the loosely interpreted rule of law. The shaping of the judiciary was left to Congress, which decided the number of justice.
sources of law
The document discusses the sources of law. It identifies the key formal sources of law as legislation, judicial precedents, and treaties. Legislation includes acts passed by parliament and subordinate legislation. Judicial precedents refer to binding case law from superior courts. Material sources that influence legal development include customs, standards of justice, and juristic writings. Non-formal sources lack formal recognition but can still persuade, such as customs, equity, and public policy. Scholars have debated the terminology around "sources of law" and whether it refers to the authority, knowledge, causes, or organs of law.
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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- 2. History of Law Codify means to compile, arrange, systemize, and write the laws of a given region into a code. Civil law is the body of law imposed by the state or government for its citizens. Common law refers to the body of law based on custom and judicial precedent rather than on codified statutes.
- 3. Sources of Law Constitutional Law: consists of a body of rules created by federal and state constitutions › The United States Constitution: sets forth the three principal branches of the federal government, outlines their jurisdictions, and expresses the basic rights of U.S. citizens › The Texas Constitution: supreme law of Texas and establishes the fundamental legal rights of its citizens Statutory Law: written law enacted by federal and state legislative bodies › Federal Laws: created by a process involving the Congress and the U.S. president › Texas Laws: codified into volumes called Vernon’s Annotated Texas Statutes
- 4. Sources of Law (continued) Administrative Law: written rules and regulations adopted by governmental agencies to enable the agencies to carry out their regulatory duties › Municipal Ordinances: Once a state statute becomes law, ordinances may be enacted by agencies at the local level. Common Law: based on the decisions of judges in previous cases Categories of Law Civil Law: deals with private offenses, such as violations of contracts and failure of professional duty › Areas of Law Criminal Law: concerns wrongs against persons or society
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