Downloaded 18 times
More Related Content
Tumor Immunity
- 1. TUMOR IMMUNITY BY – DeepakSakhuja M.Sc. Biotechnology
- 2. What is Tumorand its common types? ■ Cells that give rise to clones of cells that can expand in an uncontrolled manner will produce tumor or neoplasm. – Benign Tumor – A tumor that is not capable of indefinite growth and does not invade the healthy surrounding tissue. – Malignant Tumor – A tumor continues to grow and becomes progressively more invasive. They also exhibit metastasis. TYPES OF TUMOR ORIGIN OCCURE NCE Carcinomas Epithelial such as skin, gut or epithelial lining of internal organs and glands 80-90% Leukaemia, Lymphomas and Myelomas Hematopoietic cells derived from bone marrow 9% Sarcomas Mesodermal connective tissue such as bone, fat and cartilage 1%
- 3. Image. Source –Owen, Punt, Stranford: Kuby Immunology: Seventh Edition: Tumor Immunology: Pg:628
- 4. CAUSES OF TUMOR ■DNA alterations due to chemical agents (such as DDT, EtBr, Formaldehyde, etc.), physical agents (such as asbestos) and ionizing radiation (such as UV light, X rays etc.). They collectively called CARCINOGENS ■ Infection of certain viruses which has the ability to integrated in the host genome. EFFECT OF CARCINOGENS AND VIRAL INFECTION ON NORMAL GENES: ■ Conversion of proto-oncogene into cellular oncogene ■ Inhibition of anti-oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. ■ Inhibition of apoptotic genes Image. Source – Owen, Punt, Stranford: Kuby Immunology: Seventh Edition: Tumor Immunology: Pg:630
- 5. What is TumorImmunology and its Goals? ■ Tumor immunology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology that is concerned with understanding the role of the immune system in the progression and development of cancer. GOALS To elucidate the immunologic relationship between the host and the tumor. To use the immune response to tumors for the purpose of diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy.
- 6. TUMOR ANTIGENS ■ Tumorantigen is an antigenic substance produced in or on tumor cells and it triggers the immune response. They fulfil the criteria to be immunogenic. HOW ONE’S BODY DIFFERNTIATE BETWEEN THE TUMOR CELLS AND NORMAL CELLS ? Image. Source – Owen, Punt, Stranford: Kuby Immunology: Seventh Edition: Tumor Immunology: Pg:636
- 7. CATEGORIES OF TUMORANTIGENS CATEGORIES EXPRESSION IN NORMAL CELLS TYPE OFANTIGENS NAME OFANTIGENS TYPES OF CANCER Tumor Associated Antigens or Normal Cellular Gene Products Embryonic Oncofetal antigens • MAGE – 1 • MAGE – 2 • CEA • Several • Several • Lung, Colon, Stomach Differentiation • Normal intracellular enzymes • Oncoprotein • Carbohydrate • AFP • PSA • Tyrosinase • HER – 2/ neu • Lewis • Liver • Prostate • Melanoma • Breast • Lymphoma Clonal amplification Immunoglobulin idiotype • Specific antibody of B cell clone • Lymphoma TUMOR SPECIFIC ANTIGENS • Mutant Cellular Gene Products (Point Mutations) • Viral Gene Products - • Oncogene Product • Suppressor Gene Product • CDK • Nuclear protein • Mutant RAS proteins • Mutant p53 • Mutant CDK-4 • HPV:L1, E6, E7 • Several • Several • Melanoma • Cervical
- 8. EFFECTOR MECHANISMS IN TUMORIMMUNITY EFFECTOR MECHANISM COMMENTS Antibodies and B cells (complement – mediated lysis, opsonisation) Role in tumor immunity poorly understood. T cells (cytolysis, apoptosis) Critical for rejection of virally and chemically induced tumor. NK cells Tumor cells not expressing one of the MHC class 1 alleles are effectively rejected by NK cells. Lymphokine Activated Killer Cells (cytolysis, apoptosis) Antitumor responses seen in certain human cancers following adoptive transfer of LAK cells Macrophages and neutrophils Can be activated by bacterial products to destroy or inhibit tumor cell growth Cytokines Growth inhibition can occur using adoptively transferred tumor cells transfected with certain cytokines
- 9. IMMUNODIAGNOSIS OF TUMORS ■Immunodiagnosis of tumors is a diagnosis of tumor based on immunologic cross reactivity and antigen-antibody reactions. GOALS The immunologic detection of antigens specific to tumor cells. The assessment of the host’s immune response to the tumor.
- 10. PROCEDURES FOR DETECTION DETECTIONTECHNIQUETYPE OF CARCINOMA LEVEL OF INDICATOR Detection of Myeloma proteins Plasma cellTumors Presence of light chains of immunoglobulins in urine or abnormal high concentration of monoclonal immunoglobulin in serum Detection of Alpha Fetoprotein Liver Cancer, Ovarian and Testicular embryonal carcinoma. High concentration of alpha FP in patients generally present in feral serum not normal adult. Detection carcinoembryonic antigen Colon cancer High concentration CEA in blood: more than 2.5 ng/ml Detection of prostate specific antigen Prostate Cancer Concentration more than 8ng/ml in blood Cancer antigen 125 Ovarian Cancer Increase concentration of CA- 125 in serum
- 11. TUMOR IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS ■ Cancerimmunoprophylaxis is the prevention of cancer onset with immunological means such as vaccines, immunostimulators or antibodies of: – Sub lethal doses of live tumor cells – Tumor cells in which replication has blocked – Tumor cells with enzymatically modified surface membranes – Extracts of antigens from the surface of tumor cells ■ Despite these reported successes in the protection of experimental animals, the efficacy of immunoprophylaxis for humans and animals still need to be studied.
- 12. TUMOR IMMUNOTHERAPY ■ Cancerimmunotherapy, also known as immun-ocology, is a form of cancer treatment that uses the power of the body’s own immune system to prevent, target, control and eliminate cancer. Procedures Active Immuniz ation Adoptive cell transfer Tumor- infecting virus Passive Therapy with antibodies Cytokines Adjuvants Cancer Vaccines (BCG)
- 13. REFERNCES ■ Owen, Punt,Stranford: Kuby Immunology: Seventh Edition: Tumor Immunology: Pg; 627-648 ■ Richard Coico, Geoffrey Sunshine Eli Benjamini: Immunology- A Short Course: Fifth Edition: Tumor Immunity: Pg;273-285 ■ www.Wikipedia.com/Tumorantigens ■ American Journal of Pathology ■ www.sciencedirect.com ■ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ■ www.cancerresearch.org
- 14.