TRYPANOSOMA.pptx
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Trypanosoma is a parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. There are two species that cause this disease: T. gambiense, found in central Africa which causes Gambian fever and African sleeping sickness, and T. rhodesiense, found in southern and east Africa and causes Rhodesiense sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma has a complex life cycle involving two hosts, humans and the tsetse fly. It is transmitted between hosts through the bite of an infected tsetse fly or through its feces. In the human host, the parasites multiply in the bloodstream before changing form to prepare for transmission to the tsetse fly.
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بالطبع! يبدو أنك تبحث عن معلومات حول الأمراض المعروفة باسم Leishmaniasis و Trypanosomiasis. إليك نبذة عن كل منهما بالإنجليزية:
1. **Leishmaniasis:**
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the Leishmania genus. It is transmitted through the bite of infected sandflies. The disease manifests in three main forms: cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Cutaneous leishmaniasis presents with skin sores, while mucocutaneous leishmaniasis affects the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, and throat. Visceral leishmaniasis, also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form, affecting internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Symptoms include prolonged fever, weight loss, and enlargement of the spleen and liver. Leishmaniasis is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions, particularly in countries with poor socioeconomic conditions.
2. **Trypanosomiasis:**
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هل تحتاج إلى مزيد من التفاصيل حول أي من هذه الأمراض؟
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1. Protozoa are single-celled microscopic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They cause diseases by multiplying within human hosts through fecal-oral transmission or an arthropod vector.
2. There are two main types of parasitic protozoa: ectoparasites found on the host's body and endoparasites found within the host. Their life cycles can be either monogenetic within one host or digenetic requiring two hosts.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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بالطبع! يبدو أنك تبحث عن معلومات حول الأمراض المعروفة باسم Leishmaniasis و Trypanosomiasis. إليك نبذة عن كل منهما بالإنجليزية:
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هل تحتاج إلى مزيد من التفاصيل حول أي من هذه الأمراض؟
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There are two types of trypanosomiasis that affect humans: African trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies, and American trypanosomiasis or Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by kissing bugs. African trypanosomiasis causes symptoms like disturbed sleep patterns and is fatal without treatment. American trypanosomiasis has an acute stage with mild symptoms and a chronic stage that can cause heart damage like dilated cardiomyopathy. Both diseases are diagnosed via blood smears and serology to detect the parasites, and treated with drugs like pentamidine, suramin, or benz
Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosomiasis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Trypanosoma. The document discusses the characteristics, life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical features of three main species that infect humans: T. brucei gambiense which causes West African sleeping sickness; T. brucei rhodesiense which causes East African sleeping sickness; and T. cruzi which causes Chagas disease. Key points covered include the morphologic forms of the parasites, their multi-host life cycles requiring both human and insect hosts, methods of laboratory diagnosis, and treatment approaches for the different stages of disease.
Protozoa and disease
1. Protozoa are single-celled microscopic organisms that can be free-living or parasitic. They cause diseases by multiplying within human hosts through fecal-oral transmission or an arthropod vector.
2. There are two main types of parasitic protozoa: ectoparasites found on the host's body and endoparasites found within the host. Their life cycles can be either monogenetic within one host or digenetic requiring two hosts.
3. Common pathogenic protozoa include Entamoeba histolytica causing amoebic dysentery, Trypanosoma gambiense causing African sleeping sickness, and Plasmodium vivax causing malaria. They
Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
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TRYPANOSOMA.pptx
- 2. PHYLUM- Protozoa. CLASS- Mastigophora. ORDER- Protomonadina. GENUS- Trypanosoma.
- 3. Trypanosoma is a parasite which causes disease in human beings. It causes sleeping sickness in humans in which patient looses consciousness and becomes weak mentally sleeping sickness in man is caused by 2 species of Trypanosoma. They are-
- 4. Trypanosoma gambiense-It causes gambian fever and African sleeping sickness. It is found in central Africa. Trypanosoma rhodesiense-It is found in southern southern east coast of Africa and causes rhodesiense sleeping sickness.
- 7. Trypanosoma is a digenetic parasite it completes its life cycle in 2 hosts. The primary host is man and intermediate host is Tse -Tse fly. The life cycle is complex because animal is polymorphic and passes through different stages.
- 8. Infectious stages are transmitted to 1 host (man). Either by inoculation in the blood or by infective faeces during bite of Tse- Tse fly. The fly release meta-cyclic form of trypanosoma into blood stream. In blood these becomes long and slender form, they actively multiply by binary fission . After multiplication, they shrink to short stumpy form which are devoid of free flagellum During this transformat, the short and stumpy forms are unable to feed, simply die unless they are sucked up by intermediate host.
- 9. When tse-tse fly sucks the blood of infected person some of shumpy forms are also sucked up during feeding and reach the midgut where they multiply again by longitudinal binary fission. Later the long slender forms, formed by fission make their way into the salivary gland where they metamorphose into forms, with shortened body. These are characterized by shorter flagella & the kinestome comes in front of nucleus. Finally produce meta-cycle forms which is ready to infect a new 1 host.
- 10. S