Language is the means by which a patient accesses the health care system, learns about services, and makes decisions about her or his health behavior. Language is also the means by which the health care provider accesses a patient’s beliefs about health and illness, and thus creates an opportunity to address and reconcile different belief systems. In essence, communication between nurses and patients is the heart of nursing care. Communication between patients and chemists is also key to their access to healthcare. Such patients visit chemist for self medication or to procure medicine for themselves or their families. The multilingual situation in Kenya and many African countries can complicate communication between healthcare providers and their patients. Such complications can cause language barriers that can impair access to healthcare. This is due to low literacy levels and challenges in understanding languages of wider communication such as English and Kiswahili for the case of Kenya. Under these circumstances, translation and interpretation become key to alleviating or eliminating communication barriers. This paper discuses linguistic challenges in access to healthcare in Kenya and proposes translation and interpretation as a way of dealing with the challenges. It argues that in a highly multilingual situation as is the case in Kenya, Translation and interpretation is a significant way of addressing challenges in medical access.
Introduction
The discourse about access to healthcare has revol
From Social Media English to Academic English Analysis of Surface Errors in U...ijtsrd
The study investigated the effects of university students’ social media linguistic practices on their academic communication. Specifically, it was concerned with their ability to recognize and keep to the formal informal styles of communication effortlessly. Questionnaires, containing natural sample social media chats and containing varied informal features authored by university students, were used as the main data collection instruments. Findings revealed that most of the respondents are unable to transition between the formal – informal divide successfully. Among the micro level writing errors investigated, punctuation errors were seen to be pervasive, and followed, in the order, by contracted forms, capitalisation, word choice and spelling. The study recommends that equal emphasis be placed on the teaching of lower order academic writing concerns by relevant academic departments or centres. Joyce S. A. Anku | Abraham Kwadwo Okrah "From Social Media English to Academic English: Analysis of Surface Errors in Undergraduate ESL Students’ Writing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38169.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38169/from-social-media-english-to-academic-english-analysis-of-surface-errors-in-undergraduate-esl-students’-writing/joyce-s-a-anku
From Social Media English to Academic English Analysis of Surface Errors in U...ijtsrd
The study investigated the effects of university students’ social media linguistic practices on their academic communication. Specifically, it was concerned with their ability to recognize and keep to the formal informal styles of communication effortlessly. Questionnaires, containing natural sample social media chats and containing varied informal features authored by university students, were used as the main data collection instruments. Findings revealed that most of the respondents are unable to transition between the formal – informal divide successfully. Among the micro level writing errors investigated, punctuation errors were seen to be pervasive, and followed, in the order, by contracted forms, capitalisation, word choice and spelling. The study recommends that equal emphasis be placed on the teaching of lower order academic writing concerns by relevant academic departments or centres. Joyce S. A. Anku | Abraham Kwadwo Okrah "From Social Media English to Academic English: Analysis of Surface Errors in Undergraduate ESL Students’ Writing" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38169.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/english/38169/from-social-media-english-to-academic-english-analysis-of-surface-errors-in-undergraduate-esl-students’-writing/joyce-s-a-anku
Nurse Education Today 87 (2020) 104348
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nurse Education Today
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nedt
Clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural communication T competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students: A qualitative study
Pia Hagqvista,b, Ashlee Oikarainena, Anna-Maria Tuomikoskia, Jonna Juntunena, Kristina Mikkonena,⁎
a Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland b Healthcare Unit, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Finland
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Clinical practice
Intercultural communication Competence
Cultural and linguistic diversity Nurse
Mentor
Student
ABSTRACT
Background: Intercultural communication has become increasingly important in nursing due to the cross-border mobility of patients, health professionals and students. Development of cultural competence continues to be a challenge, particularly among professionals such as educators or healthcare providers who work in professions requiring communication across cultural boundaries. Despite challenges in nursing education related to cultural diversity, competence in intercultural communication has been proven to empower students and to help them grow professionally.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural commu- nication competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students during completion of their clinical practice.
Design: Qualitative study design.
Participants: The participants were 12 nurses who had previously mentored at least two culturally and lin- guistically diverse nursing students.
Methods: Data were collected during spring 2016 using semi-structured interviews of 12 mentors working in specialized nursing care at one hospital located in central Finland. Data were analyzed using deductive-inductive content analysis. The main concepts of the Integrated Model of Intercultural Communication Competence were used during the semi-structured theme interviews and during analysis. These concepts include empathy, moti- vation, global attitude, intercultural experience and interaction involvement.
Results: Mentors stated that empathy motivates them in the development of intercultural communication. Mentors experienced a lack of resources and support from their superiors, which caused psychological and ethical strain and reduced mentors' motivation. Mentors openly admitted that they had experienced fear towards unknown cultures, but that this fear was reduced through positive mentoring experiences and cultural en- counters.
Conclusions: Continuous education on intercultural communication competence could succeed to further de- velop clinical mentors' mentoring expertise, which could have the potential to greatly benefit students, patients and staff. Such education could be designed, implemented and measured for its effect in co.
Lack of a family medicine system in Kurdistan Region: Challenges and solutionsAI Publications
Background: Family medicine can play a significant role in monitoring, enhancing, and maintaining public health in the community. This field is still in its initial stage in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; therefore, it is faced with several challenges. The present study was carried out in order to figure out the challenges and solutions to them in family medicine in Erbil, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods: The present descriptive qualitative study was carried out in Erbil from September to December 2019 on 16 individuals who worked in Kurdistan parliament, ministry of health, general directorate, health sector, and private and public hospitals. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out in order to gather data on their lived experience. The collected data were analyzed through van Manen’s method, and relevant themes and subthemes were extracted. Results: Data analysis led to emergence of three main themes of “past status of family medicine”, “present status of family medicine”, and “future status of family medicine”. The first main theme had two subtheme, namely “lack of family medicine” and “primary health care centers”. The second main theme also had two subthemes, namely “the beginning stage” and “family medicine centers”. The third main theme also had two subthemes, namely “family medicine objectives” and “strategy planning measures”. Conclusion: Family medicine in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is still in its early stage; therefore, there are several challenges and issues which can be resolved as a result of cooperation between the Ministry of Health, universities of medicine in the region, and the parliament of Kurdistan.
Careif ps culturally adapted interventions in mental health. series 1MrBiswas
CAREIF GLOBAL POSITION STATEMENT; CULTURALLY ADAPTED INTERVENTIONS IN MENTAL HEALTH:
Cultural adaptation is ‘the systematic modification of an evidence-based treatment (EBT) or intervention (EBI) protocol to consider language, culture, and context in such a way that it is compatible with the individual’s cultural patterns, meanings, and values’ (Bernal, et al., 2009). Cultural adaptation of an EBI would need to incorporate cultural competence, intelligence and cultural sensitivity, as these would guide the adaptation process. Falicov (2009) described cultural adaptations to evidence-based interventions (EBIs) as procedures that maintain fidelity to the core elements of EBI while also adding certain cultural content to the intervention or its methods of engagement. We would also suggest that the success of such an adaptation should emulate, at least, the effectiveness of the original intervention (Rathod et al., 2015).
http://careif.org/culturally-adapted-interventions-in-mental-health-global-position-statement/
Topic 3 DQ 1 reply to SylviaCultural competence is a crit.docxadkinspaige22
Topic 3 DQ 1 reply to
Sylvia
Cultural competence is a critical skill needed among healthcare practitioners. The patient in the case is John from Congo. The Democratic Republic of Congo is a country in Africa endowed with various resources and recurring epidemics such as Ebola. The culture is highly tied to strong family structures. Language differences from cultural differences negatively impact health literacy. Therefore, it is incumbent upon health care professions to deliver health care information that the patient can easily comprehend.
Often, patient education materials are written in advanced reading levels that non-native English speakers may find it difficult to comprehend. One of the strategies is the use of visual aids. Not only do visual aids promote active interaction, but visual aids also aid in visual learners. The health care practitioners can point to some of the body parts that are complex to understand. The effect of the disease can also be explained from visual charts, videos, or models. A simulation in necessary instances is also essential. For patients speaking English as a second language, the health care professions can speak slowly and use simple sentences.
References
Ali, P. A., & Watson, R. (2018). Language barriers and their impact on providing care to patients with limited English proficiency: Nurses' perspectives.
Journal of Clinical Nursing
,
27
(5-6), e1152-e1160.
Brottman, M. R., Char, D. M., Hattori, R. A., Heeb, R., & Taff, S. D. (2020). Toward cultural competency in health care: A scoping review of the diversity and inclusion education literature.
Academic Medicine
,
95
(5), 803-813.
Schram, S., Loeb, J. A., & Song, F. (2020). Disease propagation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): an interplay between genetics and environment.
Journal of Neuroinflammation
,
17
(1), 1-7.
Topic 3 DQ 1 reply to Debra
In order to care for a patient and effectively educated them on their treatment, the healthcare professional needs to have an understanding of their culture, beliefs and attitudes of that individual. Lack of understanding of the cultural differences or ignoring a patients beliefs, values or attitudes can impede the learning process, which can result in nonadherence of the treatment. Although all cultures possess different styles of beliefs, views or practices, it is important not to stereotype, since everyone develops their own style of practices(Falvo, 2011).
Providing care to a patient that is a Muslim and of Islamic faith the healthcare professional should understanding that their faith can influence decision-making, health practices and family dynamics. Some important differences of a Muslim could be their diet, ideas of modesty, privacy and touch restrictions. During the interview the healthcare provider should determine if they have a good understanding of English. Do they need a translator phone, or would they prefer having a family member translate. It would be important to know th.
This presentation covers the current lack of diversity in the field of speech-language pathology, the potential impacts of this lack of diversity, as well as suggested remedies.
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent .docxvickeryr87
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent health care, broadly defined as services that are respectful of and responsive to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients, is increasingly viewed as essential in reducing racial and ethnic disparities, improving health care quality, and controlling costs. The U.S. government considers cultural competence as a method of increasing access to quality care for all patients. The aim should be to develop systems more responsive to diverse populations. Managed care organizations view cultural competence as driving both quality and business. By embedding cultural competence strategies into quality improvement initiatives to make care more efficient and effective, clinical outcomes are improved while costs are controlled. Those in academic settings agree that cultural competency education is crucial for preparing future health care workers, although appropriate education on the topic is provided in only half of the medical schools in the United States (Betancourt, Green, Carrillo, & Park, 2005). According to the Office of Minority Health, cultural competence refers to the ability of health care providers and organizations to understand and respond effectively to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients (Office of Minority Health, 2001). Cultural competence encompasses a wide range of activities and considerations. It includes providing respectful care that is consistent with cultural health beliefs of the clients and family members. Competent interpreter services and programs to promote staff diversity are other ways in which health care organizations can increase cultural competence (Clancy & Stryer, 2001). Because communication is a cornerstone of patient safety and quality care, every patient has the right to receive information in a manner he or she understands. Effective communication allows patients to participate more fully in their care. Communicating effectively with patients is also critical to the informed consent process and helps practitioners and hospitals give the best possible care. For communication to be effective, the information provided must be complete, accurate, timely, unambiguous, and understood by the patient. Many patients of varying circumstances require alternative communication methods: patients who speak and/or read languages other than English; patients who have limited literacy in any language; patients who have visual or hearing impairments; patients on ventilators; patients with cognitive impairments; and children. The hospital has many options available to assist in communication with these individuals, such as interpreters, translated written materials, pen and paper, communication boards, and speech therapy. It is up to the hospital to determine which method is the best for each patient. Various laws, regulations, and guidelines are relevant to the use of interpreters. These include Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964; Executive Order .
Sheet1Year of ImplementationStrategies for Implementation and Anti.docxmaoanderton
Sheet1Year of ImplementationStrategies for Implementation and Anticipated ChallengesCLAS StandardYear 1 Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5123456789101112131415
National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically
Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care
The National CLAS Standards are intended to advance health equity, improve quality, and help eliminate health care
disparities by establishing a blueprint for health and health care organizations to:
Principal Standard:
1. Provide effective, equitable, understandable, and respectful quality care and services that are responsive to diverse
cultural health beliefs and practices, preferred languages, health literacy, and other communication needs.
Governance, Leadership, and Workforce:
2. Advance and sustain organizational governance and leadership that promotes CLAS and health equity through policy,
practices, and allocated resources.
3. Recruit, promote, and support a culturally and linguistically diverse governance, leadership, and workforce that are
responsive to the population in the service area.
4. Educate and train governance, leadership, and workforce in culturally and linguistically appropriate policies and
practices on an ongoing basis.
Communication and Language Assistance:
5. Offer language assistance to individuals who have limited English proficiency and/or other communication needs, at
no cost to them, to facilitate timely access to all health care and services.
6. Inform all individuals of the availability of language assistance services clearly and in their preferred language,
verbally and in writing.
7. Ensure the competence of individuals providing language assistance, recognizing that the use of untrained individuals
and/or minors as interpreters should be avoided.
8. Provide easy-to-understand print and multimedia materials and signage in the languages commonly used by the
populations in the service area.
Engagement, Continuous Improvement, and Accountability:
9. Establish culturally and linguistically appropriate goals, policies, and management accountability, and infuse them
throughout the organization’s planning and operations.
10. Conduct ongoing assessments of the organization’s CLAS-related activities and integrate CLAS-related measures into
measurement and continuous quality improvement activities.
11. Collect and maintain accurate and reliable demographic data to monitor and evaluate the impact of CLAS on health
equity and outcomes and to inform service delivery.
12. Conduct regular assessments of community health assets and needs and use the results to plan and implement
services that respond to the cultural and linguistic diversity of populations in the service area.
13. Partner with the community to design, implement, and evaluate policies, practices, and services to ensure cultural
and linguistic appropriateness.
14. Create conflict and grievance resolution processes that are culturally and linguistical.
Lois Wessel - Communicating with your ClientsPlain Talk 2015
"Communicating with your Clients: Tools for Health and Social Service Providers" was presented at the Center for Health Literacy Conference 2011: Plain Talk In Complex Times by Lois Wessel, RN, CFNP, Associate Director for Programs, Association of Clinicians for the Underserved.
Description: This session will discuss how professionals who interact with clients with limited literacy can make their institution, office setting, forms and face-to-face interactions understandable and welcoming to clients with low health literacy. The session will consider how language, culture and literacy come together and can potentially cause barriers to communication and will look at strategies to prevent and overcome these barriers.
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxtodd521
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac.
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac ...
Buyer supplier development is important to organizations in management of contracts by minimizing operation costs in order to increase firm performance. However, the increasing number of complaints regarding failed attempts to deliver goods and services at the right time has made it impossible for some governmental projects to be completed at the stipulated time. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of supplier buyer development on performance of contract management unit in Uasin Gishu County Government.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
More Related Content
Similar to Translation and interpretation studies in sustainable development dealing with linguistic barriers in medicare in kenya
Nurse Education Today 87 (2020) 104348
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nurse Education Today
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nedt
Clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural communication T competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students: A qualitative study
Pia Hagqvista,b, Ashlee Oikarainena, Anna-Maria Tuomikoskia, Jonna Juntunena, Kristina Mikkonena,⁎
a Research Unit of Nursing Science and Health Management, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland b Healthcare Unit, Centria University of Applied Sciences, Finland
ARTICLE INFO
Keywords:
Clinical practice
Intercultural communication Competence
Cultural and linguistic diversity Nurse
Mentor
Student
ABSTRACT
Background: Intercultural communication has become increasingly important in nursing due to the cross-border mobility of patients, health professionals and students. Development of cultural competence continues to be a challenge, particularly among professionals such as educators or healthcare providers who work in professions requiring communication across cultural boundaries. Despite challenges in nursing education related to cultural diversity, competence in intercultural communication has been proven to empower students and to help them grow professionally.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe clinical mentors' experiences of their intercultural commu- nication competence in mentoring culturally and linguistically diverse nursing students during completion of their clinical practice.
Design: Qualitative study design.
Participants: The participants were 12 nurses who had previously mentored at least two culturally and lin- guistically diverse nursing students.
Methods: Data were collected during spring 2016 using semi-structured interviews of 12 mentors working in specialized nursing care at one hospital located in central Finland. Data were analyzed using deductive-inductive content analysis. The main concepts of the Integrated Model of Intercultural Communication Competence were used during the semi-structured theme interviews and during analysis. These concepts include empathy, moti- vation, global attitude, intercultural experience and interaction involvement.
Results: Mentors stated that empathy motivates them in the development of intercultural communication. Mentors experienced a lack of resources and support from their superiors, which caused psychological and ethical strain and reduced mentors' motivation. Mentors openly admitted that they had experienced fear towards unknown cultures, but that this fear was reduced through positive mentoring experiences and cultural en- counters.
Conclusions: Continuous education on intercultural communication competence could succeed to further de- velop clinical mentors' mentoring expertise, which could have the potential to greatly benefit students, patients and staff. Such education could be designed, implemented and measured for its effect in co.
Lack of a family medicine system in Kurdistan Region: Challenges and solutionsAI Publications
Background: Family medicine can play a significant role in monitoring, enhancing, and maintaining public health in the community. This field is still in its initial stage in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq; therefore, it is faced with several challenges. The present study was carried out in order to figure out the challenges and solutions to them in family medicine in Erbil, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods: The present descriptive qualitative study was carried out in Erbil from September to December 2019 on 16 individuals who worked in Kurdistan parliament, ministry of health, general directorate, health sector, and private and public hospitals. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were carried out in order to gather data on their lived experience. The collected data were analyzed through van Manen’s method, and relevant themes and subthemes were extracted. Results: Data analysis led to emergence of three main themes of “past status of family medicine”, “present status of family medicine”, and “future status of family medicine”. The first main theme had two subtheme, namely “lack of family medicine” and “primary health care centers”. The second main theme also had two subthemes, namely “the beginning stage” and “family medicine centers”. The third main theme also had two subthemes, namely “family medicine objectives” and “strategy planning measures”. Conclusion: Family medicine in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is still in its early stage; therefore, there are several challenges and issues which can be resolved as a result of cooperation between the Ministry of Health, universities of medicine in the region, and the parliament of Kurdistan.
Careif ps culturally adapted interventions in mental health. series 1MrBiswas
CAREIF GLOBAL POSITION STATEMENT; CULTURALLY ADAPTED INTERVENTIONS IN MENTAL HEALTH:
Cultural adaptation is ‘the systematic modification of an evidence-based treatment (EBT) or intervention (EBI) protocol to consider language, culture, and context in such a way that it is compatible with the individual’s cultural patterns, meanings, and values’ (Bernal, et al., 2009). Cultural adaptation of an EBI would need to incorporate cultural competence, intelligence and cultural sensitivity, as these would guide the adaptation process. Falicov (2009) described cultural adaptations to evidence-based interventions (EBIs) as procedures that maintain fidelity to the core elements of EBI while also adding certain cultural content to the intervention or its methods of engagement. We would also suggest that the success of such an adaptation should emulate, at least, the effectiveness of the original intervention (Rathod et al., 2015).
http://careif.org/culturally-adapted-interventions-in-mental-health-global-position-statement/
Topic 3 DQ 1 reply to SylviaCultural competence is a crit.docxadkinspaige22
Topic 3 DQ 1 reply to
Sylvia
Cultural competence is a critical skill needed among healthcare practitioners. The patient in the case is John from Congo. The Democratic Republic of Congo is a country in Africa endowed with various resources and recurring epidemics such as Ebola. The culture is highly tied to strong family structures. Language differences from cultural differences negatively impact health literacy. Therefore, it is incumbent upon health care professions to deliver health care information that the patient can easily comprehend.
Often, patient education materials are written in advanced reading levels that non-native English speakers may find it difficult to comprehend. One of the strategies is the use of visual aids. Not only do visual aids promote active interaction, but visual aids also aid in visual learners. The health care practitioners can point to some of the body parts that are complex to understand. The effect of the disease can also be explained from visual charts, videos, or models. A simulation in necessary instances is also essential. For patients speaking English as a second language, the health care professions can speak slowly and use simple sentences.
References
Ali, P. A., & Watson, R. (2018). Language barriers and their impact on providing care to patients with limited English proficiency: Nurses' perspectives.
Journal of Clinical Nursing
,
27
(5-6), e1152-e1160.
Brottman, M. R., Char, D. M., Hattori, R. A., Heeb, R., & Taff, S. D. (2020). Toward cultural competency in health care: A scoping review of the diversity and inclusion education literature.
Academic Medicine
,
95
(5), 803-813.
Schram, S., Loeb, J. A., & Song, F. (2020). Disease propagation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): an interplay between genetics and environment.
Journal of Neuroinflammation
,
17
(1), 1-7.
Topic 3 DQ 1 reply to Debra
In order to care for a patient and effectively educated them on their treatment, the healthcare professional needs to have an understanding of their culture, beliefs and attitudes of that individual. Lack of understanding of the cultural differences or ignoring a patients beliefs, values or attitudes can impede the learning process, which can result in nonadherence of the treatment. Although all cultures possess different styles of beliefs, views or practices, it is important not to stereotype, since everyone develops their own style of practices(Falvo, 2011).
Providing care to a patient that is a Muslim and of Islamic faith the healthcare professional should understanding that their faith can influence decision-making, health practices and family dynamics. Some important differences of a Muslim could be their diet, ideas of modesty, privacy and touch restrictions. During the interview the healthcare provider should determine if they have a good understanding of English. Do they need a translator phone, or would they prefer having a family member translate. It would be important to know th.
This presentation covers the current lack of diversity in the field of speech-language pathology, the potential impacts of this lack of diversity, as well as suggested remedies.
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent .docxvickeryr87
Defining a Culturally Competent Organization Culturally competent health care, broadly defined as services that are respectful of and responsive to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients, is increasingly viewed as essential in reducing racial and ethnic disparities, improving health care quality, and controlling costs. The U.S. government considers cultural competence as a method of increasing access to quality care for all patients. The aim should be to develop systems more responsive to diverse populations. Managed care organizations view cultural competence as driving both quality and business. By embedding cultural competence strategies into quality improvement initiatives to make care more efficient and effective, clinical outcomes are improved while costs are controlled. Those in academic settings agree that cultural competency education is crucial for preparing future health care workers, although appropriate education on the topic is provided in only half of the medical schools in the United States (Betancourt, Green, Carrillo, & Park, 2005). According to the Office of Minority Health, cultural competence refers to the ability of health care providers and organizations to understand and respond effectively to the cultural and linguistic needs of patients (Office of Minority Health, 2001). Cultural competence encompasses a wide range of activities and considerations. It includes providing respectful care that is consistent with cultural health beliefs of the clients and family members. Competent interpreter services and programs to promote staff diversity are other ways in which health care organizations can increase cultural competence (Clancy & Stryer, 2001). Because communication is a cornerstone of patient safety and quality care, every patient has the right to receive information in a manner he or she understands. Effective communication allows patients to participate more fully in their care. Communicating effectively with patients is also critical to the informed consent process and helps practitioners and hospitals give the best possible care. For communication to be effective, the information provided must be complete, accurate, timely, unambiguous, and understood by the patient. Many patients of varying circumstances require alternative communication methods: patients who speak and/or read languages other than English; patients who have limited literacy in any language; patients who have visual or hearing impairments; patients on ventilators; patients with cognitive impairments; and children. The hospital has many options available to assist in communication with these individuals, such as interpreters, translated written materials, pen and paper, communication boards, and speech therapy. It is up to the hospital to determine which method is the best for each patient. Various laws, regulations, and guidelines are relevant to the use of interpreters. These include Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964; Executive Order .
Sheet1Year of ImplementationStrategies for Implementation and Anti.docxmaoanderton
Sheet1Year of ImplementationStrategies for Implementation and Anticipated ChallengesCLAS StandardYear 1 Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5123456789101112131415
National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically
Appropriate Services (CLAS) in Health and Health Care
The National CLAS Standards are intended to advance health equity, improve quality, and help eliminate health care
disparities by establishing a blueprint for health and health care organizations to:
Principal Standard:
1. Provide effective, equitable, understandable, and respectful quality care and services that are responsive to diverse
cultural health beliefs and practices, preferred languages, health literacy, and other communication needs.
Governance, Leadership, and Workforce:
2. Advance and sustain organizational governance and leadership that promotes CLAS and health equity through policy,
practices, and allocated resources.
3. Recruit, promote, and support a culturally and linguistically diverse governance, leadership, and workforce that are
responsive to the population in the service area.
4. Educate and train governance, leadership, and workforce in culturally and linguistically appropriate policies and
practices on an ongoing basis.
Communication and Language Assistance:
5. Offer language assistance to individuals who have limited English proficiency and/or other communication needs, at
no cost to them, to facilitate timely access to all health care and services.
6. Inform all individuals of the availability of language assistance services clearly and in their preferred language,
verbally and in writing.
7. Ensure the competence of individuals providing language assistance, recognizing that the use of untrained individuals
and/or minors as interpreters should be avoided.
8. Provide easy-to-understand print and multimedia materials and signage in the languages commonly used by the
populations in the service area.
Engagement, Continuous Improvement, and Accountability:
9. Establish culturally and linguistically appropriate goals, policies, and management accountability, and infuse them
throughout the organization’s planning and operations.
10. Conduct ongoing assessments of the organization’s CLAS-related activities and integrate CLAS-related measures into
measurement and continuous quality improvement activities.
11. Collect and maintain accurate and reliable demographic data to monitor and evaluate the impact of CLAS on health
equity and outcomes and to inform service delivery.
12. Conduct regular assessments of community health assets and needs and use the results to plan and implement
services that respond to the cultural and linguistic diversity of populations in the service area.
13. Partner with the community to design, implement, and evaluate policies, practices, and services to ensure cultural
and linguistic appropriateness.
14. Create conflict and grievance resolution processes that are culturally and linguistical.
Lois Wessel - Communicating with your ClientsPlain Talk 2015
"Communicating with your Clients: Tools for Health and Social Service Providers" was presented at the Center for Health Literacy Conference 2011: Plain Talk In Complex Times by Lois Wessel, RN, CFNP, Associate Director for Programs, Association of Clinicians for the Underserved.
Description: This session will discuss how professionals who interact with clients with limited literacy can make their institution, office setting, forms and face-to-face interactions understandable and welcoming to clients with low health literacy. The session will consider how language, culture and literacy come together and can potentially cause barriers to communication and will look at strategies to prevent and overcome these barriers.
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxtodd521
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac.
Running Head SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING 1 SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING .docxjeanettehully
Running Head: SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
1
SOCIOLOGY IN NURSING
2
Sociology in nursing: A look from different perspectives
Name
Institution
Introduction
Health literacy is the acquisition and application of knowledge to daily practices for the improvement of the general health of an individual as well as the community. This influences the response to symptoms of illness, approach to treatment and preventive measures. While it may seem like common knowledge, the difference in the cultural and social background comes into play during the stated health literacy skills. Nurses are tasked with the provision of elementary care to culturally diverse communities and thus necessitating cultural competency.
Different concepts exist with regard to cultural composition and diversity in the community under evaluation. Singleton & Krause (2009) identify these to include: Magico-religious, biomedical and deterministic concepts. These concepts are always evolving with arising situations. Regular training on cultural competence is recommended as it is considered a threat to patients (Kaihlanen, Hietapakka & Heponiemi, 2019). This paper will look at nursing from different sociology perspectives to demonstrate the need for training.
Health literacy from sociological perspectives
Functionalist perspective
Health concepts are shared among a group of people sharing in other aspects of life as well. This is a source of continuity in identity recognized from doing things in a certain way. This is well demonstrated in Mayhew (2018), where an initial visit to a health facility, the nurse provides treatment options, which is met by indecisiveness, which turns around on the second visit following consultation with family members on the best course of action (Mayhew, 2018) for the ailing family member. The consultation gives the young mother confidence and a sense of unity in the family due to their collectivist approach. The institution of marriage is revered as well as nursing, as the mother takes time to understand all that pertains to the provided options.
Conflict perspective
Cultural diversity presents different approaches to decision making on health issues. Despite expert knowledge, a nurse must operate under ethical codes by respecting the patient's autonomy. This means that the decision reached, and failure thereof, must be upheld. For instance, a magico- religious culture may bar ailing members from procuring blood transfusions, even though their condition may only be helped by one. A nurse, while offering this option to them, can only do so much but respect this culture.
Conflict may also arise when actions taken in an emergency situation, maybe in opposition to patient beliefs, such as first aid to the opposite sex.
Symbolic interactionism perspective
This perspective demonstrates the difference in dialects and jargon used by different societies. Nursing uses professional language and jargon, which patients may not decipher. Equally, nurses are fac ...
Buyer supplier development is important to organizations in management of contracts by minimizing operation costs in order to increase firm performance. However, the increasing number of complaints regarding failed attempts to deliver goods and services at the right time has made it impossible for some governmental projects to be completed at the stipulated time. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of supplier buyer development on performance of contract management unit in Uasin Gishu County Government.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate.
The ways in which drama is used today may differ in a number of respects from the ways it has been used in the past. This study was designed to investigate the influence of instructional drama on the development of ECDE learners in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by Piaget’s Cognitive development theory and utilized a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design.
An assessment-of-the-gender-in-general-and-trousers-for-women-in-particularoircjournals
The Bible is the standard for Christianity yet the scriptures do not seem to give a normative direction in matters of dressing in general and women’s attire in particular. The main objective of this paper was to examine the Biblical teaching on dressing in general, and for women in particular. The literature review was carried out using themes drawn from the objective. The study was guided by the liberal feminism theory. This theory was used to establish if there were individual rights and equal opportunities as a basis for social justice and reform in Church.
School learning resources are arguably one of the
most important influencers of students’ scores in
national examinations and hence affect each
individual school’s effectiveness. It had been pointed
out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that
the province’s performance in examinations and the
quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and
inadequate. A confidential document entitled the State
of Education in Nyanza Province points out factors
such as inadequate physical facilities, as one of the
factors impacting negatively on school performance in the province. The study sought to investigate the perceived
contribution of school learning resources on students’ scores
Influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in th...oircjournals
The need to empower youth for a better tomorrow is connected both, to the financial elevation as well as increment of the standard of living. Therefore, the study sought to establish the influence of budgetary allocation on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu. The study was guided by budget theory. The study employed the use of survey design in order to accomplish the research objectives. The accessible population for the study was 375 representatives of different youth groups and 65 officials of devolved fund initiative in Uasin Gishu County. Sample size was computed using the Fishers formula. Proportionate sampling was applied to select respondents. The researcher employed the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to collect data from participants. This study used descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics were done using frequency percentages, means and standard deviation of each variable. The coefficient of variation were used where data were skewed. Correlation and regression were used to show the relationship between the dependent variable and the whole group of independent variables. The results of the study were presented using Tables and figures. The study found that budgetary allocation has a positive and a significant influence on performance of youth group project in the county government of Uasin Gishu (β1=0.154, p<0.05). The study concluded that the amount disbursed to youths is equally distributed and done in time. Funds disbursements are based on projects types and the youth can compete competitively by accessing enough amount of money to finance their businesses. The study recommends that the training programs on entrepreneurship should be enhanced and be made compulsory before the group is funded. This will ensure that the youth will be able to make the right decision on investments as well as on proper accounting of their financial resources.
School effectiveness-and-improvement-contribution-of-teacher-qualification-to...oircjournals
School examination results the world over are arguably the most important measure of perceived success or failure
of a candidate. It has been pointed out by the Nyanza Provincial Education Board that the province’s performance in
examinations and the quality of education in general is unsatisfactory and inadequate. The paper sought to determine
the contribution of teacher qualification to students’ scores. The study adopted the Theory of Organisational Climate
which defines organisational climate as the human environment within which an organization’s employees do their
work. A case study and survey design was used. Purposive sampling was used to identify the four schools under study
and form three students. Simple random sampling was used to select the respondents of the study. Data was analyzed
using both qualitative and quantitative using descriptive statistics in particular percentages and means. The study
found that teachers’ qualifications affect teaching ability while knowledge of teachers’ subject was among the major
teacher factors contributing to students’ academic achievements.
Land use-cover-trends-climate-variability-nexus-in-the-njoro-river-catchmentoircjournals
Anthropogenic activities have consequences on the land use/cover trends in the watershed and subsequently on the hydrological characteristics of rivers through intertwine of climate variability. The interplay between land use changes and climate variability are seen as contributory causes of catchment degradation in Kenya. The land use/cover changes increase impervious ground surfaces, decrease infiltration rate and increase runoff rate thereby affecting the hydrological characteristics of rivers. This study considers the interactions between climate variability and land use/cover changes in the river Njoro catchment in Kenya. The River Njoro drains into the lake Nakuru basin one of the Great Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya. The objectives of the study were: To evaluate the land-use and land cover patterns and changes in Njoro River catchment between 1996 and 2016, analyze the temperature and rainfall variations between 1996 and 2016 and compare the land use/cover changes with the variation in the rainfall and temperature. Landsat images and secondary data on water quality parameters were used in this study. The study showed that there was significant variation in rainfall and temperature trends in the Njoro river catchment and therefore the dynamics of land use/land cover in the river Njoro would be more attributed to anthropogenic activities than climate variability.
Educational achievement is a significant indicator of children’s wellbeing and future life opportunities. It can predict growth potential and economic viability of a country. While this is an ideal situation for all children, the case may be different for orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) due to the psychosocial challenges they go through on a daily basis. It is even worse for children attending public primary schools in Kenya. This paper aims to advance a debate on the relationship between psychosocial support and educational support provided for OVC through a critical engagement on the challenges experienced and the intervention measures to be taken in Kenyan public primary schools context. The study is based on the critical review of related literature materials. Findings suggest that, although the Kenyan government has put mechanisms in place to support OVC attain basic education, numerous challenges are found to be hindering some OVC from attaining quality education. Based on the findings, the paper recommends that there is need for various interventions to address psychosocial needs of orphans and children attending primary schools.
This rapid assessment examines the literature on social protection to determine the gender considerations made in social protection research and the gendered areas of future research in the field. This review was conducted between May and August 2018. Electronic databases were searched to identify records that were published in English between the period of 2008 and 2018. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were empirical and had both the search terms ‘social’ and ‘protection’ or their various combinations, appearing in the titles of the articles. Grey literature, reports and other non-academic writings were excluded as only empirical studies were eligible. Twelve studies were reviewed and synthesised. The results of this study show that social protection research makes gender considerations and most of the social protection interventions were protective, preventive or promotive measures. Future studies should therefore explore transformative social protection with respect to gender equality and partly because gendered social protection is poorly developed. This rapid review also affirms that despite criticisms, social protection continues to be valuable in addressing poverty and inequalities. However, against this backdrop it is worth noting that social protection is not a panacea and its gender considerations are necessary only to the extent that they do not exacerbate inequalities.
Evidence of gender inequality and bias is all around us. Workplace prejudice has been found to affect workers’ salaries and career progression. Fighting gender stereotypes and prejudice by employers makes good business sense and in many countries, it's a legal obligation. This study aimed at investigating three factors believed to influence gender equality at the workplace. These included culture, distribution of resources and interpersonal relations. Five select medium sized public and private sector organizations based in Meru County were investigated. Each select organization employed over 100 workers .A total of 102 ordinary workers were randomly selected to participate in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used as the main data collection tools. The study observed that women are more discriminated at the workplace. Culture plays a key role in perpetuating gender imbalance at the workplace due to men being dominant while women have been subordinate in the society. Further, outdated beliefs and separate gender roles have been responsible for holding women back. On distribution of resources, women were found to be under-represented in major decision making organs in the organization and suffered unequal access to economic resources .However cases of pay based on gender were negligible. Regarding interpersonal relations, the study observed that cases of sexual harassment play a key role in advancing gender inequality. The study noted that gender inequality at the workplace was responsible for cases of hostile working atmosphere, worker conflicts, harassment of subordinates by superiors, low productivity and slow growth of the organization. Various solutions to gender discrimination were recommended by the study. These include enforcing affirmative action in areas where there exists high discrimination against one gender. Individual organizations should invest in education, sensitization and mentorship programs to champion gender equality. Further, the government should enact more laws to prohibit gender discrimination practices. Organizations need to develop internal policies that punish offenders of gender discrimination and enforce a policy of equal-pay-for –equal work.
The fourth schedule of the Kenyan constitution (2010) places Pre-Primary education and child care facilities under the County government. To effectively execute this role, County governments in Kenya need to put in place appropriate policy frame-work to govern this programme of education. The purpose of this study was to investigate the utilization of media resources policy that affect management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County. A descriptive survey research design was adopted and the systems theory guided this study. The study targeted 573 head-teachers, 1146 ECDE teachers and 5 ECDE officials in the county. Random sampling was used to select 521 respondents of whom, 172 were head teachers, 344 were ECDE teachers and all the 5 ECDE officials were purposely sampled. The data was collected using questionnaires, interview schedule and observation checklist. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics and the findings presented using frequency tables. The study found that infrastructure in the ECDE centers are of low quality and needs concerted efforts between the County Government and the National Government to improve the learning facilities as well as the physical facilities in the ECDE centers. The study established that there was a significant relationship between utilization of infrastructure, teaching and learning resources policy and the management of public ECDE centers in Elgeyo-Marakwet County ( 푥2=768.807, df=81 and sig=0.000). There should also be deliberate efforts to ensure that all ECDE centers have facilities which can be used by children with special needs or disabilities. The learning compound should be made secure for the leaners and the teachers by constructing fences around the facilities. The county government in collaboration with the national government should avail more physical infrastructure, operationalize the school feeding program in all ECDE centers.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
The influence-of-monitoring-and-evaluation-on-water-project-performance-in-mi...oircjournals
In a 2010 study by World Bank, it was evidenced that people lack proper services because systems fail, often because not enough resources are invested to appropriately build and maintain them, and also because of the stress that the fast growing population places on the existing infrastructure. According to Migori county report card in 2016, it was established that there was lack of continuity in water projects commenced and that construction of water projects does not help if they fail after a short time. This study analyzed the influence of community participation on water project performance in Migori County. The study specifically; examined influence of communication, management skill, technology and monitoring and evaluation on water project performance. The conceptualization of the study was guided by Resource dependence, the theory of Change, System theory and the Theory of Constraints. The study applied descriptive approach through survey design. The target population comprised of 228 stakeholders and water service company staffs working on water project in Migori County. The sample size of the study was 145 respondents arrived at using a 1967 Taro Yamane’s formula of sample size determination. Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics. The study revealed that monitoring and evaluation is statistically significant influence on water project performance (β=0.152, p<0.05). The study concluded that project managers have adequate and experience in project management. Projects have clear documentation and the company has project progress reports. The study recommends that county government should empower project managers at County levels to improve planning and implementation towards the goal of sustaining water projects benefits, Non-Governmental Organizations to evaluate the performance and sustainability of water projects vis a vis the community participation at all stages of the project cycle.
Stakeholder analysis is component in a project design and implementation central to achievement of the goals and objectives for which projects are carried out. This study aimed at establishing the effect of stakeholder analysis on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was anchored on Stakeholder Theory. The study population comprised of 19338 individuals who included employees of the county working within the road sector, personnel within various road construction agencies, contractors and community beneficiaries of the project. Stratified random sampling was then used to group individuals into two homogenous groups, one working directly with the project and the other of beneficiaries. Proportionate random sampling technique was then employed to sample 103 respondents in the first group who included Managers (4), County government employees (29), KURA (6), KenHA (6), KERRA (13) and Contractors (45). Simple random sampling was adopted to select 377 respondents from the community. Data collection instruments were self-administered questionnaires for personnel working directly with the project. On the other hand research assistants facilitated focused group discussions to get views from the community stakeholders. Both descriptive and inferential statistics informed the data analysis and presentation. Descriptive statistics included; percentages, means, standard and deviation. Inferential statistics was Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and multiple ordinal regression equation analysis. Statistical package for Social Sciences (SPSS 23.0) software helped in data analysis. The study found out that stakeholder analysis had significant effect on performance of road construction projects (β3=0.203, P <0.05) on performance of road construction projects in Elgeyo Marakwet. The study recommends county Government should develop blueprints to guide road contractors in road project activities. Hence establish a favourable environment for implementations of road projects.
Contract management practice is a vital aspect in any organization that intends to gain a competitive advantage and value for money. In public organizations, every year a major portion of budget allocation is given for procurement of goods and services for various kinds of projects to be done. The study focused on the effect of monitoring intensity on procurement performance of public organizations in Elgeyo Marakwet County. The study was guided by relational contract theory and principal-agent theory. It adopted a descriptive study design utilizing questionnaires as the primary data collection tool. The staff from finance and procurement departments in the County government formed the study’s unit of analysis. The sample for the study was procurement officers and finance officers. It also adopted census sampling on all the target respondents. A pilot study was done in Uasin Gishu County Government. The computer programme Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0 aided in data analysis. Data was analyzed using Quantitative data analysis with both descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptive statistics like frequencies, percentages, means and cross tabulation will be used while multiple regressions will be used to test the hypothesis. Presentation of finding done using questionnaires which was coded, organized, analyzed and presented using frequency tables, and percentages. The study found that the organization was able to practice monitoring intensity with the view to enhance procurement performance. The results established a positive but weak correlation between the variables (P= 0.288, r=.057). The strength of association was weak. The study concluded that monitoring intensity was a factor that influences procurement performance in organizations. However it was noted that other factors were needed to support this practice. It was recommended that contractors should be allocated with the right amount of resources to complete the projects assigned to them.
Building information-modeling-and-construction-projects-performance-the-effec...oircjournals
In most of the construction projects, there is always an element of running into delays in project completion time, costs overruns from variations and associated time overruns, lack of satisfying client requirements, clashes on site during construction – just to mention a few. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is being used to solve most of these challenges that pose such risks to a project. The study looked the effect of scheduling on performance of project constructions in Uasin Gishu County. The study targeted a population of 197 respondents who constitute of Technical staff and Non - technical staff. The study used census research design. Questionnaires were used to collect information from respondents. In order to ascertain reliability of the research instruments, the researcher piloted the instruments by distributing 30 questionnaires to respondents from Uasin Gishu County Government selected randomly from the various sections, which were not be part of the county to be sampled for this study. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the data. Descriptive statistics included frequency, percentages, means, standard deviation and frequency distribution. Inferential statistics used was correlation and linear regression. The study found out that there was a significant and positive effect of project scheduling on construction projects performance Uasin Gishu County Government (β=0.198; p<0.05). The study concluded that proper project scheduling leads to an increased project performance risk management plays an important role in project management because without it project managers cannot define their objectives for future and project monitoring plays a vital role in project manager’s decision making processes since it helps project managers and their teams to foresee potential risks and obstacles that if left unaddressed could derail the project. The study recommends that the County Government should continue with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated with good practices of ensuring resources are allocated to projects from interception until closure.
Irrigation projects are among vital income generating activities as they enhance food security, create employment opportunities, improve nutritional status of a nation and result to good health in the society. Poor performance of the existing public irrigation schemes is an emerging issue of concern since it slows the irrigation transition process. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of stakeholder communication on performance of Kabonon-Kapkamak irrigation project. The study utilized stakeholder theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design targeting all employees of irrigation projects in Kenya. Accessible population of 301was subjected to stratified random sampling to obtain a sample size of 185 respondents which are project manager 1, farmers 165, Ministry of Agriculture officials 5 and National Irrigation Board Representatives 14. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire and interview schedule. Pilot study was done to test validity and reliability of research instrument at Perkerra irrigation scheme in Baringo County. Content validity was used as a validity test while reliability was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.A multiple regression model was used to measure independent variables against the dependent variable. The study found out that stakeholder communication (β1=0.257; p<0.05 positively and significantly influence irrigation project performance. The findings of this study are expected to provide a basis for formulating irrigation project implementation policies by the government and management practices by other institutions. The academic community will benefit from the results of the study as it will serve as a reference point on empirical data pertaining to stakeholder involvement and also to identify areas for further study. In addition, the study findings are expected to guide Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) wishing to implement stakeholder involvement strategy in enhancing performance of irrigation projects.
Majority of SMEs collapse because they operate in business environment which is highly turbulent characterized by external factors as well as internal business factors. The study therefore sought to establish the effect of effect of product creation strategy on performance of small and medium enterprises in Eldoret town. The study was guided by Balanced Scorecard Theory. This study adopted descriptive research design. The target population of the study was 2,391 registered SMEs according to Uasin Gishu County government records and accessible population was 1764 respondents. The sample size for the respondents was therefore be 315. The study used questionnaires as the main tool for collecting data. The data collected was analyzed by using the excel program and Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, frequencies, percentages and standard derivation and inferential statistics which include correlation and multiple regressions. Data was presented by use of frequency tables, charts and graphs. The study findings a positive and significant effect of product creation strategy on small and medium enterprises in Eldoret Town (β=0.476, p<0.05). The study will be of benefit to management of medium enterprises and other organizations in understanding the challenges they would encounter when implementing various strategies and be able to come up with better ways of dealing with these challenges so as to be successful in their strategies. The study would be of importance to future researchers and scholars since it would be a source of material for their research and would also help them in identifying the research gaps they need to fill.
Sugarcane Company’s performance has remained to be one of the challenging facts in the growing companies in Kenya today. The delays in harvesting operations are attributed to uncoordinated and unpredictable harvesting and transport schedules; and inefficiencies in mill operations. Therefore, the main aim of the study is to determine the influence of Sustainability Management Systems CSR on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. The study is guided by Corporate Social Performance Theory. This study used ex- post facto research design. Ex- post facto research design determines and reports the way things are. The target population was 528 employees. This study therefore sampled 228 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 10 managers, 24 supervisors, 38 accountants and 156 clerks from the 7 sugarcane companies because they have specific information concerning the effects of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance of selected sugarcane companies in Kenya. Pilot study was done in order to test for validity and reliability of the research tools. The pilot study was done in Trans-Mara Sugar Company found in rift Valley region of Kenya. For inferential statistics, correlation and multiple regression was used for comparative analysis between frequencies of corporate social responsibility practice on firm performance. The study findings indicated that sustainability management systems have an effect on firm performance. The government will use this study in establishing policies that would ensure improvement in firm performance of sugarcane processing firms among other firms in Kenya. The study recommends that the companies should encourage sustainability management systems since sustainable management systems is an important mechanism for improving corporate sustainability performance. It can generate business value through measurement and management of sustainability risks and opportunities. The study recommends further researchers to study on corporate social responsibility strategy and financial performance of firms in Kenya which the study didn’t cover.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Translation and Interpretation Studies in Sustainable
Development: Dealing with Linguistic Barriers in
Medicare in Kenya
TobosoMahero Bernard
Alupe University College,
A Constituent College of Moi University, Kenya
Abstract
Language is the means by which a patient accesses the
health care system, learns about services, and makes
decisions about her or his health behavior. Language is
also the means by which the health care provider accesses
a patient’s beliefs about health and illness, and thus creates
an opportunity to address and reconcile different belief
systems. In essence, communication between nurses and
patients is the heart of nursing care. Communication
between patients and chemists is also key to their access to
healthcare. Such patients visit chemist for self medication or to procure medicine for themselves or their families. The
multilingual situation in Kenya and many African countries can complicate communication between healthcare
providers and their patients. Such complications can cause language barriers that can impair access to healthcare.
This is due to low literacy levels and challenges in understanding languages of wider communication such as English
and Kiswahili for the case of Kenya. Under these circumstances, translation and interpretation become key to
alleviating or eliminating communication barriers. This paper discuses linguistic challenges in access to healthcare
in Kenya and proposes translation and interpretation as a way of dealing with the challenges. It argues that in a
highly multilingual situation as is the case in Kenya, Translation and interpretation is a significant way of addressing
challenges in medical access.
Introduction
The discourse about access to healthcare has revolved
about financial, quality and geographical factors.
While discussing financial factors that hinder access to
good healthcare, such issues as income and poverty
feature. Geographical factors include distance from
healthcare providers and infrastructure. The issue of
language has hardly been discussed as an impediment
to access to healthcare, yet many scholars have argued
and demonstrated that language is the means through
which people achieve socioeconomic development
(see Sapir, 1958; Mazrui and Mazrui, 1995; Wright,
2002; Adeniyi et.al, 2006; Wolff, 2006; Koul ,2006;
Chiswick, 2008; Trudell, 2009 and Casale and Posel
2010). In healthcare, language is key to development.
It is the means by which a patient accesses the
healthcare system, learns about services, and makes
decisions about her or his health behaviour (Woloshin,
Schwartz, Katz, & Welch, 1997). And as Weech-
Maldano et.al (2003) and Fradnzini and Fernandez-
Esquer, (2006) argue, lack of fluency in languages of
health communication may cause language barriers
and hinder one’s access to good health. The World
Health Organization (2018) recognizes that health
communication is a vital resource to effectively
management of global health concerns. Health
communication is seen to have relevance for virtually
every aspect of health and well-being, including
disease prevention, health promotion and quality of
life.
A key concern during an epidemic is accurate
information. Anyone brought in to deal with a health
emergency must be aware of the cultural setting and
the languages and literacy rates of the states where
they are operating. Written leaflets on medicine,
produced in English, are not useful in a place with low
levels of literacy, and where most people do not speak
English. Ensuring that consistent messaging is being
communicated is vital. This inherently implies that the
accuracy of anything being translated i.e. the quality
ARTICLE INFO
Received 30th July, 2018
Received in Revised Form 15th August, 2018
Accepted 25th August, 2018
Published online 26th August, 2018
Keywords: Medicare, Patients, Translation,
Interpretation, Kenya
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of translations is crucial to proper education and
mitigation about health concerns.
Whereas the effect of language barriers on healthcare
has been argued and demonstrated, the discourse about
access to primary healthcare in Kenya still revolves
around other factors other than the issue of language.
In his research, Toboso (2012) found out that patients
who visit pharmacies in Eldoret town in Kenya face
language barriers. This is despite Eldoret being an
urban area where the population is expected to be
educated. Whereas the government of Kenya in
partnership with the 47 devolved units and other local
and global partners have tried to address issues of
access in relation to the various identified
impedimental factors such as finance and geography,
the issue of access to medical care is not close to being
adequately addressed. For example, WHO informs
that life expectancy in Kenya is between 58 and 60
(Financial Standard, May 16th,
2017). This is in
comparison to the global figure of 71 years. At the
same time, WHO informs that Kenya has one of the
highest mortality rates in the world ranging between
250 and 680 per 100,000 births (Financial Standard,
May 16th,
2017). This makes Kenya rank among top
ten countries with high maternal mortality rates in the
world. With these figures, there is urgent need to
interrogate healthcare access with regard to other
cardinal factors such as language.
Communication barriers related to cultural and
linguistic diversity are getting increasingly recognized
as contributors to health disparities (see Brach and
Fraser 2000; Collins et al. 2002; Denboba et al. 1998).
As this happens, scholars around the world have for
some time been proposing translation and
interpretation as a measure to mitigate the barriers (see
Hafner, 1992; Hagland, 1993; Douglas, 1993; Baker,
1996; Lewis, 1998; Perkins, 1999). Language barriers
in healthcare have prompted these scholars to
interrogate the significance of translation and
interpretation in eliminating language barriers in
medical communication.
Causes of Linguistic Barriers in Healthcare in
Kenya
(i) Kenya’s Multilingual Landscape
Kenya is a multilingual country. This is due to the
many languages (42 according to Webb and Kembo-
Sure 2000) spoken by the Kenyan population. This is,
not considering other languages such a Mandarin,
Gujarati etc, spoken by foreigners who live and do
business in Kenya and have access to the Kenyan
healthcare system. This is also not considering the
many dialects of various Kenyan languages such as
Kalenjin and Luhyia some which are very distinct and
may be considered as distinct languages.
The multilingual landscape in Kenya complicates
issues of inter-ethnic communication especially with
regard to the millions of Kenyans who do not
understand languages of wider communication which
are English and Kiswahili. What this means is that
people who cannot communicate in English or
Kiswahili face language barriers when communicating
with people from outside their communities.
(ii) Lack of Fluency in Languages of
Wider Communication
English is the medium of instruction in Kenyans
schools and colleges. Teaching of medical courses in
Universities and colleges is carried out in English. At
the same time, English is the co-official language with
Kiswahili. Due to this fact, much of communication in
Kenyan hospitals between healthcare providers and
patients is carried out in English and Kiswahili. At the
same time, English is the main language used by
medical staff such as doctors and nurses in medical
prescriptions and to give written directions to patients
about use of medicine. The directions are used by
patients to take their doses of medicine at home or in
hospital. The instructions are also used by patients to
buy medicine in pharmacies outside hospitals. The fact
that the directions are written in English makes it
difficult for patients who do not understand English to
understand and use them. This forces patients to rely
on pharmacists and relatives for interpretation, which
may lead to misinformation. Kiswahili and English are
also the main languages of communication in Kenyan
hospitals. Due to this reason, patients need to have
understanding of one of the two languages in order to
access healthcare in Kenya.
(iii) Foreign Workers and Language
Barriers
There are many foreign medical workers in Kenya.
There are foreign consultants, interns and students
who are attached to Kenyan hospitals especially
referral hospitals like Kenyatta and Moi in Eldoret, but
who do not understand English or Kiswahili. Some of
the hospitals in Kenya are also foreign owned and
therefore are run by doctors of Asian or European
origin who may not have fluency in English and
Kiswahili. There are many pharmacies in Kenya
which are owned by businessmen of Asian origin, who
do not have fluency in English and Kiswahili. With the
contraction of Cuban doctors to work in Kenyan
hospitals, there are likely to be more complex
communication barriers. Spanish is the most dominant
language in Cuba spoken by 90% of the population as
first language. It is also one of the major official
language, others being Haitian Creole and Lucimi.
English is not a popular language in Cuba due to the
effect of the cold war. This means that medical staff
from Cuba are likely to encounter language barrier in
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Kenyan hospitals where English and Kiswahili are the
languages of communication.
(iv) Lack of Interpretation Services
Some countries like USA, have a policy which
requires hospitals to offer interpretation services to
patients who do not understand English. This policy
forces hospitals to make use of qualified interpreters
who may be present in hospitals or may offer their
services through phone and other communication
technology. Kenya does not have such policy on the
national scale, which may force hospitals to provide
interpretation services. The multilingual landscape in
Kenya can complicate communication where patients
who do not understand English and Kiswahili (or who
have little understanding of them) are involved. Lack
of interpretation services in Kenyan hospitals can lead
to language barriers which can affect communication
between healthcare providers and patients who do not
understand English or Kiswahili.
(v) Untranslated Leaflets in Medicine
Use of languages of wider communication also affects
patients who use off-counter medication service.
Many Kenyans who cannot afford hospital bills get
their medication through chemists. Many medicines
which are sold in Kenyan hospitals and pharmacies,
however, come with leaflets whose information is
written in English and other world languages like
French, Spanish, Italian and Arabic. A few of the
medicines which are made in Kenya have the English
information on leaflets translated into Kiswahili.
English, however, remains the main language for
medical leaflet literature. This means that patients who
prefer self medication off-counter must rely on
information from Pharmacists. Patients who forget or
do not get clear directions from the pharmacists are
likely to encounter difficulty in using their medicine,
if they do not understand English. At the same time, if
the pharmacy is operated by a person who does not
have fluency in Kiswahili or English, language
barriers are likely to be enhanced. In the European
Union, medicine used in all countries must have
leaflets translated into local languages. This is
however not the case in Kenya.
(vi) Medical Curricular that do not Take
Care of Linguistic Factors
The curriculum used to train doctors and nurses in
Kenya does not take care of languages of wider
communication in Kenya. Language does not form
part of the curriculum for Doctors and nurses. As a
result students leave college and universities after
training, without going through language training
despite the fact that linguistic communication between
medical staff and patients is key in healthcare
provision. Although this is the case, lack of policy to
ensure presence of qualified translators in Kenyan
hospitals forces medical staff to assist in interpreting
patient’s communication. This happens as an informal
stopgap measure. This is despite the fact that doctors,
nurses and other hospital staff are not trained to act as
translators and have no training in language and
communication. In such circumstances, language
barriers are bound to persist.
Effects of Language Barriers on Healthcare
(i) Inability to Access Healthcare
According to UNDP and World Bank reports of 2016,
access to healthcare in Kenya is still a challenge. This
is due to the low income levels of majority of Kenyans,
high poverty levels and low income by majority
population. The report says that only 20% of Kenyans
are covered by contributory medical schemes. This
means that millions of Kenyans cannot access medical
care in public and private hospitals. Although the
report mentions poverty and inaccessibility as
contributing factors, it does not address the issues of
language and their implications on lack of access to
healthcare.
Research has shown that patients with linguistic
challenges are likely to avoid health providers. This
means that patients who have once faced challenges
communicating with doctors and nurses due to
communication barriers are likely to avoid them in
future.
(ii) Inappropriate Use of Medication
Inappropriate use of medication implies inability to
interpret healthcare provider’s instructions about use
of medicine. In Kenya, instructions about use of
medicine are mostly given in English. This means that
instructions by doctors, clinicians and nurses to
patients about use of medicine are given in English.
Similarly, literature attached to many medicines in
Kenya are mostly written in English and other foreign
languages like French which many Kenyans do not
understand.
(iii) Patients Miscommunication of
Symptoms
Doctors rely on patient description of symptoms to
reach a conclusion about the patient’s ailment. This
therefore means that communication between patients
and doctors must be without any barriers that can lead
to miscommunication. Elimination of barriers in
communication requires the interlocutors to be
conversant with each other’s language and ways of
communication including vocabulary and
paralanguage used. Miscommunication arises when
one fails to understand the other’s language,
vocabulary, accent or intonation.
(iv) Inability to Understand Directions on
Leaflets
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Many people in Kenya use Pharmacies as the
alternative to the costly hospital healthcare. As a
result, pharmacies play a significant role in provision
of healthcare service in Kenya. One challenge of
pharmacies as healthcare providers is that doctors are
not present to offer description about use of medicine
bought. Patients must therefore rely on information
given by pharmacists or read leaflets attached on
medicine or inserted in packets carrying the medicine.
If a patient seeking medicine is unable to understand
the language used on leaflets to communicate dosage
and general use of the medicine acquired then
language barriers are likely to occur.
Translation and Interpretation Remedial
Measures
(i) Translation of Leaflets
There is need to have a policy that will ensure that all
leaflets in medicines in Kenya are translated into
Kiswahili. This is meant to take care of millions of
Kenyans who do not understand English, but who
prefer self medication due to the high hospital bills.
Kiswahili is spoken on a more wide scale in Kenya
than English. Translation of leaflets will help to
eliminate language barriers arising from lack of
understanding of literature on medicine leaflets. And
as ECDC (2016) argues, country-based users of
internationally-produced health communication
resources need to be able to read, understand and apply
the translated materials within their own contexts. It
further argues that attention should be given to end-
user comprehensibility and the cultural
appropriateness of translated materials; and that care
should be taken during translation because valuable
health communication materials that have been shown
to effectively inform, motivate, guide and support
health interventions in their countries of origin can get
lost in translation. Companies that make the medicines
have to ensure quality translation because research has
shown that multi-country health communication
material translation projects usually devote too little
time and resources to assessing the specific
information needs and assets of different national
audiences (see ECDC, 2016).
(ii) Interpretation of Patient-Doctor
Communication
There is need for national policy that will require
hospitals to ensure successful communication between
patients and doctors and nurses. There is therefore
need to have interpretation services in hospitals to help
doctors to communicate with patients who have little
understanding of English and Kiswahili. With the
advent of the Cuban doctors, there is urgent need to
have qualified interpreters in all hospitals where the
doctors will be based.
Issues to Consider in Translation and
Interpretation of Medical Communication
Translation of leaflets and interpretation of patient-
doctor communication should consider the following
facts.
(i) Trained and qualified translators and
interpreters should be used
(ii) Speakers of Kiswahili should be used to
translate texts into Kiswahili
(iii) Translators and interpreters should be
conversant with medical topics
(iv) Language used should be adjusted to
the level of consumers. Simple
understandable language should be used
(v) The use of jargon, colloquialisms,
idioms or vernacular terms should be
avoided
(vi) Medical language should only be used
when specifically addressing healthcare
providers.
Conclusion
Language is the means by which a patient accesses the
health care system, learns about services, and makes
decisions about her or his health behavior. Language
is also the means by which the health care provider
accesses a patient’s beliefs about health and illness,
and thus creates an opportunity to address and
reconcile different belief systems. In essence,
communication between nurses and patients is the
heart of nursing care. Communication between
patients and chemists is also key to their access to
healthcare. Such patients visit chemist for self
medication or to procure medicine for themselves or
their families. The multilingual situation in Kenya and
many African countries can complicate
communication between healthcare providers and
their patients. Such complications can cause language
barriers that can impair access to healthcare. This is
due to low literacy levels and challenges in
understanding languages of wider communication
such as English and Kiswahili for the case of Kenya.
Under these circumstances, translation and
interpretation become key to alleviating or eliminating
communication barriers.
References
6. International Journal of Research in Education and Social Sciences (IJRESS)
ISSN: 2617-4804 1 (1) 31-36, August 2018 www.oircjournals.org
36 | P a g e
Toboso, (2018) www.oircjournals.org
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