The document discusses the potentials and impacts of developing and adopting energy-efficient distribution transformers (DTs) in the EU from 2006-2008. It finds that replacing older, less efficient transformers across the EU could save up to 18.5 TWh/year of electricity, representing 55.5% of current DT energy losses. The largest potential savings are in electricity distribution companies and the oil-filled transformer industry. A variety of policy measures are proposed, including regulation of utilities, labeling programs, and potential mandatory efficiency standards, to realize these savings potentials by 2025. Barriers to implementing the proposed policies include the long lifetimes of transformers and varying interests of stakeholders.

1. Potentials & Impacts of Energy-Efficient DTs S trategies for development and diffusion of E nergy E fficient D istribution T ransformers January 2006 - June 2008

2. Fleet * dry type transformer utility popul a tion is estimated at marginal low level (~ 1% of utility fleet) 4% 16% 9% 23% < 400 kVA industry dry 20% 34% 28% 40% ≥ 400 kVA & ≤ 630 kVA 76% 50% 63% 38% > 630 kVA 14 478 25% 16 132 12% 143 904 10% 174 017 4% Total industry dry 57 266 139 628 1 383 988 4 652 172 15 452 27% 38 011 27% 329 569 24% 801 840 17% Total industry oil 52% 16% 52% 16% > 630 kVA 28% 22% 27% 23% ≥ 400 kVA & ≤ 630 kVA 20% 62% 20% 62% < 400 kVA industry oil 27 336 48% 85 486 61% 910 515 66% 3 676 315 79% Total distribution sector 29% 7% 17% 3% > 630 kVA 45% 27% 48% 23% ≥ 400 kVA & ≤ 630 kVA 26% 66% 34% 73% < 400 kVA Distribution sector o il* MVA pcs MVA pcs Market EU-27 Fleet EU-27

3. Fleet detailed

4. Losses EU27 12 69 Ptotal 3 3402 Ptotal 30,9% ΣPkmark/ ΣPtotal 30,4% ΣPkfleet / ΣPtotal 1 20 ΣPk market 1 129 ΣPk fleet 26 9 ΣPo market 25 89 ΣPo fleet industry dry 26,5% ΣPkmark/ ΣPtotal 28,1% ΣPkfleet / ΣPtotal 95 ΣPk market 21 67 ΣPk fleet 2 64 ΣPo market 5 544 ΣPo fleet industry oil 33,0% ΣPkmark/ ΣPtotal 27,3% ΣPkfleet / ΣPtotal 1 72 ΣPk market 6000 ΣPk fleet 348 ΣPo market 15 973 ΣPo fleet utility oil

5. Losses detailed

6. Operating efficiency

7. Rated losses referred to AC’ (CoCk)

8. No load losses / age

9. Load losses / age

10. Age/ rating

15. Age distribution of transformer losses of electricity distribution companies in EU-25, increasingly

16. Potentials - distribution companies

17. Potentials - industry

22. Policy-mix proposed by SEEDT

28. Labelling

29. Labelling - comparison

31. Labelling through integration of losses: Proposed classification similar to appliances C o : Class of no load losses as per EN 50464 B k : Class of load losses as per EN 50464 C o B k = CC’ of HD 428

32. Efficiency standards Will Europe catch up with the US and Japan?

34. Mandatory standard

37. Source: SEEDT (2007) 1ª speed WORLWIDE STANDARDS: No-load Losses Levels Reference Values (400 kVA 3  - 50 Hz Distribution Transformer)

38. Pilot Project: EFFITRAFO ENDESA (January 2008) AMDT 400 kVA – 15.400/420 V - 3  - 50 Hz TRAFO FFI E

40. Amorphous (0,025 mm) Core losses [W/kg] B [T] Laser (0,23 mm) HiB (0,23 mm) HiB (0,30 mm) CGO (0,30 mm) Thickness TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS: Core losses versus Induction

43. TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS: Noise Levels Dynamic vibration due to magnetostriction The noise level of HB1 amorphous alloy is significantly lower than SA1 alloy ( ≈ 10 dB ) The operating induction can be increased by 0.1 ÷0.15T using HB1 alloy. Distribution Transformer can be downsized by about 10% with HB1 Source: Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (ELSEVIER), Hasegawa (2005)

44. TECHNOLOGY FUNDAMENTALS: Thermal properties Heat Spectrum Radiated Grain Oriented Silicon Steel Core Amorphous Metal Core AMDT Technology CGO Technology

45. PRODUCTION PROCESS: Amorphous Distribution Transformers Refrigeration process to obtain amorphous structure ( 10 6 o C/s required rate for molten-metal cooling) Sheet ( 0,018 – 0,023 mm ) MELT SPINNING PROCESS Steel Cooling Treatment Flow Chart Melting furnace Reservoir Nozzle In-line process control In-line winding Casting roll

46. Line Diagram Core Making PRODUCTION PROCESS: Amorphous Distribution Transformers