Transfer of learning is the study of how human performance and learning in one context can affect performance and learning in another context. The concept was originally introduced by Thorndike and Woodworth to examine how skills transfer between similar tasks. Their identical elements theory proposed that transfer depends on the similarities between the original learning task and the new transfer task. Transfer research has since examined the effects of prior experience on new learning and performance, distinguishing between positive transfer, where prior learning aids new learning, and negative transfer, where prior learning interferes with new learning.

1. Transfer of Learning
Transfer of learning is the study of the dependency of human conduct, learning, or performance on
prior experience. The notion was originally introduced as transfer of practice by Edward Thorndike
and Robert S. Woodworth. They explored how individuals would transfer learning in one context to
another context that shared similar characteristics – or more formally how "improvement in one
mental function" could influence another related one. Their theory implied that transfer of learning
depends on the proportion to which the learning task and the transfer task are similar, or where
"identical elements are concerned in the influencing and influenced function", now known as
identical element theory. Transfer research has since attracted much...show more content...
negative transfer
Starting by looking at the effect side of transfer – in terms of the common performance criteria,
speed and accuracy – transfer theories distinguish between two broad classes that underlie all other
classifications: negative andpositive transfer. Negative transfer refers to the impairment of current
learning and performance due to the application of non–adaptive or inappropriate information or
behavior. Therefore, negative transfer is a type of interference effect of prior experience causing a
slow–down in learning, completion or solving of a new task when compared to the performance of a
hypothetical control group with no respective prior experience. Positive transfer, in contrast,
emphasizes the beneficial effects of prior experience on current thinking and action. It is important
to understand that the positive and negative effects of transfer are not mutually exclusive, and
therefore real–life transfer effects are probably mostly a mixture of both. Positive transfer: transfer
of learning or training is said to be positive when the learning or training carried out in one situation
proves helpful to learning in another situation. Examples of such transfer are:
the knowledge and skills related to school mathematics help in the learning of statistical computation;
the knowledge and skills acquired in terms of addition and subtraction in mathematics in school may
help a child in the acquisition of knowledge and
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2. Transfer Laws Essay
Transfer laws were expanded by the State in the 80s and 90s. The three major transfer laws were as
follows: 1) Judicial Waiver, 2) Statutory Exclusion, and 3) Concurrent Jurisdiction. Another factor
with the transfer laws set the standard in many states: once an adult, always an adult. "State
legislatures enacted statutes that extender the age and offense reach of judicial waiver, legislative
waiver/automatic transfer, and prosecutorial discretion /concurrent jurisdiction policies." (Redding)
Subsequent offenses would be tried in an adult criminal system. The three categories differentiated
from whose authority does the decision responsibility rely upon. The "judicial waiver" transfer
decision is held by the juvenile court judge. The...show more content...
The evaluation of success for the purpose of justice is worth seeing the adolescent's age to be no
longer considered a juvenile. Has society dealt with the crime correctly or does the cost for said
decision outweigh the punishment the juvenile deserves? Is this the right direction? The struggling
issue the legal system is navigating through leads into a decision pointing the said juvenile in the
right direction by guidance and education or destroying the juvenile by matching a harsher
punishment to a particular crime. In order to make the appropriate decision, a list of "pros" and
"cons" would be able to offer some assistance. The "pro" side for a juvenile court system is
direction and guidance. This court system sees the lack of maturity and discretion of this youth. This
should give cause of seeing the youth as "different" than an adult and should be held less
blameworthy for the crime committed. This court's main objective is to handle the youth through
policed courses and correctional involvement for the purpose of rehabilitation. The court focuses on
the "age" instead of the "crime." Transferring to the adult courts, the purpose is to bring harsher
sentences for the crime committed as well as the slim chance of "getting off" the hook by attending
counseling or other step–process program. Adult courts also see the victims and their families need
relief for the crime committed against them. Adult courts do offer the juvenile the majority
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3. A Study On Heat Transfer Essay
Chapter 1. Heat Transfer
1.1Interoduction
Energy can not be created and can not be destroy ,it is a universal truth . Energy which may find out
in various forms.for example kinetic energy,potential energy, thermal energy etc. so that heat is the
form of thermal energy.According to human various purposes same energy can uses in various
places. In this case the transfer of energy is very important. There are various methods bywhich we
can transform energy from one form to another.But it depands on the modes of heat transfer. There
are three types or modes on the heat transfer such as..
1.2Types or modes of heat transfer
1.2.1Conduction
It is basically a microscopic level phenomenon. In this process, highly energetic particles of its
substance transfer their energy to their less energetic neighbour .Conduction shown in fig. 1.1
Fig.1.1 One Dimension Heat Conduction(snapshot)
T1: Hot temperature(k)
T2: Cold tempreture(k)
Q: The heat flow by conduction in the x–direction (W) A : The area through which the heat flows,
normal to the x–direction (M) dT/dx: This is temperature gradient in the x–direction (K/m)
These terms are related by Fourier 's Law, a model proposed as early as 1822:
Q = –KAdT/dx or q= –dT/dx
A significant feature of this equation is the negative sign. This recognises that the natural direction
for the flow of heat is from high temperature to low temperature, and hence down the temperature
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4. Technology Transfer Essay
Technology transfer could be so complicated at times to exploredue to all the tasks require to be
able to give a full analysis of what is involve and the process that one has to go through. Although
many people have tried tracing the source of precise technology and how it affected the originating
culture and the role it has on history. However, there are some common fundamentals that could be
helpful in analyzing all the activities that are involved. Some of the clue that has been of help so far
identifying technology transfer is what is being transferred, where technology is transferred from,
those receiving transferred, and lastly how the technology is delivered to the receiver. To better
understand how technology transfer work in...show more content...
Another form of formal channel of technology transfer is turnkey plant. In this type of technology
transfer, the donor basically takes the responsibility production in their foreign subsidiary by using
several technical knowledges and skills transferred from the donor. Furthermore, licensing is another
form formal channel of technology transfer. It is one of the inevitable when transferring technology
from one country to the other. Still another area of formal technology transfer is entrepreneurial
science that employs the agreements all over the world in which knowledge is transferred into
intellectual property. Nevertheless, exportation of manufactured goods is also another formal
channel of transferring technology from one country to the other such as cars, electronics etc.
Another form of transfer of technology is informal channel. Informal channel of technology transfer
is usually Noncommercial Avenue. It involves government agreement among the countries that are
involves in technology transfers. There are also scientific and technical publications that will also be
carried out. Furthermore, seminars, conferences, and trades shown are also needed for informal
channel of technology transfer. One thing we should not ignore in this chapter is the rate in which
many recipient countries are adapting to the new technology. For example,
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