This document provides an overview of various product lines for surge protection devices (SPDs). It discusses five families of SPDs based on application and describes the features of key product lines, including the ST-RSE, RM, LA, and ST lines. It also covers topics like peak surge current ratings, voltage codes, options, applications, selection guidelines, and technological aspects like sine wave tracking.
1.- Introducción
2.- Aspectos constructivos
3.- Principio de funcionamiento de un transformador ideal
4.- Funcionamiento de transformador real
5.- Circuito equivalente de un transformador
TABLEROS DE CONTROL ELECTRICOS - Que son, tipos, aplicaciones y distribuidores.
Son paneles donde se encuentran los dispositivos de seguridad y los mecanismos de control de una instalación eléctrica.
- Tablero principal de distribución: Este tablero está conectado a la línea eléctrica principal y de él se derivan los circuitos secundarios. Este tablero contiene el interruptor principal.
- Tableros secundarios de distribución: Son alimentados directamente por el tablero principal. Son auxiliares en la protección y operación de subalimentadores.
- Tableros de paso: Tienen la finalidad de proteger derivaciones que por su capacidad no pueden ser directamente conectadas alimentadores o subalimentadores. Para llevar a cabo esta protección cuentan con fusibles.
- Gabinete individual del medidor: Este recibe directamente el circuito de alimentación y en él está el medidor de energía desde el cual se desprende el circuito principal.
- Tableros de comando: Contienen dispositivos de seguridad y maniobra.
INGETES INGENIEROS
Esta empresa Colombiana ofrece uno de los mejores servicios de ingeniería en automatización, instrumentación y control de procesos industriales a los clientes. Llevan 14 años de presencia en la industria siempre innovando en las soluciones presentadas al mercado.
http://ingetes.com/
1.- Introducción
2.- Aspectos constructivos
3.- Principio de funcionamiento de un transformador ideal
4.- Funcionamiento de transformador real
5.- Circuito equivalente de un transformador
TABLEROS DE CONTROL ELECTRICOS - Que son, tipos, aplicaciones y distribuidores.
Son paneles donde se encuentran los dispositivos de seguridad y los mecanismos de control de una instalación eléctrica.
- Tablero principal de distribución: Este tablero está conectado a la línea eléctrica principal y de él se derivan los circuitos secundarios. Este tablero contiene el interruptor principal.
- Tableros secundarios de distribución: Son alimentados directamente por el tablero principal. Son auxiliares en la protección y operación de subalimentadores.
- Tableros de paso: Tienen la finalidad de proteger derivaciones que por su capacidad no pueden ser directamente conectadas alimentadores o subalimentadores. Para llevar a cabo esta protección cuentan con fusibles.
- Gabinete individual del medidor: Este recibe directamente el circuito de alimentación y en él está el medidor de energía desde el cual se desprende el circuito principal.
- Tableros de comando: Contienen dispositivos de seguridad y maniobra.
INGETES INGENIEROS
Esta empresa Colombiana ofrece uno de los mejores servicios de ingeniería en automatización, instrumentación y control de procesos industriales a los clientes. Llevan 14 años de presencia en la industria siempre innovando en las soluciones presentadas al mercado.
http://ingetes.com/
Various techniques and principles of MV system neutral groundings summed up together-May be interesting and useful for practicing Electrtical engineers
10 - Ac Power Regulators & Control Power Transformers - Fuji ElectricCTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG
Catalog thiết bị đóng cắt Fuji Electric - 10 - Ac Power Regulators & Control Power Transformers
*********************************************************************
CTY TNHH HẠO PHƯƠNG - Nhà phân phối chính thức các thiết bị điện công nghiệp và tự động hóa của hãng FUJI ELECTRIC JAPAN tại Việt Nam
Xem chi tiết các sản phẩm Fuji Electric tại
http://haophuong.com/b1033533/fuji-electric
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithyg2nightmarescribd
Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
3. Five Family Groups
◦ Panel-mount models
◦ Individual equipment protection models
◦ Dedicated load circuit protection models
◦ Data models
◦ Telecommunication models
4. ST-RSE line – 4 mode – no tracking
RM line – 7 mode- frequency attenuation- 20 –
40 - 60 ka per phase
LA line – 10 mode – frequency attenuation-
ST line – True all mode – Optimal Response &
Optimal frequency attenuation
5. Application:
◦ 200 amp Sub-Panels
◦ Low Exposure Areas
◦ Individual Equipment
Peak Surge Current Per
Mode:
◦ 20 kA
4 mode, No frequency
attenuation, thermal and
current fuses.
ST-RSE3Y1
ST-RSE3Y2
ST-RSE3N2
ST-RSE3N4
6. Application:
◦ Sub-Panels
◦ Low Exposure Areas
◦ Individual Equipment
Peak Surge Current Per
Phase:
◦ 40, 80 & 120 kA
RM-ST60, RM-ST80, RM-ST120
1P1, 1P2, 1S1, 3Y1, 3Y2, 3N2, 3N4
RM-ST40 3Y1, 3Y2, 3N2, 3N4
Small Drives or Panels up to 250 amps
Frequency Attenuation
Component/Current Fusing
No options
7. 3 or 4 Mode
Frequency Attenuation
Thermal/Current Fused
Compact
Up to 250 Amps
Great for small VFD,
Power Supplies,
Rectifiers.
8. Applications
◦ Main Service Entrance
Panels
◦ Medium and High
Exposure
◦ Panels up to 2500 Amps
Ten mode – current and
thermal fusing,
Frequency tracking,
various options.
Ka Ratings per phase
◦ 60 kA
◦ 120 kA
◦ 180 kA
◦ 240 kA
◦ 300 kA
LA-ST60 / LA-ST120 / LA-ST180
LA-ST240 / LA-ST300
1P1, 1P2, 1S1, 3Y1, 3Y2, 3N2, 3N4,
3N6
9. Applications
◦ Main Panels, sub-
panels
◦ Individual
equipment
◦ Medium to high
exposure
◦ Locations up to
5,000 Amps
Peak Surge Current
Per phase
◦ 90 kA
◦ 120 kA
◦ 180 kA
◦ 240 kA
◦ 300 kA
◦ 420 kA
◦ 600 kA
◦ 720 kA
◦ 900 kA
ST-S(C)SLA, ST-S(C)KLA, ST-S(C)DLA,
ST-L(C)SEA, ST-S(C)MLA, ST-S(C)ILA,
ST-S(C)HLA, ST-S(C)HDLA, ST-S(C)MDLA
ST-S(C)XDLA
10. Determines two aspects of the design of the
product
◦ Peak surge current
◦ Sine wave tracking (SWT) or not
SWT is designated by a base model beginning with “C”
RES models indicate SWT by adding an “S” after “RES”,
or “RESS”.
11. Reflects the nominal system voltage of
the system to which the SPD will be
applied
No dashes between the base model and
the voltage code on the Advantage ST
units.
12. Reflect the various options that one might
utilize for a particular application.
The key to properly providing option
codes is to place them in alphabetical
order with no dashes or spaces.
13. Basic application
Not intended to set limits
Only general examples
C62.72TM-2007 - IEEE Guide for the
Application of Surge-Protective Devices
for Low-Voltage (1000 Volts or Less) AC
Power Circuits
14. General construction
Parallel or series
SWT or not
Encapsulation is described here
General method of fusing
General description of the modes of
protection
15. Selecting PSC can be challenging
Lightning – 10,000 amps up to 200,000 amps
or more
Very much controversy amongst the experts
as to how much peak surge current is too
much, adequate or not sufficient
16. From C62.72TM-2007:
◦ Most lightning strikes - range of 10 kA to 40 kA
◦ Median value - 15 kA to 20 kA
◦ Only 6% of the currents were above 60 kA
◦ Less than 2% of the currents were above 100 kA
17. Controversial area of discussion
Opinions vary greatly on this issue
Currents measured in most studies are that
of lightning NOT the amount of surge current
that can actually enter in the building
electrical system
These values can be vastly different (lower)
18. The Ten-to-One Rule of Thumb:
◦ Ten-to-one ratio between the service size and the
peak surge current per mode of the SPD – as a
starting point
◦ One must consider the expected exposure of the
installation location (even if the panel is internal to
the facility – the loads may not be)
19. Lightning is lightning - whether in Florida
or North Dakota
Lightning in either area can carry the same
levels of current
In fact, northern latitudes are more
statistically prone to “positive” lightning
which is understood to be much higher in
surge current
However, the rate of occurrence of lightning
in Florida is much, much greater than that
of many northern regions
20. Per mode rating = combined rating of the
suppression components used in that mode
For example, an ST-SMLA model has five
components in parallel that are rated at 20 kA
each; thus, the peak surge current per mode
for an ST-SMLA is 5 x 20 kA or 100 kA
21. Per phase rating = the combination of the
three modes connected to that phase – phase
to neutral, phase to ground and phase to
phase
For example, the peak surge current per
phase of an ST-SMLA model is 100 kA per
mode x 3 modes or 300 kA per phase
22. Some SPD manufacturers only consider the
phase to neutral and phase to ground modes
when calculating the “per phase” peak surge
current
There is no standard that provides a method
for determining this value
Often manufacturers that use this calculation
method do not have direct phase to phase
components
23. Base Model PSC per mode PSC per phase*
ST-SSLA/ST-CSLA 30 kA 90 kA
ST-SKLA/ST-CKLA 40 kA 120 kA
ST-SDLA/ST-CDLA 60 kA 180 kA
ST-LSEA/ST-CSEA 80 kA 240 kA
ST-SMLA/ST-CMLA 100 kA 300 kA
LA-ST60 20 Ka 60 Ka
LA-120 40 Ka 120 Ka
RM-ST60 20 kA 40 kA
RM-ST120 40 kA 80 kA
RM-ST180 60 kA 120 kA
ST-RSE 20 kA 20 kA
ST-RES/ST-RESS 40 kA 120 kA
24. Important to match the product to the
application
Be sure you know what you are looking at
NEC 2005 – Only SPDs listed for use on a
Delta system are allowed on Delta systems
(L-G MCOV is the same or higher than the L-L
MCOV)
25. Voltage
Code
Nominal System
Voltage (Vrms)
System Type and Conductor
Counts
1P1 120
Single Phase, One Phase, Neutral And
Ground
1P2 240
Single Phase, One Phase, Neutral And
Ground
1P3 380
Single Phase, One Phase, Neutral And
Ground
1P4 480
Single Phase, One Phase, Neutral And
Ground
1P6 600
Single Phase, One Phase, Neutral And
Ground
1S1 120/240
Split Phase, Two Phases, Neutral And
Ground
1S2 240/480
Split Phase, Two Phases, Neutral And
Ground
26. 3Y1 120/208
Wye, Three Phases, Neutral and
Ground
3Y2 277/480
Wye, Three Phases, Neutral and
Ground
3Y2 220/380
Wye, Three Phases, Neutral and
Ground
3Y2 230/400
Wye, Three Phases, Neutral and
Ground
3Y2 240/415
Wye, Three Phases, Neutral and
Ground
3Y3 347/600
Wye, Three Phases, Neutral and
Ground
27. 3N1 120
Delta (no neutral), Three
Phases and Ground
3N2 240
Delta (no neutral), Three
Phases and Ground
3N3 380
Delta (no neutral), Three
Phases and Ground
3N4 480
Delta (no neutral), Three
Phases and Ground
3N6 600
Delta (no neutral), Three
Phases and Ground
28. 2N1 120
Delta (no neutral), Two
Phases and Ground
2N2 240
Delta (no neutral), Two
Phases and Ground
2N3 380
Delta (no neutral), Two
Phases and Ground
2N4 480
Delta (no neutral), Two
Phases and Ground
2N6 600
Delta (no neutral), Two
Phases and Ground
29. Single phase systems
◦ Important to note whether the system is truly two
phases and ground or phase, neutral and ground
◦ The SPDs are only fused on the phases (not the
neutral)
◦ Determine the source of the single phase
30. Wye System – Modes available
WYE SYSTEM
Available Modes of Protection
Phase A
Neutral
Phase B
Phase C
Ground
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1 - Phase A to N
2 - Phase B to N
3 - Phase C to N
4 - Phase A to G
5 - Phase B to G
6 - Phase C to G
7 - Neutral to Gr
8 - Phase A to P
9 - Phase A to P
10 - Phase B to
31. The LA and Advantage models = Ten mode
(or discrete all mode) design
Direct mode of protection for each available
mode
Does not rely upon components intended for
the protection of other modes
See the white paper: Modes of Protection
within Electrical Systems for Application of
Surge Suppression
33. The phrase sine wave tracking is:
◦ A very good description of the result of the
action of the sine wave tracking circuitry
◦ A marketing phrase or quasi-scientific jargon
used to describe a specialized filter circuit
◦ Intended to mitigate the effects of switching or
ringing surges
34. A low-pass filter designed with a particular
spectrum of frequencies which it is
intended to attenuate
The components of the SWT circuitry are
especially selected so that they can survive
the surge environment without failure due
to the surge itself
35. Standard clamping models only react to
an over voltage event
Sine wave tracking models react to an
over voltage event and to a change in
frequency
A change in frequency occurs when the
voltage of the surge digresses from the
normal voltage and frequency of the sine
wave
38. SWT does not have a clamping level
The figure is correct in that what is shown
is the general result of sine wave tracking
Provides an easily understandable
comparison to non-SWT models
However, it should be stated, when
appropriate, that this is not how SWT truly
works
SWT reacts to a change in frequency created
by the surge
SWT operates independent of the voltage.
39. Cautions: Harmonics
◦ SWT is somewhat immune to overvoltage
◦ Not immune to “over-frequency”
◦ Harmonics created “over-frequency”
◦ SWT tries to attenuate (conducts) the higher
frequencies
◦ Rule of Thumb: Less than 15% Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD)
40. Cautions: Drives
◦ Drives create harmonics on the load and line side
◦ It is not recommended to use SWT on the load side
◦ SWT is recommended for the low-voltage controller
41. Cautions: Capacitor Banks
◦ Resonant conditions can occur due to the
interaction of the SWT circuitry, the capacitance of
the capacitor bank and the inductance/impedance
of the system between the two
◦ Very difficult to predict when this will happen
◦ Use standard clamping models in this situation
42. Two types of fusing utilized
◦ Component level, thermal fusing
◦ Phase level, fault current fusing
Takes the SPD offline in the event of a failure
43. Component Level Fusing
◦ Separates the RM, LA. ST models from previous
product families
◦ Activated during (relatively) high impedance, low
fault current conditions
◦ MOVs dissipate power during this event
◦ Thermal fusing reacts to the heat and opens
◦ Mitigates the effects of thermal runaway
44. Component Level Fusing
◦ Exercised during the UL 1449 low-current induced
failure tests
◦ Failure is evaluated for safety (cheesecloth, tissue
paper)
◦ Currents for this test are limited to 10, 5, 2.5 and
0.5 amps
45. Phase Level Fusing
◦ Separates our unit from previous product families
by how it is accomplished
◦ Activated during low impedance, high fault current
conditions
◦ Interrupts the flow of follow current
◦ Prevents the tremendous power dissipation that can
occur when an MOV fails with little or no current
limit
46. The SineTamer break-through
◦ Allows for a much smaller package
◦ Fusing option can be incorporated into standard
size enclosures
◦ Reduces internal lead length
◦ Reduces external lead length due to the small
overall package size and ease of installation
47. The SineTamer break-
through
◦ Patent-pending construction
method that allows for
reduction in lead length and
impedance that improves
performance
◦ Completely insulated on the
load and line side
◦ Prevents line side failures due
to arcing that occur when the
MOVs out-gas
48. Defined (from IEEE Standard C62.41.1-2002)
as “the maximum magnitude of voltage that
is measured across the terminals of the
surge-protective device (SPD) during the
application of a series of impulses of
specified wave shape and amplitude.”
Synonymous with “Let-Through Voltage”
49. MLVs provide a “snap-shot” of the
performance of an SPD
Be careful to be sure that all things are equal
when using MLVs to make comparisons
amongst SPDs
MLVs are highly dependent on the test setup,
equipment used and measurement method
50. Key ECS test specifications
◦ All voltages reported are peak voltages
◦ All voltages reported are from the peak of the
sine-wave to the peak of the surge (as opposed
to measuring from the zero crossing point of the
sine-wave)
◦ The voltages reported for a particular mode are
the average of each of the three phases for that
mode and the average of ten shots for each mode
(except for N-G, of course)
◦ The oscilloscope time base used for
measurement is 10 – 20 microseconds per
division
51. Key ECS test specifications
◦ The sampling rate of the oscilloscope is a
minimum of 250 Megasamples per second (250
million data points per second)
◦ The surge generator is calibrated to the IEEE
standards
◦ The oscilloscope is calibrated and has traceable
calibration records
◦ The surge generator peak voltages and currents
are calibrated at the ends of the leads needed to
connect the generator to the SPD
◦ All SPDs are tested with six inches of lead length
extending from the outside wall/conduit of the
enclosure to simulate actual installation
52. Represents
switching surges
that exist in the
electrical system
environment
Characteristic
frequency around
100 kHz
SWT is intended to
mitigate these
surges
53. Very frequent in occurrence
Less notable than lightning
Not visible like lightning
Not always immediately recognized as
being damaging or disruptive to electrical
circuits
Occur as part of every-day normal,
intended operations
Occur as part of abnormal, unintentional
operations
54. Contactors, relays or breakers
Switching of capacitor banks
Stored energy systems
Discharge of inductive devices
Starting and stopping of loads
Fault or arc initiation
Pulsed power loads
55. Arcing faults and arcing ground faults
Fault clearing
Power system recovery
Loose connections
Lightning induced oscillatory surges
56. Indicates that highest voltage for which the
SPD can properly operate for a particular
mode
Particularly important when determining the
voltage code of the SPD
indicates the level of “head-room” provided
between the nominal system voltage and the
actual maximum allowable voltage for the
SPD
57. Our products generally have MCOVs that are
15-25% higher than the nominal system
voltage
Allows for normal and some abnormal
overvoltages to occur with causing failure of
the SPD
MCOVs that are too low can create scenarios
where SPDs fail due to what the utility
considers normal fluctuations
58. MCOV has direct impact on the MLVs
Generally, the higher the MCOV, the higher
the MLV will be
With careful design considerations, the MCOV
can be raised to an acceptable level without
having significant impact on the performance
of the SPD
59. LEDs only
◦ One green LED per phase
◦ Normally on
◦ Sense the status of the protection circuit
◦ Sense the presence of power from the electrical
system
60. C – Dry Relay Contacts
◦ Normally open (NO) and normally closed (NC)
contacts
◦ Do not share a common terminal
◦ Can both be used or can be used independent of
one another
◦ Change state when either the internal or external
over-current device opens or when power is lost
to the SPD
◦ Can be used in combination with existing
monitoring systems
◦ No voltage supplied to the contacts by the SPD;
thus, the terminology “dry” or “volt-free”
61. AC – Audible Alarm
◦ Contains a 110 dB, pulsed siren
◦ A blinking red “trouble” LED
◦ One green LED per phase
◦ Powered by a long-life lithium based 9V battery with a ten-
year shelf life
◦ Siren to operate continuously for a minimum of 72 hours
◦ Red, “trouble” LED to operate continuously for a minimum
of 144 hours
◦ Senses the status of the normally open dry relay contact
(with power applied)
◦ Equipped with a mute switch and test button
◦ Siren has a duty cycle on the sound output
62. LP – Remote LED Option
◦ External LEDs housed in individual, round NEMA
4X holders
◦ Mounted remotely from the SPD and the LEDs are
located so that they can be viewed externally
◦ “Daylight bright” and can be viewed in bright
sunshine
◦ Provided with six feet of wire for each LED
◦ Drill template for properly locating the LEDs
◦ Overlay that can be applied to the surface to
which the LEDs are mounted
63. R1 – Remote LED/DRC board – no enclosure
◦ Used when the suppressor is mounted internal to
a panel or gear
◦ The board is mounted on the backside of an
external wall of the panel/gear enclosure
◦ LEDs are allowed to shine through the enclosure
to the overlay
◦ Provided with six feet of wire external to the
suppressor for connecting the LED/DRC board
◦ Used in combination with the LEDs only or DRC
option
64. S – Surge Counter
◦ Features an 8-digit LCD display (counts to
99,999,999 and then starts over)
◦ 10 year battery
◦ Manual reset switch
◦ Reset-disable jumper
◦ Provisions for NEMA 4 and NEMA 4X locations
◦ Sensitivity of the surge counter is such that it will
count surges that are at the A1 ring-wave level
◦ Sensing circuit is current-based rather than
voltage-based
◦ Only counts surges that the unit has acted upon
by detecting surge current flowing into the SPD
65. Surge Counter Notes:
◦ The paper includes some cautions when selling
surge counters (does not count enough, counts too
much, etc.)
◦ See Success with Surge Counters! [Hotchkiss] and
Surge Counter Case Study Update [Fussell]
66. Application:
◦ Individual Equipment
◦ Individual Circuits
Peak Surge Current:
◦ 60 kA Total
Units for both Frequency
Attenuating and Non.
Available in DC and AC up to
480.
Terminal Strip for 15, 30
and 60 Amps.
Wired and Parallel versions
Variety of Options –Din, RJ,
Video, Coax
ST-SPTxxx-y *
*Examples
ST-SPT120-15, ST-SPT480-15,
ST-SPT48DC-30, ST-FSPT120-15
67.
68. Different type of data circuits
Where they are found
Applicable TVSS units
Why they are selected
How to properly select a unit
69. ◦ Where data is passed between buildings on a
facility (e.g., production management)
◦ Where data is sent from an operating piece of
equipment to an operations control center
(e.g., cement plants & water treatment plants)
◦ Where data is sent between operating
machines within a building (e.g.
synchronization)
70. Common data circuits
4-20 mA
Ethernet
Frame relay
RS-232
Telephone
71. Signal voltage level
◦ Number of wires used
◦ Data rate
◦ Connector type
◦ Circuit resistance
72. 2 to 4 wires
Signal voltage < 12 Vdc
Data rate 2 Mbps or less
73. Which unit to use on a 12 volt circuit?
< 160 V
< 160 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
140 V
140 V
70 V
S-D140-x
< 80 V
< 80 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
54 V
54 V
70 V
S-D48-x
S-D53-x
< 40 V
< 40 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
36 V
36 V
70 V
S-D24-x
S-D33-x
< 30
< 30
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
15 V
15 V
70 V
S-D12-x
S-D15-x
< 20 V
< 20 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
7.5 V
7.5 V
70 V
S-D5-x
B3/C1 Impulse Wave
6 kV, 3 kA
Test Mode
Maximum Continuous
Operating Current
Maximum Continuous
Operating Voltages
Model
x = 2, 4, or 6
Terminals.
Let-Through Voltages Using ANSI/IEEE C62.45 & C62-41.1 / C62-41.2 Test Environment:
Static, positive polarity. All voltages are peak (10%).
< 160 V
< 160 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
140 V
140 V
70 V
S-D140-x
< 80 V
< 80 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
54 V
54 V
70 V
S-D48-x
S-D53-x
< 40 V
< 40 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
36 V
36 V
70 V
S-D24-x
S-D33-x
< 30
< 30
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
15 V
15 V
70 V
S-D12-x
S-D15-x
< 20 V
< 20 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
7.5 V
7.5 V
70 V
S-D5-x
B3/C1 Impulse Wave
6 kV, 3 kA
Test Mode
Maximum Continuous
Operating Current
Maximum Continuous
Operating Voltages
Model
x = 2, 4, or 6
Terminals.
Let-Through Voltages Using ANSI/IEEE C62.45 & C62-41.1 / C62-41.2 Test Environment:
Static, positive polarity. All voltages are peak (10%).
74. Found on long data line runs (> 75 feet)
Problem: Normal DC signal voltage plus
induced AC voltage may exceed the
clamping threshold of the TVSS unit
Example: MCOV is 15 Vdc, Signal voltage is
12 Vdc, Induced AC is 4 Vac.
Total signal voltage is 16 volts
Solution:
– Provide headroom when sizing
TVSS
– Use 36 volt MCOV TVSS with 12
Vdc signals on long interior runs
or all exterior runs
76. Now, which unit to use on a 12 volt circuit?
< 160 V
< 160 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
140 V
140 V
70 V
S-D140-x
< 80 V
< 80 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
54 V
54 V
70 V
S-D48-x
S-D53-x
< 40 V
< 40 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
36 V
36 V
70 V
S-D24-x
S-D33-x
< 30
< 30
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
15 V
15 V
70 V
S-D12-x
S-D15-x
< 20 V
< 20 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
7.5 V
7.5 V
70 V
S-D5-x
B3/C1 Impulse Wave
6 kV, 3 kA
Test Mode
Maximum Continuous
Operating Current
Maximum Continuous
Operating Voltages
Model
x = 2, 4, or 6
Terminals.
Let-Through Voltages Using ANSI/IEEE C62.45 & C62-41.1 / C62-41.2 Test Environment:
Static, positive polarity. All voltages are peak (10%).
< 160 V
< 160 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
140 V
140 V
70 V
S-D140-x
< 80 V
< 80 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
54 V
54 V
70 V
S-D48-x
S-D53-x
< 40 V
< 40 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
36 V
36 V
70 V
S-D24-x
S-D33-x
< 30
< 30
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
15 V
15 V
70 V
S-D12-x
S-D15-x
< 20 V
< 20 V
< 280 V
L-G
L-L
Shield-G
500 mA
7.5 V
7.5 V
70 V
S-D5-x
B3/C1 Impulse Wave
6 kV, 3 kA
Test Mode
Maximum Continuous
Operating Current
Maximum Continuous
Operating Voltages
Model
x = 2, 4, or 6
Terminals.
Let-Through Voltages Using ANSI/IEEE C62.45 & C62-41.1 / C62-41.2 Test Environment:
Static, positive polarity. All voltages are peak (10%).
77. 5 - 7 Volts DC is common
Normally use TVSS rated at 36
VDC MCOV. Why?
But -- always ask about the
signal voltage!
If TVSS unit clamps the signal
voltage, no useable data flows
through the circuit!
78. 2 Mbps
10 Mbps
100 Mbps
Data rate has little impact on price.
However, due to technology
constraints in order to achieve high
data rates, the 100 Mbps unit is
less robust that the lower data rate
units.
80. Wire clamping box terminals,
2 - 6 wires
RJ receptacles (female)
2 - 4 pins or all 8 pins protected
Punch Down Block (22 – 26 AWG)
Box terminals are simple for you.
RJ receptacles require you to know
which pin is protected, unless you
choose a model with all eight pins
protected.
81. You can order RJ TVSS units with
the following pin configurations:
• Standard Pins (1, 2, 3, & 6)
• Specify any four pins
• All eight pins protected
All eight pins protected is safe,
but costs 50% more
82. Solution:
1.Use TVSS with wire clamping
box terminals, or
2.Have client determine pins used
& provide data to you
Protect yourself – in the proposal
to your client , call out the pins
you are protecting
83. Protect yourself - tell your client about
circuit resistance to determine if it will be a
problem
The number of SPDs you can install on a circuit or
network is dependent upon the resistance of the SPD
Too much resistance can prevent data transfer
Usually not a problem with a single SPD unless the
run is long
2 and 10 MBPS SPDs have 5-Ohms resistance per wire
100 MBPS have Zero Ohms resistance
Signal amplifiers, increased wire size, or using fewer
SPDs can solve most problems
84. Recommended TVSS
After determining data rate, signal voltage, and
number of wires, choose:
◦ Any data TVSS with wire clamping box
terminals
◦ Any data TVSS with RJ Connections
◦ Punchdown Block - PDB6-D or PDB25-D (data
rate up to 2 Mbps)
91. It is important to note that these suggestions are exactly that
– they are suggestions only. TVSS applications are an art form
at best and not an exact science. The amperage load ratings
are minimal acceptable. The suppressors are parallel devices
so the amperage load is not critical for the unit operation –
merely our ability to match the potential peak surge current
capabilities of the cable with that of the Sinetamer.
You can always use a higher amperage suggested device.
Please do not use a lower one. Eg. Using an LA-ST60 unit on a
1000 amp panel is not recommended. However you can and
may wish to install an LA-ST240 unit on a 400 amp panel in
order to provide a higher degree of protection from high
energy transients.
92. Begin with the most critical and sensitive
equipment. Isolate that equipment from the
electrical environment by selecting the most
appropriate unit.
In any situation where the equipment is unusual
voltage or the connection type might be different
than normal – make a drawing and scan and send
to me. Ask … we may already have designed a unit.
We have thousands and thousands of units.
Never tell a customer we can not protect it. Tell
them that you will get back to them with an answer.
93. The Ten-to-One Rule of Thumb:
◦ Ten-to-one ratio between the service size and the
peak surge current per mode of the SPD – as a
starting point
◦ One must consider the expected exposure of the
installation location (even if the panel is internal to
the facility – the loads may not be)
The SCCR Rule: The SCCR of the panel
multiplied by 1.5 + Lightning factor = PSC
94. Base Model PSC per mode PSC per phase*
ST-SSLA/ST-CSLA 30 kA 90 kA
ST-SKLA/ST-CKLA 40 kA 120 kA
ST-SDLA/ST-CDLA 60 kA 180 kA
ST-LSEA/ST-CSEA 80 kA 240 kA
ST-SMLA/ST-CMLA 100 kA 300 kA
LA-ST60 20 Ka 60 Ka
LA-ST120 40 Ka 120 Ka
LA-ST180 60 Ka 180 Ka
RM-ST40 20 kA 40 kA
RM-ST60 20 kA 40 kA
RM-ST120 40 kA 80 kA
RM-ST180 60 kA 120 kA
ST-RSE 20 kA 20 kA
95.
96. Step 3A
Step 3B
No
Find Meter
Gather Info
Move inside
Locate main switch gear
Confirm volts & amps
No Yes
One
Switch
Locate distribution
panels, sub-panels,
breaker panels, fused
disconnects or
equipment
Confirm
configuration,
volts, & amps of
all panels &
transformers
Is panel suppression
sufficient?
Determine if equipment
needs point-of-use
protection
Dedicated
Circuit
Determine type of
equipment serviced
by panel
Multiple
Switches
Yes
No
Yes
Apply
protection
Apply
protection
Apply
protection
Apply
protection
Apply
protection
98. a
b c
i
j k l m n o p q
d e f g h r
s
t
u
SPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
99. To dish
Air Conditioner
120/240
1 Phase
200 A
Telephone Lines
Telephone
KSU
Modem
Security
System
VCR
Satellite
Controller
Big Screen TV
Home
Entertainment
Center
Ground
Wire
60 Amp
100. To dish
Air Conditioner
120/240
1 Phase
200 A
Telephone Lines
Telephone
KSU
Modem
Security
System
VCR
Satellite
Controller
Big Screen
TV
Home
Entertainment
Center
Ground
Wire
60 Amp
SPD
SPD
SPD
101. 120/208
2 Phase
200 A
copier Coffee
Pot
Process
PC
Printer
Input
120 V
13 A
Common
Ground
Security
System
Telephone
KSU
Common
Ground
120 V
20 A
Input Input
Input
PC
1000
Foot Run
Mini
Computer
Data Buss to
Process PC’s
Modem
Warehouse
Inventory Control
Modem
PLCPLC
102. 120/208
2 Phase
200 A
copier Coffee
Pot
Process
PC
Printer
Input
120 V
13 A
Common
Ground
Security
System
Telephone
KSU
Common
Ground
120 V
20 A
Input Input
Input
PC
1000
Foot Run
Data Buss to
Process PC’s
Modem
Warehouse
Inventory Control
Modem
PLCPLC
SPDSPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
SPD
Mini
Computer
113. Panel A – Main Panel 2200 Amps, 277/480
volts
◦ Recommend ST-LSEA3Y2. Why? Main service, 10:1
rule = 220ka per phase minimum. Non
sensitive/critical equipment.
Panel B and C – Distribution Panel 1600 and 1400
Amps, 277/480 volts
– Recommend ST-SDLA3Y2 or LA-ST1803Y2C.
Why? 10:1 rule = 160 and 140ka per phase
minimum.
114. DIST PANEL
HVAC
LIGHTING
Panel A 3 ph
277/480 3000
Amp MCB
Panel B 3 ph
277/480 1600
Amp MCB
Panel C 3 ph
277/480 1400
Amp MCB
Panel D, E, F 3 ph
120/208 225 Amp MCB
115. Panels D, E and F – sub distribution panel,
feeding sensitive equipment 225 Amps, 120/208
volts
◦ Recommend LA-ST603Y1C? Why? Main
Breaker rating of 225 amp, 10:1 rule does
not typically apply on panels of this nature –
under 600 amps. Frequency responsive
units are most effective at preventing
process disruption and protecting
microprocessor based equipment.
116. DIST PANEL
HVAC
LIGHTING
Panel A 3 ph
277/480 3000
Amp MCB
Panel B 3 ph
277/480 1600
Amp MCB
Panel C 3 ph
277/480 1400
Amp MCB
Panel D, E, F 3 ph
120/208 225 Amp MCB
117. Company Confidential
5 Telephone Lines and
2 – 24vdc 4/20 mA Circuits
Secondary Panel
1200 amps
120/208 wye
Service Entrance
2000 Amps
277/480 Wye
Critical Loads
240 volt PLC
118. Company Confidential
ST-PDB5 & ST-CLMF24-4
Secondary Panel
1200 amps
LA-ST120-3Y1C
Service Entrance
2400 Amps
ST-LSEA3Y2
Critical Loads
Series Filters
ST-SPT240-15
128. Company Confidential
Datacom for
external signal
line
Utility Service
12.47kV
480V
ST-Advantage
Main
Distribution
Panel
AFD
ST-SPT
Motor
PLC
Motor
Motor
MCC
Production Floor
Welder
Small h.p.
Motors
Office Panel
Work
Station
PC
Copier
Printers
Lamp FaxServer
Note: all incoming data, telephone, 4-20 mA,
and signal lines require protection
LA-ST
LA-ST
120V
RM
PBX
(telephone
switch)
Data
Suppressor@
Building Entrance
ST-SPT
electronic
load
TVSS
129.
130. PLC’s (AC and or DC) – ST-SPT120(240)-15 or
appropriate DC voltage. Or you can use the parallel
unit – ST-SP120(240)-P
Fire/Security Alarm Systems – ST-SPT unit for AC
voltage. Typically they will have a telephone line
that needs protection. So you can combine the AC
and Telecom. ST-SPT120-15-RJ. If there are signal
wires that leave that building to an outside location
– consider protecting that also. Typically the
appropriate ST-CLMF or ST-CLDIN units – finding
out the correct voltage and number of wires.
Access Control Systems – magnetic key cards or
similar type, follow same procedures as above.
131. General Recommendations
Traffic Lights: combination unit –
ST-SPT120-15-RJ
Slot Machines / Tragamonedas: 3 phase
panel – LA-ST60-3Y1C
Bank ATM: ST-SPT120-15-RJ. If the data is
not telephone but data circuit, then need
data information – wires and voltage and
use ST-SPT-120-RJ45.
Video Surveillance Systems: Protect the AC
and the cameras. Combonation units are
available. 120 AC, 24DC, Coax… Acquire
all information.
132. UPS systems – Single phase – typically 1kva up to
3kva. ST-SPT120(240)-P 120 or 240 volt installed in
parallel. Single phase - 4kva – 10kva – ST-SPT240-30
installed series or parallel.
UPS systems – Three phase – up to 150 kva – LA-ST60-
3Y1C or 3Y2C. 200 kva and larger – LA-ST120-3Y2C.
CNC Machine tools – RM-ST60-3N2 (3N4) (or RM-
ST120) installed at main breaker. ST-SPT120(240)-15 at
the controller.
Variable Frequency Drives in areas of low lightning
VFD – up to 75 hp – ST-RSE3N4 or RM-ST603N4
VFD – up to 150 hp – RM-ST60-3N4
VFD – up to 250 hp – RM-ST120-3N4
VFD – up to 400 hp – RM-ST180-3N4
* with ST-SPT120 when PLC is used.
General Recommendations
133. General Recommendations
For VFD’s in High Lightning or Oil Field applications:
Level 1 - ST-SMLA3N4
Level 2 – RM-ST180-3N4 (if no added capacitors in VFD)
Level 3 – ST-SPT120(240) -15 at RTU/PLC/ICM
For VFD’s in Low/Mid Lightning
Level 1 – ST-LSEA3N4
Level 2 - RM-ST120-3N4 (if no added capacitors in VFD)
Level 3 - ST-SPT120(240) -15 at RTU/PLC/ICM
134. Motor
1P 240 VAC 1½ HP
10 A
Inside application
Very tight quarters
ST-FSPT-240-15
ST-FSP-240-P
135. Variable frequency drive
50 HP, 460NN
65 A
Indoor application
• ST-RSE3N4
• RM-ST40-3N4
136. Gas Pump
120 VAC
20 A
RJ45 Ethernet Communication
• ST-SPT120-30-RJ45
• ST-ICPS120-20 + ST-RJ45-24-Cat5E
137. Pump Motor in Rock Mine
4160 VAC Delta
200 A
• ST-LSEA-MV3N4160
138. Pick and Place Machine for PCB Assembly
120/208 Wye
40 A
• RM-ST403Y1
• LA-ST603Y1C
139. OEM Application for Drink Machines
120 V 1P
15 A
• ST-SPT120-15
• ST-FSPT120-15
• ST-L120-P-1L
140. Automated Checkout and Laser Scanner
at large department store.
120 V, 1P
15 A
RJ45 Ethernet communication
• ST-SPT120-15-RJ45
141. Water Pump for a large nursery
15 HP
120/208 V Wye
46 A
Outdoor Application
• RM-ST603Y1
142. Control Servos (multiple)
DIN rail mount (need small footprint)
48 VDC
1 A
• ST-ICPS-48DC-3-DIN
• ST-ICPF-48DC-3-DIN
143. New construction in factory
Multiple Variable Frequency Drives (24 units –
4 circuits )
480 VAC 3PH DELTA
75 A
• Level 1 – RM-ST120-3N4
• Level 2 - ST-RSE3N4 at the breaker
location of each set of 6 VFD’s
144. MRI Machine in Hospital
120/208 V Wye
200 A
Need very tight clamping
• ST-CKLA3Y1 (Best)
• LA-ST60-3Y1C (Better)
• RM-ST40-3Y1 (Good)
146. Ball Park Lighting
480 V Delta
40 A
Multiple circuits plus parking lot
lighting
• Circuit Board - RM-ST403N4
• Parking Lot Lights - ST-FSP2-2N4-P
147. Coal Conveyer Belt Drive for power
plant
50 HP
480 V Delta
65 A
Outside, corrosive environment
• RM-ST120-3N4W
148. Remember… this is not an exact
science, it is an art-form, and the only
wrong answer is the wrong voltage.