1. Origin of the diversitywithin Afrotropicalstem borers subtribe Sesamiina (Lep. Noctuidae) Emmanuel Toussaint Faculté des Sciences d’Orsay, Université Paris-Sud XI Collaborators: Bruno Le Ru, Gaël Kergoat & Jean-François Silvain Laboratoire Evolution Génomes et Spéciation UPR9034 IRD/CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations UMR1062 INRA/CIRAD/IRD/Montpellier SupAgro

2. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Biological model : Apameinitribe More than 800 species (unravelledtaxonomy) Caterpillars on crops No phylogenetichypothesis for the tribe 2 sub-tribes: Sesamiinamainly Afrotropical and Apameinafrom the Palaearcticregion Strong model to investigate the delineationbetweenmolecluar, morphological and ecological species concepts. BusseolafuscaSesamiacalamistis

3. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Problematic Combiningdifferentanalyticalmehods in order to untangle the evolution of feedingpreferenceswithin the Sesamiina subtribe : Delineate the species shapes of this group using molecular, ecological and morphological data

4. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion ~1000 specimens ~200 species Outgroup Mitochondrial Mitochondrial Nuclear 12S 16S 28S EF1 CO1 CytB Non coding Coding Alignment

5. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Concatenated matrix ~1000 specimens ~200 species Parsimony analyses TNT Outgroup Mitochondrial Nuclear Phylogeny 12S 16S 28S EF1 CO1 CytB Non coding Coding Alignment Carvingmonophyleticentities

6. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Monophyletic groups Concatenated matrix ~1000 specimens ~200 species Bayesian inference analyses MrBayes Parsimony analyses TNT Outgroup Molecular species delimitation Pons et al.,2006 Monaghan et al.,2009 Mitochondrial Nuclear Phylogeny 12S 16S 28S EF1 CO1 CytB Non coding Coding Return to morphology/ecology Alignment Carvingmonophyleticentities Sesamiina Matrix

7. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Problematic Combiningdifferentanalyticalmehods in order to untangle the evolution of feedingpreferenceswithin the Sesamiina subtribe : Delineate the species shapes of this group using molecular, ecological and morphological data Studying the evolution of feedingpreferencesusingphylogenetic analyses allowing life history traits optimization

8. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Sesamiina Matrix Species – Host plants encoding Datation by Bayesian inference Beast 40 000 caterpillarsraised on decade of host plants identified by botanists Phylogeny of the Sesamiina subtribe Optimization file Maximum Likelihoodanalysis Reconstructingevolutive patterns between stem borers and their host-plants

9. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Problématique Combiningdifferentanalyticalmehods in order to untangle the evolution of feedingpreferenceswithin the Sesamiina subtribe : Delineate the species shapes of this group using molecular, ecological and morphological data Studying the evolution of feedingpreferencesusingphylogenetic analyses allowing life history traits optimization Assess the origin of the Sesamiina subtribe Bayesian inference analyses and comparingthis timing with the occurrence of main palaecological and palaeoclimaticevents

10. Introduction Material& Methods Results & Discussion Conclusion Apameini GeometridaeOenos. NotodontidaeEuteliidaeNolidaeErebidaeNoctuidae Fossile Arctiidae 48 Ma Hawaii endemicH.Hawaiiensis => Emergence à 5 Ma Outgroup NOCTUOIDEA (Zahiri et al., 2010) MIN AGE (Erebidae) MAX AGE (Helicoverpa) EF1 CO1 DNA Matrix (134 taxons) Fossil and geologicalconstraints Bayesian inferenceanalysis Beast Chronogram Assessing Sesamiina origin

11. Introduction Material& Methods Results& Discussion Conclusion Molecular species delimitation analyses : exemple of the genusFeraxinia sensu lato : New genus5 nov.sp1 Feraxiniajemjemensis Feraxinia nov.sp1 Feraxinianyei Feraxiniaserena New genus1 nov.sp1 New genus8 nov.sp1 New genus2 nov.sp1 8 morphological species (B.Le Ru pers.com)

12. Introduction Material& Methods Results& Discussion Conclusion Molecular species delimitation analyses : exemple of the genusFeraxinia sensu lato : New genus2 nov.sp1 New genus8 nov.sp1 New genus1 nov.sp1 Feraxiniaserena nov.sp1 Feraxiniaserena nov.sp2 Feraxiniaserena nov.sp3 Feraxiniaserena nov.sp4 Feraxiniaserena nov.sp5 Feraxiniaserena nov.sp6 Feraxiniaserena Feraxinianyei nov.sp1 Feraxinianyei Feraxinia nov.sp1 Feraxiniajemjemensis New genus5 nov.sp2 New genus 5 nov.sp1 Pons et al. (2006) : 14 espèces moléculaires Monaghan et al. (2009) : 11 espèces moléculaires Choix de la méthode la plus « conservative » Monaghan

13. Introduction Material& Methods Results& Discussion Conclusion Host-Plant optimization analyses and ancestral state reconstruction BotanicFamilylevel Conico. Acrapex Scio. Pir. Car. Busseola Manga Ferax. Po. Sesamia * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Poaceae * Poaceae Cyperaceae * Cyperaceae Typhaceae Typhaceae * Polyphage Polyphage *

14. Introduction Material& Methods Results& Discussion Conclusion Host-Plant optimization analyses and ancestral state reconstruction BotanicSub-Familylevel Conico. Acrapex Scio. Pir. Car. Busseola Manga Ferax. Po. Sesamia * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Panicaceae * Poaceae Chlorodoideae * Cyperaceae Arundinoideae Typhaceae Cyperoideae * Polyphage Pooideae Polyphage *

15. Introduction Material& Methods Results& Discussion Conclusion Host-Plant optimization analyses and ancestral state reconstruction BotanicTribelevel Conico. Acrapex Scio. Pir. Car. Busseola Manga Ferax. Po. Sesamia * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Andropogoneae Poaceae Paniceae * Cyperaceae Zoysieae * Typhaceae Aruiulineae Polyphage Aveneae Cypereae Fuireneae Typheae Polyphage

16. Introduction Material& Methods Results& Discussion Conclusion Chronogram of the Noctuoidea super-family

18. Unsuspected species richness and highlevel of specialization

19. Group diversification occuredat the sametimeas the emergence of the first savannah biomes

21. Study of the diversification rates