This document discusses the tort of trespass to land. It defines trespass to land as entry onto another's property without permission. Trespass can occur through direct entry, placing objects on the land, or allowing animals to enter. The plaintiff must prove possession of the land and interference with that possession to win a trespass case. Available remedies include injunctions and damages. Defenses include licenses, necessity, and authority of law. If a lawful entry later involves wrongful acts, the trespasser may be liable from the beginning in the doctrine of trespass ab initio.
he Specific Relief Act, 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides remedies for persons whose civil or contractual rights have been violated. It replaced an earlier Act of 1877. The following kinds of remedies may be granted by a court under the provisions of the Specific Relief Act:
Recovery of possession of property
Specific performance of contracts
Rectification of instruments
Rescission of contracts
Cancellation of Instruments
Declaratory decrees
Injunction
THE SLIDES CONCENTRATE N THE ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF PRE-EMPTION (SHUFA). IT INCLUDES ITS PRESENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS AS WELL. HELPFUL FOR LAW STUDENTS AND PROFESSIONALS
he Specific Relief Act, 1963 is an Act of the Parliament of India which provides remedies for persons whose civil or contractual rights have been violated. It replaced an earlier Act of 1877. The following kinds of remedies may be granted by a court under the provisions of the Specific Relief Act:
Recovery of possession of property
Specific performance of contracts
Rectification of instruments
Rescission of contracts
Cancellation of Instruments
Declaratory decrees
Injunction
THE SLIDES CONCENTRATE N THE ISLAMIC CONCEPT OF PRE-EMPTION (SHUFA). IT INCLUDES ITS PRESENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL STATUS AS WELL. HELPFUL FOR LAW STUDENTS AND PROFESSIONALS
This file deals with the Section 60-64 of CPC,1908, which talks about the Attachment of property in execution proceedings.
I have tried to make it easier for the students to understand the concept.
In case of any query the undersigned can be reached by email, the address of which has been given in the third last slide.
The presentation TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, 1882 includes the object of the Act, property, transfer, nature of transfer, kinds of transfer, the difference between movable and immovable property etc.
Any civil wrong is subject matter of Law of torts. Principles of law of torts have been discussed in this presentation for the students in simple ways.
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jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
This Presentation details the specifics of public and private nuisance and give scenarios of each so that readers can fully understand the concepts applicable to business law.
This file deals with the Section 60-64 of CPC,1908, which talks about the Attachment of property in execution proceedings.
I have tried to make it easier for the students to understand the concept.
In case of any query the undersigned can be reached by email, the address of which has been given in the third last slide.
The presentation TRANSFER OF PROPERTY ACT, 1882 includes the object of the Act, property, transfer, nature of transfer, kinds of transfer, the difference between movable and immovable property etc.
Any civil wrong is subject matter of Law of torts. Principles of law of torts have been discussed in this presentation for the students in simple ways.
Code of civil procedure 1908 miscellaneous, interest,cost, exemption from app...Dr. Vikas Khakare
This contains miscellaneous provision like interest in suit, cost of suit, persons exempted for appearing in the court, caveat and inherent powers of court.
jurisprudence topic possession detailed ppt which help to learn this topic easily by a minimum time by any person who study law. person easily download this ppt to read and to teach also.
This Presentation details the specifics of public and private nuisance and give scenarios of each so that readers can fully understand the concepts applicable to business law.
These slides describe the effect of Servitudes on immovable property and what are positive and negative Servitudes. This is from a lecture in Conveyancing conducted for the final year students of the Sri Lanka Law College in 2007
The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with a) various specific transfers relating to immovable property. b) general principles relating to the transfer of movables and immovable property. Chapter II of The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with both movable and immovable property. Section 58 to 104 of the Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with mortgages and charges.
LL1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 2xareejx
Ll1 slides extent of ownership and enjoyment of land part 2
Right to underground land, below the surface of the land
Right to support of land in its natural state
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
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All eyes on Rafah: But why?. The Rafah border crossing, a crucial point between Egypt and the Gaza Strip, often finds itself at the center of global attention. As we explore the significance of Rafah, we’ll uncover why all eyes are on Rafah and the complexities surrounding this pivotal region.
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What makes Rafah so significant that it captures global attention? The phrase ‘All eyes are on Rafah’ resonates not just with those in the region but with people worldwide who recognize its strategic, humanitarian, and political importance. In this guide, we will delve into the factors that make Rafah a focal point for international interest, examining its historical context, humanitarian challenges, and political dimensions.
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Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
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The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
Visit Now: https://www.tumblr.com/trademark-quick/751620857551634432/ensure-legal-protection-file-your-trademark-with?source=share
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
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Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
WINDING UP of COMPANY, Modes of DissolutionKHURRAMWALI
Winding up, also known as liquidation, refers to the legal and financial process of dissolving a company. It involves ceasing operations, selling assets, settling debts, and ultimately removing the company from the official business registry.
Here's a breakdown of the key aspects of winding up:
Reasons for Winding Up:
Insolvency: This is the most common reason, where the company cannot pay its debts. Creditors may initiate a compulsory winding up to recover their dues.
Voluntary Closure: The owners may decide to close the company due to reasons like reaching business goals, facing losses, or merging with another company.
Deadlock: If shareholders or directors cannot agree on how to run the company, a court may order a winding up.
Types of Winding Up:
Voluntary Winding Up: This is initiated by the company's shareholders through a resolution passed by a majority vote. There are two main types:
Members' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is solvent (has enough assets to pay off its debts) and shareholders will receive any remaining assets after debts are settled.
Creditors' Voluntary Winding Up: The company is insolvent and creditors will be prioritized in receiving payment from the sale of assets.
Compulsory Winding Up: This is initiated by a court order, typically at the request of creditors, government agencies, or even by the company itself if it's insolvent.
Process of Winding Up:
Appointment of Liquidator: A qualified professional is appointed to oversee the winding-up process. They are responsible for selling assets, paying off debts, and distributing any remaining funds.
Cease Trading: The company stops its regular business operations.
Notification of Creditors: Creditors are informed about the winding up and invited to submit their claims.
Sale of Assets: The company's assets are sold to generate cash to pay off creditors.
Payment of Debts: Creditors are paid according to a set order of priority, with secured creditors receiving payment before unsecured creditors.
Distribution to Shareholders: If there are any remaining funds after all debts are settled, they are distributed to shareholders according to their ownership stake.
Dissolution: Once all claims are settled and distributions made, the company is officially dissolved and removed from the business register.
Impact of Winding Up:
Employees: Employees will likely lose their jobs during the winding-up process.
Creditors: Creditors may not recover their debts in full, especially if the company is insolvent.
Shareholders: Shareholders may not receive any payout if the company's debts exceed its assets.
Winding up is a complex legal and financial process that can have significant consequences for all parties involved. It's important to seek professional legal and financial advice when considering winding up a company.
2. Tort- A Civil wrong, less serious than a crime,
committed by a person against another, other than
breach of contract.
The state has no interest.
May lead to a civil suit.
4. 1. Torts against immovable property
Torts affecting immovable property arise :
a) either by disturbance of the right to hold or possess
it,
b) whether such disturbance be present or in
expectation ;
c) or by actual physical damage to the property;
d) or by interference with it ;
e) or impairing of the enjoyment of it
5. 1(A). Trespass to Land
1(A)(a)General Trespass:
Every person who possess lawfully any
land; has a right to exclude others from entering over
his land. If a person without permission or authority
enters on his land will be treated as a trespasser.
6. Trespass to land is also an offence under IPC(section
441)provided the requisite intent is present.
To constitute the wrong of trespass neither force ,nor
unlawful intention, nor actual damage, nor the
breaking of an enclosure is necessary.
“Every invasion of private property, be it ever so
minute, is a trespass”
CASE: Secretary K.S.E.B v. M.V.Abraham
7. Trespass may be committed:
1) By entering upon the land of the plaintiff
2) By remaining there
3) By doing an act affecting the sole possession of the
plaintiff in each case without justification.
8. 1) Entry is essential to constitute a trespass:
• intentionally
• mistake
• involuntarily
LIABLE
NOT LIABLE
9. When a person is thrown upon the land by someone else
he cannot be held liable as it is involuntary.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
CASE: FOWLER v. LANNING
Here court said that intention was an important
element to constitute trespass.
CASE: CORBET v. HILL
In this case the presumption was that, he who owns
the surface of land owns all the underlying strata. So an entry
beneath the surface at whatever depth ,is an actionable trespass
at the instance of the owner of that surface.
10. But it is possible that the underlining strata may be in
possession of a different person.
For e.g.:
• When mining rights are held by a person who is not in
possession of the surface.
• So if the surface of land is in possession of ‘A’ and the
subsoil is in possession of ‘B’
• Entry on the land will be trespass against ‘A’ and entry in
the subsoil will be trespass against ‘B’.
Also if a person who has limited right of entry upon land,
exceeds that right, he is a trespasser.
11. 2) By remaining there
If a person who has lawfully
entered on the land of another and
remains there after his right of
entry has ceased, he commits
trespass.
For e.g.:
Licensee whose license has been
terminated or extinguished by
expiry can be sued as a
trespasser if he does not vacate
after request
12. 3)Doing an act affecting the sole possession of the
plaintiff
• Means trespass by placing thinks on land
• Trespass not by actual entry.
By placing or crossing some physical things on others
property
e.g.: >shooting over a persons land
>placing anything above or hanging his land
>planting trees in his land
13. 1(A)(b)Aerial Trespass
• The owner of the land is entitled to the column of air
space above the surface.
• Ordinary rule of law whoever has got the site-
is the owner of everything up to the sky and down to
the center of the earth.
• e.g.: If a man were to erect a building over hanging
the land of another, he would commit trespass and an
action would lie against him.
14. 1(A)(c)Continuing Trespass
• If a man throws a heap of stones, or builds a wall, or
plants post of rails, on his neighbor's land, and there
leaves them, an action will lie against him foe the
trespass;
• And the right to sue will continue from day to day, till
the encumbrance is removed.
• Action can be brought for:
1.original trespass placing encumbrance
2.continuing the things so erected.
15. 1(A)(d)Trespass by joint owners
• Joint tenants or tenants in common can only sue one
another in trespass for acts done by one in consistent
with the rights of the other.
• e.g.:. Destruction of a building, carrying away of soil.
16. 1(A)(e)Trespass by animals
• Trespass by a man’s cattle is dealt similarly to
trespass committed by himself.
• If a mans cattle, sheep or poultry or any animal
trespasses into the land of another, the owner of the
land is responsible for the trespass and consequential
damage;
• Unless he can show that his neighbor was bound to
fence and had failed to do so.
17. Essential elements for trespass
• Entry essential
• Entry by an unauthorized person
• Not liable for involuntary entry
• Liable for aerial or underground trespass
• Liable if person remains on land after right is ceased
• Every interference with the land of another is
considered trespass
18. What a plaintiff has to prove??
• In an action for trespass the plaintiff has to prove:
1.That the plaintiff was in actual possession of the land
at the time of trespass. Lawful or unlawful possession is
immaterial.
2.There was direct interference with the possession of
his land.
No need to show actual loss or damage.
19. Remedies to plaintiff
• Following remedies are available:
1). Injunction against defendant
2). Suit for damages
Other remedies like declaration, expulsion or possession
may be claimed along with this.
20. Defences available to defendant
1) Prescription- The defendant may plead that he has a
justifiable reason or right over the property.
2)Leave and license- It is also considered as consent.
This defence can be used for those acts which will be
lawful with consent. Where plaintiff has consented for
the entry.
3)Authority of law- If entry is defended by lawful
authority then he is not answerable.
21. 4)Act of necessity- If the act done by the defendant is
under necessity
5)Act of self defence- If trespass done safety of himself,
animal,property,goods.
6)Re-entry on land- A person who is wrongfully
dispossessed of land may retake possession of it if he
can do so peaceably and without the use of force.
7)Abating a nuisance- Nothing but removal of nuisance
must be done peaceably and without danger to life or
limb
22. Trespass Ab Initio
• Sometime a person enters over another's property
with some authority or consent. But later he does
something or abuses or goes beyond such permission
to him, he will be liable for trespass only.
• But if a person enters the land of another under the
authority of some law but then abuses his authority
by doing some wrongful act, then he will be treated
as trespasser ab initio.i.e.he will be treated ad
trespasser from the beginning
24. • Plaintiff sued them for trespass ab initio
• It was held that non payment was simply an omission
to do a certain thing which the defendants were
supposed to do and it amounted to non feasance.
• Non feasance does not render a person liable for
trespass ab initio.
• So the carpenters were not trespassers ab initio.
25. In this case court laid down three points
1. If a man abuses an authority given to him by law, he
becomes a trespasser ab initio.
2. In an action of trespass, if the authority be pleaded,
the subsequent abuse may be replied.
3. A mere non feasance does not amount to such an
abuse as renders a trespasser ab initio.