This document discusses linked lists and their implementation. Linked lists are dynamic data structures that can grow and shrink as elements are added or removed. Each element of a linked list is a separate node object that contains a data element and a reference to the next node. Common operations like adding and removing elements from different positions in the list are explained. The time complexity of these operations is better for linked lists than for array-based lists in many cases due to not needing to shift elements to open/close spaces. Doubly linked and circular linked list variations are also introduced.
C++ Please make sure that your answer is fully submitted .pdfaashkaahm
C++. Please, make sure that your answer is fully submitted.
A circular linked list is a linked list where a non-empty list has no null pointers. Unless empty, each
node has a
pointer to the next node, and the last node points back to the first node.
Assignment: Create a file called CLinkedList.h that will contain templates of the following classes
and functions.
1) A circular linked list class, with nodes arranged in ascending order. It must have a single data
member, a pointer to a Node object named last, which points to
the last node of a non-empty list. It must have following public member functions: a constructor,
copy constructor, destructor (implemented recursively), and assignment operator. Its
other public member functions will be named insert() and remove(), which will be used to insert
and remove integers given by the user in later cpp assignment. Use a LinkedList.h as a basis.
2) Include or Implement the Node.h file.
3) A list iterator class, templated and have as data member a reference to a circular linked list and
a pointer to the templated type.
OR in other words :The iterator class providing a public interface to the list. The pointer points at
nodes in the linked list. You may Refer to the << operator in the LinkedList.h
Its member functions are as follows:
Constructor: Assigns the linked list data member to the parameter, a reference to a circular linked
list.
begin() sets the iterator to the first node of the linked list (or NULL if the list is empty)
isEmpty() returns whether or not the wrapped linked list is empty
isFirstNode() returns whether the present node is the first node of the linked list
isLastNode() returns whether the present node is the last node of the linked list
operator*() returns the data of the node currently pointed at. (You need 2, one of them with
constant reference like in LinkedList.h)
operator++() pre-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there is
one
operator++(int) post-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there
is one
Please, document as much as you can!.
In this lab we will write code for working with a Linked List. Node .pdffms12345
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity
is produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or
natural gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power
plants. Using the Internet, determine the percent contributions
of these types of electricity generation to the U.S. total. For
each of the four types, determine at least three significant
environmental considerations associated with it and how
such environmental aspects affect the respective plant
design, operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three
references.
please type the answer
Solution
Major energy sources and percent share of total U.S. electricity generation in 2015:
Significant environmental impacts of coal;
Though abundant, coal is a dirty energy source that is responsible for more than a quarter of the
nation\'s total global warming emissions, including 80 percent of all those from power plants.
Coal also has significant, and harmful, consequences for the environment. Coal mining degrades
surrounding landscapes, burning coal releases toxins into the atmosphere, and coal-generated
electricity places heavy demands on water resources. It all adds up to a huge, and costly, impact.
To reduce the impact on water, filters are used to remove harmfull chemicals before releasing the
water to water bodies. Same method is used to reduce air pollution. To prevent damage to land,
the waste have to be transported to waste lands and are burried there.
All these adds huge amount of operating costs.
Significant environmental impacts of Natural gas;
Natural gas extraction threatens ecosystems from northern Alaska and Canada to the Gulf of
Mexico, including drilling on farms, public lands, forests and parks, in the Rocky Mountains and
other coal-field communities, off of U.S. coastal waters and possibly even under the Great Lakes.
Deep drilling technologies such as \"hydraulic fracturing\" or \"fracking\" have recently opened
areas of the U.S. to drilling, leaving a legacy of groundwater pollution. Hydraulic fracturing is
the process of injecting water, salt, and a cocktail of hazardous chemicals deep underground to
break open rock formations from which natural gas is extracted. Hydraulic fracking techniques
threaten communities facing drilling operations and downstream communities, including
communities near \"frac\" wastewater treatment plants. This wastewater can contain radioactive
materials, high levels of salt that affects aquatic life, and carcinogenic elements and compounds
such as arsenic and benzene.
Pipelines and compressor stations add to the harms, crossing all sorts of ecosystems. Even water
bodies like Lake Erie and the Long Island Sound have faced proposals to bury pipelines in
underwater trenches that involve stirring up toxic sentiment accumulated on lake/sound floors.
Natural gas power plants are significant air pollution sources, releasing hazardous air pollutants,
global warming pollution and fine particulate matter.
Natural gas is worse than coal .
This tutorial explains about linked List concept. it contains types of linked list also. All possible graphical representations are included for better understanding.
In this playlist
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT...
I'll illustrate algorithms and data structures course, and implement the data structures using java programming language.
the playlist language is arabic.
The Topics:
--------------------
1- Arrays
2- Linear and Binary search
3- Linked List
4- Recursion
5- Algorithm analysis
6- Stack
7- Queue
8- Binary search tree
9- Selection sort
10- Insertion sort
11- Bubble sort
12- merge sort
13- Quick sort
14- Graphs
15- Hash table
16- Binary Heaps
Reference : Object-Oriented Data Structures Using Java - Third Edition by NELL DALE, DANEIEL T.JOYCE and CHIP WEIMS
Slides is owned by College of Computing & Information Technology
King Abdulaziz University, So thanks alot for these great materials
C++ Please make sure that your answer is fully submitted .pdfaashkaahm
C++. Please, make sure that your answer is fully submitted.
A circular linked list is a linked list where a non-empty list has no null pointers. Unless empty, each
node has a
pointer to the next node, and the last node points back to the first node.
Assignment: Create a file called CLinkedList.h that will contain templates of the following classes
and functions.
1) A circular linked list class, with nodes arranged in ascending order. It must have a single data
member, a pointer to a Node object named last, which points to
the last node of a non-empty list. It must have following public member functions: a constructor,
copy constructor, destructor (implemented recursively), and assignment operator. Its
other public member functions will be named insert() and remove(), which will be used to insert
and remove integers given by the user in later cpp assignment. Use a LinkedList.h as a basis.
2) Include or Implement the Node.h file.
3) A list iterator class, templated and have as data member a reference to a circular linked list and
a pointer to the templated type.
OR in other words :The iterator class providing a public interface to the list. The pointer points at
nodes in the linked list. You may Refer to the << operator in the LinkedList.h
Its member functions are as follows:
Constructor: Assigns the linked list data member to the parameter, a reference to a circular linked
list.
begin() sets the iterator to the first node of the linked list (or NULL if the list is empty)
isEmpty() returns whether or not the wrapped linked list is empty
isFirstNode() returns whether the present node is the first node of the linked list
isLastNode() returns whether the present node is the last node of the linked list
operator*() returns the data of the node currently pointed at. (You need 2, one of them with
constant reference like in LinkedList.h)
operator++() pre-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there is
one
operator++(int) post-increment operator advances the pointer to the next node in the list, if there
is one
Please, document as much as you can!.
In this lab we will write code for working with a Linked List. Node .pdffms12345
In the United States today, nearly all of our electricity
is produced by fossil-fuel power plants burning coal or
natural gas, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power
plants. Using the Internet, determine the percent contributions
of these types of electricity generation to the U.S. total. For
each of the four types, determine at least three significant
environmental considerations associated with it and how
such environmental aspects affect the respective plant
design, operation, and cost. Write a report with at least three
references.
please type the answer
Solution
Major energy sources and percent share of total U.S. electricity generation in 2015:
Significant environmental impacts of coal;
Though abundant, coal is a dirty energy source that is responsible for more than a quarter of the
nation\'s total global warming emissions, including 80 percent of all those from power plants.
Coal also has significant, and harmful, consequences for the environment. Coal mining degrades
surrounding landscapes, burning coal releases toxins into the atmosphere, and coal-generated
electricity places heavy demands on water resources. It all adds up to a huge, and costly, impact.
To reduce the impact on water, filters are used to remove harmfull chemicals before releasing the
water to water bodies. Same method is used to reduce air pollution. To prevent damage to land,
the waste have to be transported to waste lands and are burried there.
All these adds huge amount of operating costs.
Significant environmental impacts of Natural gas;
Natural gas extraction threatens ecosystems from northern Alaska and Canada to the Gulf of
Mexico, including drilling on farms, public lands, forests and parks, in the Rocky Mountains and
other coal-field communities, off of U.S. coastal waters and possibly even under the Great Lakes.
Deep drilling technologies such as \"hydraulic fracturing\" or \"fracking\" have recently opened
areas of the U.S. to drilling, leaving a legacy of groundwater pollution. Hydraulic fracturing is
the process of injecting water, salt, and a cocktail of hazardous chemicals deep underground to
break open rock formations from which natural gas is extracted. Hydraulic fracking techniques
threaten communities facing drilling operations and downstream communities, including
communities near \"frac\" wastewater treatment plants. This wastewater can contain radioactive
materials, high levels of salt that affects aquatic life, and carcinogenic elements and compounds
such as arsenic and benzene.
Pipelines and compressor stations add to the harms, crossing all sorts of ecosystems. Even water
bodies like Lake Erie and the Long Island Sound have faced proposals to bury pipelines in
underwater trenches that involve stirring up toxic sentiment accumulated on lake/sound floors.
Natural gas power plants are significant air pollution sources, releasing hazardous air pollutants,
global warming pollution and fine particulate matter.
Natural gas is worse than coal .
This tutorial explains about linked List concept. it contains types of linked list also. All possible graphical representations are included for better understanding.
In this playlist
https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLT...
I'll illustrate algorithms and data structures course, and implement the data structures using java programming language.
the playlist language is arabic.
The Topics:
--------------------
1- Arrays
2- Linear and Binary search
3- Linked List
4- Recursion
5- Algorithm analysis
6- Stack
7- Queue
8- Binary search tree
9- Selection sort
10- Insertion sort
11- Bubble sort
12- merge sort
13- Quick sort
14- Graphs
15- Hash table
16- Binary Heaps
Reference : Object-Oriented Data Structures Using Java - Third Edition by NELL DALE, DANEIEL T.JOYCE and CHIP WEIMS
Slides is owned by College of Computing & Information Technology
King Abdulaziz University, So thanks alot for these great materials
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
1. 1
Topic 11
Linked Lists
"All the kids who did great in high school writing
pong games in BASIC for their Apple II would get to
college, take CompSci 101, a data structures
course, and when they hit the pointers business their
brains would just totally explode, and the next thing
you knew, they were majoring in Political Science
because law school seemed like a better idea."
-Joel Spolsky
Thanks to Don Slater of CMU for use of his slides.
2. Clicker 1
What is output by the following code?
ArrayList<Integer> a1 = new ArrayList<>();
ArrayList<Integer> a2 = new ArrayList<>();
a1.add(12);
a2.add(12);
System.out.println(a1 == a2);
A. false
B. true
C. No output due to syntax error
D. No output due to runtime error
E. Varies from one run of the program to the next
CS314
Linked Lists
2
3. CS314
Linked Lists
3
Dynamic Data Structures
Dynamic data structures
– They grow and shrink one element at a time,
normally without some of the inefficiencies of
arrays
– as opposed to a static container such as an array
Big O of Array Manipulations
– Access the kth element
– Add or delete an element in the middle of the
array while maintaining relative order
– adding element at the end of array? space
avail? no space avail?
– add element at beginning of an array
4. Linked Lists
4
Object References
Recall that an object reference is a variable
that stores the address of an object
A reference can also be called a pointer
They are often depicted graphically:
student
John Smith
40725
3.57
CS314
5. Linked Lists
5
References as Links
Object references can be used to create
links between objects
Suppose a Student class contained a
reference to another Student object
John Smith
40725
3.57
Jane Jones
58821
3.72
CS314
6. Linked Lists
6
References as Links
References can be used to create a variety
of linked structures, such as a linked list:
studentList
CS314
7. CS314
Linked Lists
7
Linked Lists
A linear collection of self-referential objects, called
nodes, connected by other links
– linear: for every node in the list, there is one and only one node
that precedes it (except for possibly the first node, which may
have no predecessor,) and there is one and only one node that
succeeds it, (except for possibly the last node, which may have
no successor)
– self-referential: a node that has the ability to refer to another
node of the same type, or even to refer to itself
– node: contains data of any type, including a reference to another
node of the same data type, or to nodes of different data types
– Usually a list will have a beginning and an end; the first element
in the list is accessed by a reference to that class, and the last
node in the list will have a reference that is set to null
8. CS314
Linked Lists
8
Linked lists are dynamic, they can grow or shrink
as necessary
Linked lists are non-contiguous; the logical
sequence of items in the structure is decoupled
from any physical ordering in memory
Advantages of linked lists
9. CS314
Linked Lists
9
Nodes and Lists
A different way of implementing a list
Each element of a Linked List is a separate
Node object.
Each Node tracks a single piece of data plus
a reference (pointer) to the next
Create a new Node very time we add
something to the List
Remove nodes when item removed from list
and allow garbage collector to reclaim that
memory
10. CS314
Linked Lists
10
A Node Class
public class Node<E> {
private E myData;
private Node<E> myNext;
public Node()
{ myData = null; myNext = null; }
public Node(E data, Node<E> next)
{ myData = data; myNext = next; }
public E getData()
{ return myData; }
public Node<E> getNext()
{ return myNext; }
public void setData(E data)
{ myData = data; }
public void setNext(Node<E> next)
{ myNext = next; }
}
11. CS314
Linked Lists
11
One Implementation of a Linked List
The Nodes show on the previous slide are
singly linked
– a node refers only to the next node in the
structure
– it is also possible to have doubly linked nodes.
– The node has a reference to the next node in the
structure and the previous node in the structure
as well
How is the end of the list indicated
– myNext = null for last node
– a separate dummy node class / object
12. CS314
Linked Lists
12
A Linked List Implementation
public class LinkedList<E> implements IList<E>
private Node<E> head;
private Node<E> tail;
private int size;
public LinkedList(){
head = null;
tail = null;
size = 0;
}
}
LinkedList<String> list = new LinkedList<String>();
LinkedList
myHead iMySize
myTail
null
null
0
13. CS314
Linked Lists
13
Writing Methods
When trying to code methods for Linked
Lists draw pictures!
– If you don't draw pictures of what you are trying
to do it is very easy to make mistakes!
20. Clicker 2
What is the worst case Big O for adding to
the end of an array based list and our
LinkedList314 class? The lists already
contain N items.
Array based Linked
A. O(1) O(1)
B. O(N) O(N)
C. O(logN) O(1)
D. O(1) O(N)
E. O(N) O(1)
20
21. CS314
Linked Lists
21
Code for addFront
add to front of list
public void addFront(E obj)
How does this compare to adding at the front
of an array based list?
22. Clicker 3
What is the Big O for adding to the front of
an array based list and a linked list? The lists
already contain N items.
Array based Linked
A. O(1) O(1)
B. O(N) O(1)
C. O(logN) O(1)
D. O(1) O(N)
E. O(N) O(N)
CS314
Linked Lists
22
23. CS314
Linked Lists
23
Code for Insert
public void insert(int pos, E obj)
Must be careful not to break the chain!
Where do we need to go?
Special cases?
24. Clicker 4
What is the Big O for inserting an element
into the middle of an array based list and into
the middle of a linked list? Each list already
contains N items.
Array based Linked
A. O(1) O(1)
B. O(1) O(N)
C. O(N) O(1)
D. O(N) O(N)
E. O(N) O(logN)
CS314
Linked Lists
24
25. Clicker Question 5
What is the Big O for getting an element
based on position from an array based list
and from a linked list? Each list contains N
items. In other words E get(int pos)
Array based Linked
A. O(1) O(1)
B. O(1) O(N)
C. O(N) O(1)
D. O(logN) O(N)
E. O(N) O(N)
Linked Lists
25
28. Clicker 6
What is the order to remove the last element
of a singly linked list with references to the
first and last nodes of the linked structure of
nodes?
The list contains N elements
A. O(1)
B. O(logN)
C. O(N^0.5)
D. O(N)
E. O(NlogN))
CS314
Linked Lists
28
29. CS314
Linked Lists
29
Why Use Linked List
What operations with a Linked List faster
than the version from ArrayList?
30. CS314
Linked Lists
30
Clicker 7 - Getting All Elements in
Order From a Linked List
What is the Order (Big O) of the following code?
LinkedList314<Integer> list;
list = new LinkedList314<Integer>();
// code to fill list with N elements
int total = 0;
//Big O of following code?
for(int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++)
total += list.get(i);
A. O(N) B. O(2N) C. O(NlogN)
D. O(N2) E. O(N3)
32. CS314
Linked Lists
32
Other Possible Features of
Linked Lists
Doubly Linked
Circular
Dummy Nodes for first and last node in list
public class DLNode<E> {
private E myData;
private DLNode<E> myNext;
private DLNode<E> myPrevious;
}
33. CS314
Linked Lists
33
Dummy Nodes
Use of Dummy Nodes for a Doubly Linked
List removes most special cases
Also could make the Double Linked List
circular