Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection that can cause genital warts and cancers. There are over 40 types of HPV, with 4 high-risk types that do not clear on their own and can cause cancer. HPV affects millions annually, with 360,000 cases of genital warts and 11,000 cases of cervical cancer in women each year. While both sexes are affected, women face more severe health consequences from HPV. Vaccines can protect against the high-risk HPV types but are most effective before sexual activity begins.

1. Topic Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and the Fight to Protect Men?s and
Women?s Health
Topic: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and the Fight to Protect Men?s and Women?s
HealthTopic: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and the Fight to Protect Men?s and Women?s
HealthOrder DescriptionJUST READ THIS TO GET AN IDEA ABOUT THIS PAPER AND WHAT
IT IS ABOUT. READ CAREFULLYHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) and the Fight to Protect
Men?s and Women?s HealthHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) and the Fight to Protect Men?s
and Women?s Health The Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus passed from one person
to another through skin-to-skin contact. According to Henderson, Clements, & Damery
(2013), HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) among men and
women. Most sexually active men and women will contract HPV at least once in their
lifetime, but there are over forty types of HPV. This virus can be transmitted through
vaginal, oral, or anal sex, but can also be caused by any exposure that allows skin-to-skin
contact with a person who carries the virus (Jemal, Bray, Center, Ferlay, Ward, & Forman,
2011). Most types of HPV go away on its own, but there are four types out of over forty
types of HPV that do not go away. These four types of HPV are very dangerous to one?s
health and these four types can cause cancer or genital warts. Seventy nine million people
are currently affected by HPV, and fourteen million new cases of HPV are recorded each
year. This topic is of high interest to me because so many people are affected by HPV, and
also because the controversy about the new vaccination and its affect against HPV. Human
papilloma virus (HPV) affects millions of men and women, and specific types of HPV can
cause genital warts or cancer of the cervix, vulva, penis, vagina, oropharynx, or anus. Three
hundred and sixty thousand women and men are affected by genital warts each year
(Henderson, Clements, & Damery, 2013). Eleven thousand women are affected by cervical
cancer each year (Henderson, Clements, & Damery, 2013). Men and women are both
affected by HPV, but more women than men are affected and HPV cause severe health
concerns in women. Women are more negatively affected by HPV, so more education is
needed for better outcomes in women?s health. Women need to be educated on the
importance of safe sex, HPV vaccinations, and the affects contracting HPV would have on
one?s health. Women need to get their routine Pap smear test done because this is how HPV
is diagnosed. The cells that are scraped from the cervix during a Pap smear are examined
under a microscope, and if there are abnormal cells found these cells can possible change
into genital warts or cancer. Cancer that is caught early has a better prognosis, so

2. understanding risk factors, preventive measures, and early diagnosing can save lives. There
is no cure for HPV but there are three vaccinations that are readily available to prevent the
disease. FDA and CDC have approved Cervarix, Gardasil, and Gardasil 9 as safe and effective
HPV vaccinations, but there is controversy on the ages the vaccinations are given and the
idea that it is protecting against a sexually transmitted disease (Knox, 2011). For example,
some mothers do not want to protect there eleven year old daughter or son from a STI
because it seems as if she is expecting her child to have sex, but if the vaccination is done
after the child is sexually active it may be to late for protection against HPV. Two questions
related to the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection that I would like to explore and
explained are: 1. What are the four types of HPV that do not go away and are very
dangerous to one?s health? 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the HPV
vaccines, and how the vaccines work to prevent most types of HPV?The four types out of
forty types of HPV that do not go away and are dangerous to one?s health include HPV types
16 and 18, which are high risk types of HPV. On the other hand, HPV types 6 and 11 are low-
risk types and pose insignificant effects on the health conditions of the affected patient
population. These HPV types can be prevented by use of HPV vaccines. The advantage of
most HPV vaccines is that they prevent cervical cancer as well as preventing HPV types 16
and 18 infections (Riethmuller et al., 2015). However, HPV vaccines are only effective in
people who have yet to be exposed to these types of HPV. According to Smith and Canfell
(2014), the vaccines rarely prevent HPV in those already exposed to these HPV types. The
vaccines only protect one from being infected with particular HPV types. There is likelihood
that the HPV vaccines could prevent HPV-related cancers, such as those cancers affecting
the penis, head and neck areas though studies are yet to prove this. The vaccines work to
prevent most types of HPV through stimulation of the immune system of the body
(Szarewski et al., 2013). In response, as if the person actually had the HPV virus, antibodies
to the specific HPV types are produced by the body. Nevertheless, the vaccines do not
protect the vaccinated person from being infected by other STIs or other HPV types. In most
cases, HPV vaccines only prevent infections by some of the most common HPV types and
may minimize the risks of being infected with cervical, vulvar, vaginal, anal cancers, pre-
cancers and genital warts. However, since a vaccinated person can still be infected by HPV
and STIs, it is advisable to practice safe sex.Research Review AlObaid, A., Al-Badawi, I. A., Al-
Kadri, H., Gopala, K., Kandeil, W., Quint, W., & …DeAntonio, R. (2014). Human
Papillomavirus Prevalence And Type Distribution Among Women Attending Routine
Gynecological Examinations In Saudi Arabia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 132-149.
doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0643-8 In this article, the authors sought to establish the level of
awareness and the different types of HPVs among Saudi women. In particular, the authors
hypothesized that the epidemiology of HPV was poorly understood among Saudi women. In
order to verify the hypothesis, the researchers conducted an observational cross-sectional
study, where cervical samples were taken for examination and a questionnaire on HPV
infection were given to patients receiving routine gynecological services. Results from this
study indicated that the most prevalent high risk HPV to be HPV-68/73, HPV-18 and HPV-
16. On the other hand, low risk HPV types identified in this study included HPV-6, HPV-42,
HPV-53 and HPV-54. Of more significance, the study established that only 32.2% of total

3. sample population was aware of HPV infection and that 89.9% were interested in
vaccination. Smith, M. A., & Canfell, K. (2014). Incremental Benefits of Male HPV
Vaccination: Accounting for Inequality in Population Uptake. Plos ONE, 9(8), 1-10.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0101048. Szarewski, A., Skinner, S. R., Garland, S. M.,
Romanowski, B., Schwarz, T. F., Apter, D., & …Martens, M. (2013). Efficacy of the HPV-16/18
AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine Against Low-Risk HPV Types (PATRICIA Randomized Trial): An
Unexpected Observation. Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 208(9), 1391-1396. Retrieved from
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=77c3cef7-5dcc-4552-9IDd-
9f69b82d647b%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4203&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db
=aph&AN=90612495 In this study, the hypothesis by Szarewski et al. (2013) is that it is
apparent to protect individuals from low-risk HPV types through vaccination whereas that
of Smith and Canfell (2014) is that men should be aIDed to HPV vaccination programs if
choice of a partner is influenced by factors that influence the uptake of vaccine. Szarewski et
al. (2013) used case control studies for a period of four years in which a group vaccinated
for over 6-months was observed against those not yet vaccinated. On the other hand, Smith
and Canfell (2014) simulated a model whose data was obtained from observations made in
Australia and USA. In aIDition, Szarewski et al. (2013) findings were that among the
population that was not vaccinated, the HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine had moderate
efficacy against the infections that were persistent with some low-risk HPV types that are
significantly responsible for external genital warts. Smith and Canfell (2014) found that the
impact of more male vaccination was less likely to affect the levels of heterogeneity in
vaccine uptake. The findings by Smith and Canfell emphasize the continual importance of
having high vaccine coverage especially amongst groups infected with HPV to achieve
equality of outcomes.References AlObaid, A., Al-Badawi, I. A., Al-Kadri, H., Gopala, K.,
Kandeil, W., Quint, W., & …DeAntonio, R. (2014). Human papillomavirus prevalence and
type distribution among women attending routine gynecological examinations in Saudi
Arabia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 132-149. doi:10.1186/s12879-014-0643-8
Henderson, L., Clements, A., & Damery, S. (2013). A false sense of security?? Understanding
the role of the HPV vaccine on future cervical screening behaviour: A qualitative study of UK
parents and girls of vaccination age. Journal of Medical Screening, 18(1), 41-45.
doi:10.1258/jms.2011.010148 Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E., &
Forman, D. (2011). Global cancer statistics. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians, 61(2), 69-90.
Knox, R. (2011). HPV Vaccine: The Science Behind The Controversy. Retrieved from
http://www.npr.org/2011/09/19/140543977/hpv-vaccine-the-science-behind-the-
controversy Riethmuller, D., Jacquard, A., St Guily, J.L., Aubin, F., Carcopino, A., Pradat, P.,
Dahlab, A & Pr?tet, J. (2015). Potential impact of a nonavalent HPV vaccine on the
occurrence of HPV-related diseases in France. BMC Public Health, 15:453. Retrieved from
DOI 10.1186/s12889-015-1779-1 Smith, M. A., & Canfell, K. (2014). Incremental Benefits of
Male HPV Vaccination: Accounting for Inequality in Population Uptake. Plos ONE, 9(8), 1-10.
Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=77c3cef7-5dcc-
4552-9IDd-
9f69b82d647b%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4203&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db
=aph&AN=97800780 Szarewski, A., Skinner, S. R., Garland, S. M., Romanowski, B., Schwarz,

4. T. F., Apter, D., & …Martens, M. (2013). Efficacy of the HPV-16/18 AS04-Adjuvanted Vaccine
Against Low-Risk HPV Types (PATRICIA Randomized Trial): An Unexpected Observation.
Journal Of Infectious Diseases, 208(9), 1391-1396. Retrieved from
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=77c3cef7-5dcc-4552-9IDd-
9f69b82d647b%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4203&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db
=aph&AN=90612495********************PLEASE READ CAREFULLY BECAUSE THESE ARE
THE DIRECTIONS FOR THIS PAPER For Part 3 of the research review paper, you will do a
synthesis of the literature and create a research proposal. Before you begin, review the
overall assignment instructions from Weeks 1 and 2. Revise Parts 1 and 2 of your paper, as
needed, on the basis of instructor feedback, new knowledge acquired in class, or discussion
questions and/or aIDitional readings. Part 3 will probably be the most challenging part of
the assignment, so allow yourself plenty of time to think about what you’ ve read and
develop an argument for further research. Using the knowledge gained from work on Parts
1 and 2, identify one research question that has not been investigated previously or that you
would aIDress in a different way than you’ ve read about so far. This is sometimes known as
gap analysis, in that you are looking for a gap in the existing body of knowledge where new
research would contribute to an understanding of the issue in a way that could improve
clinical practice for the nurse practitioner and improve patient outcomes. Your research
question must be clearly related to Parts 1 and 2. Be sure to state this clearly as a research
question. Explain why you think this is a gap in existing research (relate directly to
published research), its clinical relevance (why you think your specific research question is
an important area to explore), and your ideas about research design (how you would
conduct research to investigate it). Include a discussion of whether your question would
lend itself to a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed design; why; and how you might be able to
acquire participants for the study. Submission Details: ? Submit your answers in a 2- to 3-
page Microsoft Word document.Assignment 2 Grading Criteria Maximum Points Identified
and clearly stated a research question that represents a gap in current research. 5
Described the clinical relevance of the proposed research question. 5 Presented a possible
research design for investigating the proposed question. 5 Maintained the originality of the
research question. 3 Used correct spelling, grammar, and professional vocabulary and cited
all sources using APA style. 2 "Looking for a Similar Assignment? Get Expert Help at an
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