Download to read offline
More Related Content
Similar to Topic: Human Evolution and Culture/ UCSP.pptx
Topic: Human Evolution and Culture/ UCSP.pptx
- 1.
- 2. Contents 02 01 03 EARLY HOMOHABILIS AND RECTUS RUDOLFENSIS AND HABILIS
- 3. Contents 05 04 06 SISTER SPECIESERECTUS SIGNIFICANCE OF HUNTING
- 4. Contents 08 07 09 PALEOTHIC TOOLS EVOLUTION AND EXPANSIONOF HERECTUS ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF H.ERECTUS
- 5. Contents 11 10 12 ARCHAIC H. SAPIENS ANTECESSORAND HEIDEBERGENSIS ICE AGE OF THE PLEISTOCENE
- 6.
- 7.
- 8.
- 9. HOMO erectus 2-0.1 Million Years Ago 2.3- 1.9 MILLION YEARS AGO 1.6- 250,000 YEARS AGO HOMO RUDOLFENS IS HOMO ERECTUS TIMELINE
- 10.
- 11. EARLY HOMO The origin ofthe genus Homo in Africa signals the beginning of the shift from increasingly bipedal apes to primitive, large-brained, stone tool-making, meat-eaters that traveled far and wide. This early part of the human genus is represented by three species: Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and Homo erectus. H. habilis is known for retaining primitive features that link it to australopiths and for being the first stone tool makers.
- 12. H. RUDOLFENSIS AND H.HABILIS Homo rudolfensis: KNM-ER 1470, from Koobi Fora in the Lake Turkana basin, Kenya. It has one really critical feature: a braincase size of 775 cubic centimeters, which is considerably above the upper end of H. habilis braincase size. Homo rudolfensis, an early human species with a large brain and a long face, discovered in eastern Africa. H. habilis, the ways in which H. rudolfensis differs is in its larger braincase, longer face, and larger molar and premolar teeth. Due to the last two features, though, some scientists still wonder whether this species might better be considered an Australopithecus, although one with a large brain
- 13. HOMO ERECTUS Homo erectus,one of the earliest and most widespread human species, with modern body proportions and large brains. Discover how they lived, what they ate, how they made tools, and how they evolved. Homo erectus, an extinct species of the human genus (Homo), may be an ancestor of modern humans (H. sapiens). It was apparently the first human species to control fire and likely originated in Africa, dispersing quickly through Africa, Europe, and South and Southeast Asia starting about 1.9 million years ago.
- 14. SISTER SPECIES Two recenthominin fossils finds from Ileret, Kenya are very significant for two main reasons; they show (1) H. Habilis and H erectus overlapped and descendant as had been though. (2) sexual dimorphism in H.Erectus was much greater than expected. Given these finds, the fossil record for early Homo in East Africa can be revised as flow.
- 15. SIGNIFICANCE OF HUNTING The ecologicalniche that separated H. erectus from both H. kabilis and A. boisei probably involved greater reliance on hunting, along with improved cultural means of adaptation, including better tools. Tool making got more sophisticated soon after the advent of H. erectus. Out of the crude tools in Bed 1 evolved better-made and more varied tools. Edges were straighter. The more sophisticated tools aided in hunting and gathering. With such tools, Homo could obtain meat on a more regular basis and dig and process tubers, roots, nuts, and seeds more efficiently.
- 16. OUT OF AFRICA1: 1 H. ERECTUS The H. Erectus, a hominin species, expanded its range beyond Africa to Asia and Europe through biological and cultural changes. It adopted a new strategy of gathering and hunting, breaking off from larger groups and foraging new vegetation. This led to population growth and dispersal, resulting in the spread of the H. Erectus. This basic lifestyle, which survived until recently in marginal areas, is now rapidly fading. The chapter focuses on the biological and cultural changes that led to this evolution.
- 17. HEADSTRONG HOMININS Franz Weidenreich, ananthropologist, found several fractures in Bervenes fasih near Beijing, China, which healed. The skulls of these creatures, believed to be protective, provide evidence of the species' violent past. The anatomical headgear evolved into a larger, more globuliu, thin-walled skull, and other means of protection or avoidance of conflict evolved among the descendants of Fervents. These new protective mechanisms belong to the realm of cultural diversity, rather than biology. Homo erectus skullcaps, likened to a bicycle helmet, have dramatic similarities despite different ages.
- 18. PALEOLITHIC TOOLS Originating fromthe Olduwan tradition, are described by the term "Paleolithic" and have three divisions: Lower, Middle, and Upper. Each part is associated with a specific stage in human evolution, with Lower Paleolithics associated with Homo ereens, Middle Paleolithics with archaic Homo sapiens, and Upper Paleolithics with modern humans. The best stone tools are made from rocks like flan, quartz, quarteite, chert, and obsidian. The Acheulian tool-making tradition, named after the French village of St. Acheul, was the main Lower Paleolithic tool-making tradition used by Homo erectus.
- 19.
- 20. ARCHEULEAN HAND AX shaped likea tear drop, was a tool made by toolmakers with a mental template, suggesting a cognitive leap between earlier hominins and H. erectus. Hand axes were used for cutting and butchering tasks, including animal dismemberment. They were versatile tools for woodworking and vegetable preparation.
- 21. CLEAVERS Cleavers were usedfor heavy chopping and hacking at larger animals' sinews.
- 22. CLEAVERS Cleavers were usedfor heavy chopping and hacking at larger animals' sinews.
- 23. ACHEULIAN TOOLS Stone pickswere heavier than hand axes and likely used for digging. Hand axes, cleavers, and picks were heavy-duty tools used for cutting and digging. Acheulian tool makers also used flakes for light-duty tools, becoming increasingly important in human evolution, particularly in Middle and Upper Paleolithic tool making.
- 24. ACHEULIAN TOOLS Acheulian traditionillustrates trends in the evolation of teclmology greater efficiency, manufacture of tools with predetermined forms and fur specific tasks, and an incttningly sumples technology. These trends became even more obvious with the advent of H. Sapiens
- 25. ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES OF H.ERECUS The capacities of H. erectus skulls range from 800 to 1,250 em, well above the modem minimum. However, H. erectus had a lower and more sloping forehead accentuated by a large brow ridge above the eyes. Skull bones were thicker, and the average cranial capacity was smaller. The brain case was lower and flatter than in H. sapiens, with spongy bone development at the lower rear of the skull. Archaeological evidence confirms the cooperative hunting of large animals and the manufacture of complicated tools. Speech would have aided coordination, cooperation, and the learning of traditions, including tool making.
- 26. H. ERECTUS SKULL TheH. exectar face, teeth, and jaws were larger than those in contemporary humans but smaller than those in Australopithecus. The front teeth were especially large, but molar size was well below the australopithecine average. This reduction reflects changes in diet or food processing.
- 27. H. ERECTUS SKELETON TheH. erectus skeleton and chewing apparatus provide evidence of a fuller commitment to hunting and gathering, which was Homo's only adaptive strategy until plant cultivation and animal domestication emerged around 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Archaeologists have found and studied several sites of H. erectus activity, including cooperative hunting.
- 28. THE SITE OF DISCOVERIES TheDmanisi fossils are the oldest undisputed human fossils outside Africa, likely discovered in Georgia due to their pursuit of meat. Hominins became more carnivorous, expanding their home ranges to find meat-rich diets. Australopithecines, with smaller bodies and brains, could survive mainly on plants. As they developed stronger bodies and high protein meat diets, they spread out, eventually leading them out of Africa into Eurasia (Georgia) and Asia. Recent skeletal finds from Dmanisi suggest that the ancient Dmanisi population combined primitive skulls and upper bodies with more advanced spines and lower limbs for greater mobility, enabling early Homo to expand beyond Africa.
- 29. THE SITE OF DISCOVERIES In1891, the Indonesian island of Java yielded the first H. erectus fossil find, popularly known as "Java man." Dutch army surgeon Eugene Dubois discovered the most ancient human fossils discovered at that time, including parts of an H. erectus skull and a thigh bone. These fossils provide evidence of the early human evolution and the evolution of hominins.
- 31. In 1891, theIndonesian island of Java yielded the first H. erectus fossil find, popularly known as "Java man." Dutch army surgeon Eugene Dubois discovered the most ancient human fossils discovered at that time, including parts of an H. erectus skull and a thigh bone. These fossils provide evidence of the early human evolution and the evolution of hominins.
- 32. In this processof reconstruction, a cast of the fossil (a) was rounded out with teeth, lower jaw, and chewing muscles (b). Additional soft tissues (c) and then the skin(d) were added. Given the robust features of this fossil, it is assumed to be male.
- 33. ARCHAIC H. SAPIENS theearliest members of our species, lived in Africa for over 100,000 years before starting the settlement of Europe around 50,000 b.p., and there were likely many more humans in the tropics than in Europe during the ice ages. Recent discoveries and reinterpretation of dating and anatomical relevance of some earlier finds are filling the gap between If. erectus and archaic H. sapiens. Archaic H. sapiens (300,000 to 28,000 b.p.) encompasses the earliest members of our species, along with the Neandertals of Europe and the Middle East and their Neandertal-like contemporaries in Africa and Asia. Brain size in archaic H. sapiens was within the modern human range, with a rounding out of the braincase associated with increased brain size. Evolution was pumping more brain into the H.
- 34.
- 35. THE AGE OF PLEISTOCENE Duringthe second million years of the Pleistocene, several ice ages, or glacials, occurred, major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America. These periods were separated by interglacials, long warm periods between the major glacials. As the world climate cooled, the tundra retreated north with the ice sheets, and forests returned to areas with bad tundra vegetation. The last glacial, the Wom (75,000 to 12,000 b.p.), saw ice sheets advance and recede several times. Hominin fossils found in association with animals in cold or warm climates allow us to date them to glacial or interglacial periods.
- 36. H. ANTECESSOR ANDH. HEIDELBERGENSIS Spanish researchers have discovered the remains of 780,000- year-old hominins, known as H. antecessor, in the Atapuerca mountains of northern Spain. These hominins may be a common ancestor of Neandertals and modern humans. Meanwhile, a team led by Juan Luis Arsuaga found thousands of fossils in the Sima dos Huesos cave, representing at least 33 hominins of all ages, almost 300,000 years old.
- 37. NEANDERTALS st discovered inWestern Europe in 1856 in a German lley called Neander Valley-tal. Despite being clearly human d similar to modern Europeans, they were considered range and abnormal. This was 35 years before Dubois scovered the first H. erectus fossils in Java and almost 70 ars before the first australopithecine was found in South rica. Darwin's On the Origin of Species, published in 1859, d not offer a theory of evolution through natural selection. ver time, the fossil record filled in with evolutionary theory, d numerous discoveries of Neandertals in Europe and the iddle East, as well as archaic human fossils with similar atures in Africa and Asia.
- 38.
- 39. COLD- ADAPTED NEANDERTALS e Würmglacial began in Western Europe, forcing eandertals to adapt to extreme cold conditions. They wore othes, made elaborate tools, and hunted reindeer, ammoths, and woolly rhinos. Neandertals were stocky with rge trunks relative to limb length, minimizing surface area d conserving heat. Their face, similar to a H erectus face, tended the distance between outside air and the arteries at carry blood to the brain, which was adaptive in a cold mate.
- 40. COLD- ADAPTED NEANDERTALS Neandertal characteristicsinclude huge front teeth, broad aces, large brow ridges, and ruggedness of the skeleton and musculature. The front teeth show heavy wear, suggesting hey were used for various purposes, including chewing animal hides for soft winter clothing. The massive Neandertal ace shows stresses from constantly using the front teeth for holding and pulling.
- 41. THE NEANDERTALS AND MODERNPEOPLE Neandertals had heavy brow ridges and slanting foreheads, but their average cranial capacity exceeded the modern average. Their jaws were large, supporting huge front teeth, and their faces were massive. The bones and skull were generally more rugged and had greater sexual dimorphism han those of AMHs. However, later fossil finds show that the La Chapelle skeleton was not a typical Neandertal but an xtreme one, and the "classic" Neandertal turned out to be an aging man whose skeleton had been distorted by osteoarthritis.
- 42.
- 43. HOMO FLORESIENSIS The firstspecimen of H. floresiensis, an adult female, was uncovered in 2003, from beneath 20 feet of silt couting the loor of the Liang Bua cave. Paleoanthropologists identified her as a very small but otherwise normal individual, a diminutive version of H. erectan. Her skeleton is estimated to date back about 18,000 years.
- 44.
- 45. HOMO FLORESIENSIS walked uprightbut possessed apelike features, such as a stubby big toe, large feet over seven and a half inches ong, and flat feet. These features, similar to those of ome African apes, have never been seen in hominins before. The navicular bone, which forms the arch in modern human feet, was more prominent in H. Floresiensis than in modern hominins.
- 46.