The document provides an overview of design principles in multimedia applications based on Gestalt theory. It discusses 11 Gestalt laws including proximity, similarity, closure, and balance. Examples are given to illustrate how each law can be applied, such as using color and spacing to group related elements. The document also summarizes how the Gestalt laws were applied in redesigning screens for a wound care multimedia application to make the design simpler, more unified, and visually balanced.
The document discusses Gestalt principles of design which describe how the human brain naturally organizes visual elements. It outlines six key principles: focal point, figure/ground relationship, similarity, continuity, closure, and proximity/alignment. These principles can be leveraged in visual design to guide a viewer's attention and perception by exploiting the brain's innate tendencies towards pattern recognition and completion.
The document discusses 12 principles of Gestalt theory for computer screen design: Law of balance, law of continuation, law of closure, law of figure-ground, law of focal point, law of isomorphic correspondence, law of pragnanz, law of proximity, law of similarity, law of simplicity, and law of unity/harmony. These principles describe how humans naturally group visual elements and perceive relationships between objects based on principles like similarity, proximity, closure, figure-ground perception, and emphasis.
Visual perception refers to how the brain makes sense of what the eyes see. Gestalt laws of perception help explain how the human eye perceives objects or visual elements as coherent wholes rather than individual parts. Some key Gestalt principles include figure-ground, which determines what is the focus versus the background; similarity, which groups like elements; proximity, which groups close elements; and closure, where the eye sees completed shapes and patterns. These principles are useful for interface design to help users quickly understand relationships and organization.
This document discusses the Gestalt principles of design, which are theories about how humans perceive and organize visual elements. It describes the principles of balance, continuation, closure, figure-ground relationship, focal point, proximity, similarity, simplicity, and harmony. For each principle, it provides the theory, examples of how to apply the principle in design, and an illustrative example. The goal is to help designers understand how to structure interfaces in a way that is intuitive for users based on cognitive processes.
This document provides guidance on visual design principles for public service announcement (PSA) posters and billboards. It discusses six key principles: 1) use of contrast between text and background to aid readability, 2) employing scale and proportion to create a visual hierarchy, 3) alignment of elements, 4) effective typography choices, 5) use of color schemes, and 6) Gestalt principles of proximity, closure, and similarity/anomaly to group related elements. The document recommends designers reference example PSA images that effectively apply these principles.
The document discusses how the Gestalt principles of similarity and proximity apply to both visual and haptic (touch) grouping of elements. It presents an experiment that found people used texture or color (similarity) to group equally spaced elements visually and haptically. It also found people used spatial position (proximity) to group unequally spaced elements visually and haptically. This supports the hypothesis that the principles of similarity and proximity apply to both visual and haptic grouping.
This is an introduction to the most important psychology concepts from the perspective of UX and their application to video games and software.
These slides were prepared by Dr. Marc Miquel. All the materials used in them are referenced to their authors.
The document discusses Gestalt principles of design which describe how the human brain naturally organizes visual elements. It outlines six key principles: focal point, figure/ground relationship, similarity, continuity, closure, and proximity/alignment. These principles can be leveraged in visual design to guide a viewer's attention and perception by exploiting the brain's innate tendencies towards pattern recognition and completion.
The document discusses 12 principles of Gestalt theory for computer screen design: Law of balance, law of continuation, law of closure, law of figure-ground, law of focal point, law of isomorphic correspondence, law of pragnanz, law of proximity, law of similarity, law of simplicity, and law of unity/harmony. These principles describe how humans naturally group visual elements and perceive relationships between objects based on principles like similarity, proximity, closure, figure-ground perception, and emphasis.
Visual perception refers to how the brain makes sense of what the eyes see. Gestalt laws of perception help explain how the human eye perceives objects or visual elements as coherent wholes rather than individual parts. Some key Gestalt principles include figure-ground, which determines what is the focus versus the background; similarity, which groups like elements; proximity, which groups close elements; and closure, where the eye sees completed shapes and patterns. These principles are useful for interface design to help users quickly understand relationships and organization.
This document discusses the Gestalt principles of design, which are theories about how humans perceive and organize visual elements. It describes the principles of balance, continuation, closure, figure-ground relationship, focal point, proximity, similarity, simplicity, and harmony. For each principle, it provides the theory, examples of how to apply the principle in design, and an illustrative example. The goal is to help designers understand how to structure interfaces in a way that is intuitive for users based on cognitive processes.
This document provides guidance on visual design principles for public service announcement (PSA) posters and billboards. It discusses six key principles: 1) use of contrast between text and background to aid readability, 2) employing scale and proportion to create a visual hierarchy, 3) alignment of elements, 4) effective typography choices, 5) use of color schemes, and 6) Gestalt principles of proximity, closure, and similarity/anomaly to group related elements. The document recommends designers reference example PSA images that effectively apply these principles.
The document discusses how the Gestalt principles of similarity and proximity apply to both visual and haptic (touch) grouping of elements. It presents an experiment that found people used texture or color (similarity) to group equally spaced elements visually and haptically. It also found people used spatial position (proximity) to group unequally spaced elements visually and haptically. This supports the hypothesis that the principles of similarity and proximity apply to both visual and haptic grouping.
This is an introduction to the most important psychology concepts from the perspective of UX and their application to video games and software.
These slides were prepared by Dr. Marc Miquel. All the materials used in them are referenced to their authors.
Gestalt theory principles can be effectively applied to multimedia design education. These principles include proximity, similarity, closure, and figure/ground relationships. The document analyzes student work from a 6th grade project designing a brochure and website about Bali. It was found that applying Gestalt principles like alignment, contrast, and simplicity led to designs that were easier to understand compared to examples that violated these principles. Teachers are encouraged to help students understand Gestalt theory to improve their multimedia works.
Gestalt principles focus on how the mind perceives visual patterns and shapes as a whole. Some key Gestalt principles include:
- Proximity - Elements close together are perceived as a group
- Similarity - Similar elements are perceived as a group
- Continuity - Elements following a line or direction are perceived as continuous
- Figure/Ground - The mind perceives figures and the background separately
- Closure - The mind perceives complete shapes even when there are gaps or incomplete lines
- Simplicity - Complex shapes are perceived in their simplest form
These principles influence how designers organize elements for effective communication and focus of attention.
The document discusses visual perception and Gestalt principles of design. It explains that visual perception is how the brain makes sense of what the eyes see. The Gestalt laws of perception help explain how objects are perceived. Some key Gestalt principles discussed include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuation, closure, symmetry, and focal point. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each principle and how designers can apply them to create interfaces that are usable and help guide user attention and understanding.
The document discusses Gestalt theory and its principles of visual perception that are relevant for advertising, including similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity. It provides examples of how each principle is applied in logos, advertisements, and web designs. For similarity, items that are similar in size, shape, or color tend to be grouped together. Proximity refers to objects closer together being perceived as more related. Continuity means following the smoothest line through a group of objects. And closure is the tendency to see complete images even when not all details are visible.
The second of a 3 part series given in 2014 on the basics of user interface design, this session focuses on understanding the gestalt principles of visual perception and on making sites more accessible to all on the web.
The document discusses Gestalt psychology principles and how they can be applied to instructional design. It explains that Gestalt psychologists study how people make sense of visual stimuli and perceive shapes and forms. The document outlines several Gestalt laws of proximity, similarity, closure, and others. It argues that following Gestalt principles in screen design can help maximize learning by creating an aesthetically pleasing and coherent visual presentation according to how the human brain naturally perceives and groups visual information.
Visual perception refers to how the brain interprets visual images seen by the eyes. According to Gestalt principles, the brain perceives whole visual forms rather than individual parts. Some key Gestalt principles include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, common fate, closure, symmetry, and focal point. These principles influence how elements are grouped and related to each other for rapid visual understanding. For example, elements that are similar in color or shape are perceived as more related. Proximity and common fate also help associate elements, while symmetry and closure create order and simplicity.
1. Multimedia refers to the combination of different content forms such as text, sound, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms. It allows for interactive user engagement.
2. The document discusses the basic elements of drawing including point, line, shape, tone, plane, texture, color, mass, and space. It provides examples to explain each element.
3. Inverted symmetry in design refers to a mirror image where half of the image is inverted like a playing card. It applies the principle of symmetry but with one half inverted.
Summary Of Defending Against The Indefensible EssayBrenda Zerr
Postman suggests that language can be manipulated, and provides seven principles of critical thinking to help avoid manipulation: definitions can be biased; questions help understand purpose and bias; simplicity obscures; metaphors shape thought; words can conceal ideas; style influences perception; and media are non-neutral. Understanding these principles helps recognize manipulation in language used by media, politicians, and others.
This document discusses the key elements, principles, and theories of design. It outlines 7 elements of design including space, line, shape, size, color, texture, and value. It then describes 6 principles of design such as focal point/emphasis, contrast, balance, movement, rhythm/pattern, and unity. Finally, it explains the 4 laws of Gestalt theory, which are proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure - describing how the human brain perceives visual objects and groups them. The overall document provides foundational information on design fundamentals and visual communication.
Graphic design principles for non designersBrian Malone
This document provides an overview of Gestalt principles of design and color theory for creating visual content. It discusses the principles of proximity and alignment, visual hierarchy, closure, similarity and anomaly. It also covers color harmony through color wheels, including monochromatic, analogous and complementary color schemes. Rules are presented for using complementary colors effectively with the 60-30-10 rule. The concepts of contrast and using black backgrounds are also summarized.
The document discusses several Gestalt laws of perceptual organization that describe how humans tend to group visual elements into meaningful patterns and objects. It provides examples to illustrate each law, including the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, symmetry, common fate, continuity, and past experience. The laws describe how closeness, similarity of elements, completeness of shapes, symmetrical patterns, shared movement, alignment, and prior knowledge influence our perceptual grouping of objects in a visual scene.
Gestalt principles are laws of perception that describe how humans tend to group visual elements into meaningful patterns and shapes. The main Gestalt laws include proximity, similarity, figure/ground, continuity, closure, and simplicity. These principles help explain why we perceive certain visual groupings and can be useful for designers to create effective compositions that guide the viewer's attention. Examples are given showing how logos effectively apply Gestalt laws like proximity, figure/ground, and closure to create recognizable shapes and meanings out of simpler elements.
Gestalt principles are laws of perception that describe how humans tend to group visual elements into meaningful patterns and shapes. The main Gestalt laws include proximity, similarity, figure/ground, continuity, closure, and simplicity. These principles help explain why we perceive certain visual groupings and can be useful for designers to create effective compositions that guide the viewer's attention. Examples are given showing how logos effectively apply Gestalt laws like proximity, figure/ground, and closure to create recognizable shapes from simpler elements.
Four different views of a policy model: an analysis and some suggestionsBruce Edmonds
A policy model has (at least) four different interpretations: (a) intention: the intention/interpretation of the simulation designer/programmer, (b) validation: the meaning established by the validation of the model in terms of the mapping(s) to sets of evidence, (c) use: the meaning established as a result of the use of a model in a policy making/advice context and (d) interpretation: the narrative interpretation of the policy maker/advisor when justifying decisions made where this refers to a policy model.
These four different interpretations are loosely connected via social processes. The relation between intention and validation is relatively well discussed in the context of “scientific” model specification and development. The relation between use and interpretation has been discussed in a number of specific contexts. However when and how a relationship between the scientific world of intention/validation and the policy world of use/interpretation are established in practice is an area with little active research.
Both personal experience and philosophical considerations suggest that these two worlds are very different in terms of both purpose and method. However this does not mean that there cannot be any well-founded connection between them. The key question is understanding the social processes of how this can happen, what are the conditions that facilitate it happening and what is the nature of the relationship between the four views when it does happen.
Interestingly these issues have been faced and extensively discussed in the field of Artificial Intelligence, which has confronted the distinction between meaning of internal models (loosely, the beliefs of an agent about its environment) in these four ways. The field of AI has not come up with a final solution to these problems, and is itself divided into those that inhabit separate approaches that adopt a subset of these approaches to model meaning. However it is suggestive of some ways forward, namely:
• a recognition of the problem that there are these different ways of attributing meaning to a policy model (and hence avoid some common errors derived from conflating these four views);
• symbol grounding in the sense of learning meanings through repeated use and adjustment (either in response to validation or interpretation views or both);
• and the observation of scientific-policy interaction as it actually occurs (e.g. an ethnographic study of scientist/policy advisor interaction).
Some developments in the area of participatory policy modelling can be seen as forays into this arena, albeit without structured assessment.
- The document discusses the limitations of small screens for mobile games and how to design effectively for them based on principles of visual perception and cognitive psychology.
- Key limitations of small screens include their size, which affects what level of detail users can perceive, as well as the distracting environments they are often used in.
- Research suggests using high contrast, simplified visuals like outlines and cartoons rather than realistic graphics to ensure the most important information stands out and is accessible. Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity and closure can also help direct user attention.
- The level of visual detail users can perceive depends on factors like screen size and distance from the eyes, so game designs need to account for perceiving only overall
Effective page design is often overlooked in the development of technical information. Studies have shown that the visual design of information has an immediate and lasting visceral impact on both credibility and usability. Good page design ensures that information is easy to find, read, understand, and remember. The science of human visual perception and attention provides a foundation for understanding traditional design elements and principles, and how they can be combined to ensure high-quality, effective information development.
Presented November 28, 2018, at Quadrus Conference Center for Information Development World 2018.
This document discusses space as a design element, including positive and negative space. Positive space is where design elements are placed, while negative space is the inverse - areas without elements that allow white space to become part of the design. Good use of space balances positive and negative areas. Gestalt principles like proximity, continuity, closure, and figure-ground help define relationships between elements and negative space to influence perception and create unity in design.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Gestalt theory principles can be effectively applied to multimedia design education. These principles include proximity, similarity, closure, and figure/ground relationships. The document analyzes student work from a 6th grade project designing a brochure and website about Bali. It was found that applying Gestalt principles like alignment, contrast, and simplicity led to designs that were easier to understand compared to examples that violated these principles. Teachers are encouraged to help students understand Gestalt theory to improve their multimedia works.
Gestalt principles focus on how the mind perceives visual patterns and shapes as a whole. Some key Gestalt principles include:
- Proximity - Elements close together are perceived as a group
- Similarity - Similar elements are perceived as a group
- Continuity - Elements following a line or direction are perceived as continuous
- Figure/Ground - The mind perceives figures and the background separately
- Closure - The mind perceives complete shapes even when there are gaps or incomplete lines
- Simplicity - Complex shapes are perceived in their simplest form
These principles influence how designers organize elements for effective communication and focus of attention.
The document discusses visual perception and Gestalt principles of design. It explains that visual perception is how the brain makes sense of what the eyes see. The Gestalt laws of perception help explain how objects are perceived. Some key Gestalt principles discussed include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, continuation, closure, symmetry, and focal point. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each principle and how designers can apply them to create interfaces that are usable and help guide user attention and understanding.
The document discusses Gestalt theory and its principles of visual perception that are relevant for advertising, including similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity. It provides examples of how each principle is applied in logos, advertisements, and web designs. For similarity, items that are similar in size, shape, or color tend to be grouped together. Proximity refers to objects closer together being perceived as more related. Continuity means following the smoothest line through a group of objects. And closure is the tendency to see complete images even when not all details are visible.
The second of a 3 part series given in 2014 on the basics of user interface design, this session focuses on understanding the gestalt principles of visual perception and on making sites more accessible to all on the web.
The document discusses Gestalt psychology principles and how they can be applied to instructional design. It explains that Gestalt psychologists study how people make sense of visual stimuli and perceive shapes and forms. The document outlines several Gestalt laws of proximity, similarity, closure, and others. It argues that following Gestalt principles in screen design can help maximize learning by creating an aesthetically pleasing and coherent visual presentation according to how the human brain naturally perceives and groups visual information.
Visual perception refers to how the brain interprets visual images seen by the eyes. According to Gestalt principles, the brain perceives whole visual forms rather than individual parts. Some key Gestalt principles include figure-ground, similarity, proximity, common fate, closure, symmetry, and focal point. These principles influence how elements are grouped and related to each other for rapid visual understanding. For example, elements that are similar in color or shape are perceived as more related. Proximity and common fate also help associate elements, while symmetry and closure create order and simplicity.
1. Multimedia refers to the combination of different content forms such as text, sound, still images, animation, video, or interactivity content forms. It allows for interactive user engagement.
2. The document discusses the basic elements of drawing including point, line, shape, tone, plane, texture, color, mass, and space. It provides examples to explain each element.
3. Inverted symmetry in design refers to a mirror image where half of the image is inverted like a playing card. It applies the principle of symmetry but with one half inverted.
Summary Of Defending Against The Indefensible EssayBrenda Zerr
Postman suggests that language can be manipulated, and provides seven principles of critical thinking to help avoid manipulation: definitions can be biased; questions help understand purpose and bias; simplicity obscures; metaphors shape thought; words can conceal ideas; style influences perception; and media are non-neutral. Understanding these principles helps recognize manipulation in language used by media, politicians, and others.
This document discusses the key elements, principles, and theories of design. It outlines 7 elements of design including space, line, shape, size, color, texture, and value. It then describes 6 principles of design such as focal point/emphasis, contrast, balance, movement, rhythm/pattern, and unity. Finally, it explains the 4 laws of Gestalt theory, which are proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure - describing how the human brain perceives visual objects and groups them. The overall document provides foundational information on design fundamentals and visual communication.
Graphic design principles for non designersBrian Malone
This document provides an overview of Gestalt principles of design and color theory for creating visual content. It discusses the principles of proximity and alignment, visual hierarchy, closure, similarity and anomaly. It also covers color harmony through color wheels, including monochromatic, analogous and complementary color schemes. Rules are presented for using complementary colors effectively with the 60-30-10 rule. The concepts of contrast and using black backgrounds are also summarized.
The document discusses several Gestalt laws of perceptual organization that describe how humans tend to group visual elements into meaningful patterns and objects. It provides examples to illustrate each law, including the laws of proximity, similarity, closure, symmetry, common fate, continuity, and past experience. The laws describe how closeness, similarity of elements, completeness of shapes, symmetrical patterns, shared movement, alignment, and prior knowledge influence our perceptual grouping of objects in a visual scene.
Gestalt principles are laws of perception that describe how humans tend to group visual elements into meaningful patterns and shapes. The main Gestalt laws include proximity, similarity, figure/ground, continuity, closure, and simplicity. These principles help explain why we perceive certain visual groupings and can be useful for designers to create effective compositions that guide the viewer's attention. Examples are given showing how logos effectively apply Gestalt laws like proximity, figure/ground, and closure to create recognizable shapes and meanings out of simpler elements.
Gestalt principles are laws of perception that describe how humans tend to group visual elements into meaningful patterns and shapes. The main Gestalt laws include proximity, similarity, figure/ground, continuity, closure, and simplicity. These principles help explain why we perceive certain visual groupings and can be useful for designers to create effective compositions that guide the viewer's attention. Examples are given showing how logos effectively apply Gestalt laws like proximity, figure/ground, and closure to create recognizable shapes from simpler elements.
Four different views of a policy model: an analysis and some suggestionsBruce Edmonds
A policy model has (at least) four different interpretations: (a) intention: the intention/interpretation of the simulation designer/programmer, (b) validation: the meaning established by the validation of the model in terms of the mapping(s) to sets of evidence, (c) use: the meaning established as a result of the use of a model in a policy making/advice context and (d) interpretation: the narrative interpretation of the policy maker/advisor when justifying decisions made where this refers to a policy model.
These four different interpretations are loosely connected via social processes. The relation between intention and validation is relatively well discussed in the context of “scientific” model specification and development. The relation between use and interpretation has been discussed in a number of specific contexts. However when and how a relationship between the scientific world of intention/validation and the policy world of use/interpretation are established in practice is an area with little active research.
Both personal experience and philosophical considerations suggest that these two worlds are very different in terms of both purpose and method. However this does not mean that there cannot be any well-founded connection between them. The key question is understanding the social processes of how this can happen, what are the conditions that facilitate it happening and what is the nature of the relationship between the four views when it does happen.
Interestingly these issues have been faced and extensively discussed in the field of Artificial Intelligence, which has confronted the distinction between meaning of internal models (loosely, the beliefs of an agent about its environment) in these four ways. The field of AI has not come up with a final solution to these problems, and is itself divided into those that inhabit separate approaches that adopt a subset of these approaches to model meaning. However it is suggestive of some ways forward, namely:
• a recognition of the problem that there are these different ways of attributing meaning to a policy model (and hence avoid some common errors derived from conflating these four views);
• symbol grounding in the sense of learning meanings through repeated use and adjustment (either in response to validation or interpretation views or both);
• and the observation of scientific-policy interaction as it actually occurs (e.g. an ethnographic study of scientist/policy advisor interaction).
Some developments in the area of participatory policy modelling can be seen as forays into this arena, albeit without structured assessment.
- The document discusses the limitations of small screens for mobile games and how to design effectively for them based on principles of visual perception and cognitive psychology.
- Key limitations of small screens include their size, which affects what level of detail users can perceive, as well as the distracting environments they are often used in.
- Research suggests using high contrast, simplified visuals like outlines and cartoons rather than realistic graphics to ensure the most important information stands out and is accessible. Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity and closure can also help direct user attention.
- The level of visual detail users can perceive depends on factors like screen size and distance from the eyes, so game designs need to account for perceiving only overall
Effective page design is often overlooked in the development of technical information. Studies have shown that the visual design of information has an immediate and lasting visceral impact on both credibility and usability. Good page design ensures that information is easy to find, read, understand, and remember. The science of human visual perception and attention provides a foundation for understanding traditional design elements and principles, and how they can be combined to ensure high-quality, effective information development.
Presented November 28, 2018, at Quadrus Conference Center for Information Development World 2018.
This document discusses space as a design element, including positive and negative space. Positive space is where design elements are placed, while negative space is the inverse - areas without elements that allow white space to become part of the design. Good use of space balances positive and negative areas. Gestalt principles like proximity, continuity, closure, and figure-ground help define relationships between elements and negative space to influence perception and create unity in design.
Similar to Topic 4 Multimedia Development Process (20)
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. Learning Outcomes
At the end of this session, you should be able to:
Apply design principle in multimedia application
Describe visual element
Explain the color element
Evaluate the interaction design
3. Gestalt theory in visual screen design
The Gestalt laws explain how the individual
elements from the environment may be visually
organised into fields or structures (Koffa, 1935).
4. Gestalt theory in visual screen design
Gestalt laws- used to suggest how static visual
elements should be presented in order to achieve
effective visual results.
5. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
1. Law of balance/symmetry
A visual object will appear as incomplete if the visual
object is not balanced or symmetrical (Fisher et al,
1998)
7. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
2. Law of continuation
Continuation is the eye’s instinctive action to follow a
direction derived from the visual field (Fultz, 1999)
8.
9. These lines visualize the menu on the template, before we get to the menu button
we run our eyes along the line.
10. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
3. Law of closure
Fisher and Smith-Gratto (1998–99) point out that
“open shapes make the individual perceive that the
visual pattern is incomplete” and the “sense of
incompletion serves as a distraction to the learner.”
Our minds will tend to close gaps and complete
unfinished forms (Fisher and Smith-Gratto 1998–99,
Fultz 1999).
11. Law of closure
In Figure 3 the letters used to form the word
“CLOSURE” are sliced into parts but our minds
complete the unfinished forms
12. What did you see?
Kurt Koffka, made the famous statement,
"The whole is other than the sum of its
parts.“
His statement is often mistranslated as the
much more familiar
"The whole is greater than the sum of the
parts.“
Law of closure
13.
14. Law of closure
It’s a nifty three-dimensional cube hiding in
among the "spotlights" of lighter red. They are,
in reality, 24 dissimilar red shapes on a darker
red background. Our perception fills in the
blanks.
15. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
4. Law of figure-ground
Fisher We distinguish the foreground and background
in a visual field (Fultz 1999). Two different foreground
colours let the viewer perceive different things from the
same illustration.
16. If our focus (foreground) colour is black, then in the Figure 4.1, you
can see a vase.
In Figure 4.2, when the background is black, we see two faces.
17. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
5. Law of focal point
Every visual presentation needs a focal point, called the
centre of interest or point of emphasis.
This focal point catches the viewer’s attention and
persuades the viewer to follow the visual message further
(Lauer 1979)
18. Figure 5 shows how a differently shaped element appears to protrude
out from among other elements and draws attention
19. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
6. Law of Isomorphic Correspondence
All images do not have the same meaning to us, because
we interpret their meanings based on our experiences
20. Figure 6 on a computer screen, we would interpret its meaning as a
help or question icon, even if we could not understand the Finnish word
“Apua,” because we associate a question mark with ‘help’ based on
past experience.
21. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
7. Law of Prägnanz (good form)
Fultz (1999) defined prägnanz (good form) thus: “A
stimulus will be organized into as good a figure as
possible.” Good form is a simple design or a symmetrical
layout.
22. Figure 7, shows how the IBM logo consists of little white bars to form
three individual letters
23. And Macintosh fans know that the Mac logo shows not just a happy
face — but a happy face in profile, presumably looking with
delight into their computer screen
24. The rounded corners, borders,
gradient color scheme, and resulting
illusion of 3D "depth" set the button
apart from its surroundings, inviting
the user to perceive as something
apart from the background and
makes it easily identifiable as
something that can be activated.
25. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
8. Law of Proximity
“The law of proximity states that items placed near each
other appear to be a group” (Fisher and Smith-Gratto
1998–99).
Viewers will mentally organise closer elements into a
coherent object, because they assume that closely spaced
elements are related and those further apart are
unrelated (Fulks 1997, Fultz 1999).
26. Law of Proximity
In Figure 8,we mentally arrange the dots into three horizontal rows,
because the dots in the rows are closer together than in the columns.
27. Law of Proximity
One basic concept of grouping in web design is with navigational links, where not
only do we keep the navigation links together, but also group them internally,
putting links to similar pages together, categorizing them into sub-categories, and
so on.
28. Proximity in Grouping Images
The 2002 Europe
Music Awards site
illustrates a different
use of grouping.
The MTV and Europe
Music Awards logos
form a separate
group in the top left
corner, while the
logos of the
sponsors form a
group in the bottom
right corner.
29. Proximity in Web Forms
The form is grouped
into three segments:
personal information,
ID generation, and
alternate ID provision.
All of this reinforces
the relationships of the
of three groups of
information, sorted by
importance.
Proximity is used to
indicate grouping and
importance.
30. Proximity in Icons
The propensity to perceive items
arranged on a line or curve to be
related to one another.
Because of the circle that all eight
icons sit on, and because of the
light gray circles that compose the
"background" of the menu, the icons
are perceived to be part of a
similar group
31. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
9. Law of Similarity
According to Fisher and Smith-Gratto (1998–99) similar
objects will be counted as the same group and this technique
can be used to draw a viewer’s attention.
In Figure 9, the viewer can recognise a triangle inside the
square, because these elements look similar and thus part of
the same form (Fultz 1999).
32. In Figure 9, the viewer can recognise a triangle inside the square,
because these elements look similar and thus part of the same form
(Fultz 1999).
33. In the screenshot of the Opera
browser’s old Preferences
dialog window, the menu items
are grouped by color.
The gray background of the
first four menu items group
them together, and also sets
them apart from the other
items.
They are also highlighted by
the icons that sit beside the
first item in each group.
37. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
10. Law of Simplicity
“When learners are presented with visuals, there is an
unconscious effort to simplify what is perceived into what
the viewer can understand” (Fisher et al. 1998–99).
The simplification works well if the graphical message is
already uncluttered, but if the graphics are complex and
ambiguous the simplification process may lead to
unintended conclusions.
38. by moving important material far away, for the moment, you can make
your message more powerful.
39. Eleven laws of Gestalt theory
11. Law of Unity/Harmony
“According to Lauer (1979) “Unity implies that a congruity
or arrangement exists among the elements in a design;
they look as through they belong together, as though there
is some visual connection beyond mere chance that has
caused them to come together.”
40. If the related objects do not appear within the
same form, the viewer will consider the separate
objects to be unrelated to the main visual design,
leading to confusion.
Figure 11.1 is an example lacking in unity, whereas
Figure 11.2 is an example of unity in presentation
where all of objects are arranged together into a
unified form.
44. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
The initial WoundCare screen is shown in Figure
12.1a, and the redesigned screen in Figure 12.1b.
Instead of drop down menus under the File heading,
the action options for the program are provided as
buttons in the new screen format.
53. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Simplicity
Comparing the old and new designs in Figures 12.1 to 12.4,
one can observe that designers tried to achieve simplicity.
Avoided cluttering the screens with masses of unrelated
material, in haphazard patterns.
54. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Balance
On a computer screen balance can be achieved by adjusting
the items on the screen to equal visual weight.
In Figure 12.1b, the central animated graphics illustration acts
as a visual pivot for the whole screen to achieve visual
balance.
The left hand and right hand side text buttons balance and the
red WoundCare title is also balanced with the right bottom
“Help” and “Exit” text/button elements.
55. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Closure
Although readers try to achieve closure in their minds, a
designer cannot design an incomplete screen and assume
learners will try to complete the bits, unless the overall pattern
has facilitating features and purpose.
In Figure 12.1b, the round graphics illustration and buttons
combine the screen elements to achieve closure.
56. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Continuity
In every new screen we used the ‘Continuity’ principle to
persuade the learner’s eye to complete a tour of the whole
visual screen.
57. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Proximity
In the new design, for example in Figure 12.2d, each visual
element is identified and clearly placed close together in
functional groups.
The space and round box create a border to delineate
different groups, associating each group with its function.
58. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Focal point
Lauer (1979) said, “When everything is emphasized, nothing is
emphasized.” Too many focal points are likely to confuse
learners and diffuse their interest.
The focal point in Figure 12.2d is the text area, but the focal
point has changed to an image in Figure 12.3.
59. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Figure-Ground
Colour enables a reader to distinguish figure and background
on a computer screen (Fisher and Smith Gratto 1998–99).
For example, in Figure 12.4c, the dark blue background
contains two different light blue round boxes, and each round
box contains a differently coloured text or drop down menu
60. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Similarity
As well as using similarity to group similarly perceived items
together, a reader’s attention may be drawn by breaking
similarity, for example by highlighting, underlining or dimming
keywords.
We could also use sound, flashing and animation to distinguish
the key phrases and other contents.
61. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Similarity..cont
These effects create unique characteristics to attract the
reader’s interest and guide the learner to the relevant learning
material for improved learning.
For example, a distinctive sound was used in the redesigned
Case Study to distinguish different segments of the work.
62. Wound Care: Gestalt Theory in Multimedia Screen Design
Unity/Harmony
The challenge of the law of unity/harmony in design is how to
organise the related objects into the same form, to encourage
learners to combine the individual objects into a whole when they
are the first perceived.
Within each section of the program we used the same type of
transition to jump to the next page, in order to distinguish different
section segments.
On every screen we used the same text font, the left hand side was
always used for a sub-menu, each section title was always placed at
the top right hand corner, and the negative button was placed
consistently at the bottom of the screen.