When market conditions are good insurance companies get low of business and their profits increase but in the adverse market conditions the companies start facing losses or their profitability reaches to rock bottom.
Insurance for beginners joining the industry. Compiled collected writeup with input. Freelance picked most common and easy to grasp explanations that logically fall an uninterrupted line of thought
Insurance is a social device for spreading the chance of financial loss among
a large number of people. Insurance protects against pure risk.
Risk is the possibility of losing economic security.
Risk can be of two kinds: speculative or pure And only pure risks are insurable
Pure risk involves only two possible outcomes:
loss or no loss, with no possibility of gain or profit
Speculative Risk
involves three possible outcomes: loss, no loss or profit
The Law of Large Numbers:
The average of the results obtained from a large number of trials should
be close to the expected value.
Underwriting:
The process of selecting certain types of risks that have historically
produced a profit.
Peril:
A potential cause of loss. Accident, fire, and theft are common perils.
Hazard:
Anything that increases the seriousness of a loss or increases
the likelihood that a loss will occur.
Adverse Selection:
Is the tendency of person with a higher than average chance
of loss to seek insurance at the average state, which if not
Controlled by underwriting, result in higher than expected
Loss levels.
Insurance is not same as gambling. Gambling is creat a new
speculative risk and socially is unproductive but insurance
Deals with pure risk and socially is productive.
Insurance is not same as hedging. Insurance involves the
Transfer of pure risk and reduce objective risk but hedging
Involves just the transfer of speculative risk not risk
Reduduction.
Types of Insurance:
Private insurance, consist of health insurance, property and
liabilty insurance.
Government Insurance, cnosist of social insurance and other
Government insurance programs.
How does insurance work?
You pay a fee called a premium, and in exchange,
the insurance company agrees to pay you a certain
amount of money
-Basic Characteristics Of Insurance
Pooling of losses
Payment of fortuitous losses
Risk transfer
Indemnification
-Pooling of losses
Spreading of losses incurred by the few over the entire group.
• Key mechanism is “law of large number”.
• Future losses are predicted based on law of large number.
Note
• Pooling of loss is the spreading of losses incurred by the few over the
entire group so that in the process average loss is substituted for actual loss.
• The primary purpose of pooling is to reduce the variation in possible
Outcomes , which reduces risk.
-Payment of fortuitous losses
A fortuitous loss is one that is unforeseen and
unexpected and occurs as a result of chance.
Insurance policies do not cover intentional losses
-Risk Transfer
Risk transfer means that a pure risk is transferred from
the insured to the insurer,who typically is in a stronger
Financial position to pay the loss than the insured.
-Indemnification
Means that the insured is restored to his or her approximate
financial position prior to the occurrence of the loss.
- Insurable Risk
Insurer normally insure only pure risk.
This presentation gives an brief introduction about the growth of insurance sector in India. It also give description about the major players existing in the finance market of insurance.
When market conditions are good insurance companies get low of business and their profits increase but in the adverse market conditions the companies start facing losses or their profitability reaches to rock bottom.
Insurance for beginners joining the industry. Compiled collected writeup with input. Freelance picked most common and easy to grasp explanations that logically fall an uninterrupted line of thought
Insurance is a social device for spreading the chance of financial loss among
a large number of people. Insurance protects against pure risk.
Risk is the possibility of losing economic security.
Risk can be of two kinds: speculative or pure And only pure risks are insurable
Pure risk involves only two possible outcomes:
loss or no loss, with no possibility of gain or profit
Speculative Risk
involves three possible outcomes: loss, no loss or profit
The Law of Large Numbers:
The average of the results obtained from a large number of trials should
be close to the expected value.
Underwriting:
The process of selecting certain types of risks that have historically
produced a profit.
Peril:
A potential cause of loss. Accident, fire, and theft are common perils.
Hazard:
Anything that increases the seriousness of a loss or increases
the likelihood that a loss will occur.
Adverse Selection:
Is the tendency of person with a higher than average chance
of loss to seek insurance at the average state, which if not
Controlled by underwriting, result in higher than expected
Loss levels.
Insurance is not same as gambling. Gambling is creat a new
speculative risk and socially is unproductive but insurance
Deals with pure risk and socially is productive.
Insurance is not same as hedging. Insurance involves the
Transfer of pure risk and reduce objective risk but hedging
Involves just the transfer of speculative risk not risk
Reduduction.
Types of Insurance:
Private insurance, consist of health insurance, property and
liabilty insurance.
Government Insurance, cnosist of social insurance and other
Government insurance programs.
How does insurance work?
You pay a fee called a premium, and in exchange,
the insurance company agrees to pay you a certain
amount of money
-Basic Characteristics Of Insurance
Pooling of losses
Payment of fortuitous losses
Risk transfer
Indemnification
-Pooling of losses
Spreading of losses incurred by the few over the entire group.
• Key mechanism is “law of large number”.
• Future losses are predicted based on law of large number.
Note
• Pooling of loss is the spreading of losses incurred by the few over the
entire group so that in the process average loss is substituted for actual loss.
• The primary purpose of pooling is to reduce the variation in possible
Outcomes , which reduces risk.
-Payment of fortuitous losses
A fortuitous loss is one that is unforeseen and
unexpected and occurs as a result of chance.
Insurance policies do not cover intentional losses
-Risk Transfer
Risk transfer means that a pure risk is transferred from
the insured to the insurer,who typically is in a stronger
Financial position to pay the loss than the insured.
-Indemnification
Means that the insured is restored to his or her approximate
financial position prior to the occurrence of the loss.
- Insurable Risk
Insurer normally insure only pure risk.
This presentation gives an brief introduction about the growth of insurance sector in India. It also give description about the major players existing in the finance market of insurance.
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
2. RISK
• Risk: is the possibility of bearing
unwanted events.
• Risk is defined as uncertainty of loss.
• Uncertainty: The perception that several
different outcomes are possible.
2
3. Definition of Risk
• There is no single definition of Risk; however,
two distinctive definitions are used commonly.
• The variations in possible outcomes of an event
based on chance. (greater the number of
different outcomes that may occur, the greater
the risk).
• “Risk is an uncertainty concerning a possible
loss”.
3
4. Who Are Under Risk?
4
• Individuals,
• Companies,
• Organizations
• Governments, etc.
face with loss from natural disasters.
6. Risk and Relative Return
Risk-
Adjusted
Return
Zone 1
Insufficient
Risk Taking
Zone 2
Optimal
Risk Taking
Zone 3
Excessive
Risk Taking
Risk
7. What are the Sources of Risk?
• Physical Environment
• Social Environment
• Political Environment
• Legal Environment
• Operational Environment
• Economic Environment
• Cognitive Environment
7
8. Categorizing Risk
• Pure Risk : is the situation that can result in
only loss or no change.
Example: premature death, damage to a property from fire,
lightening, flood, etc.
• Speculative Risk: refers to those exposures
that can result in loss, gain or no change.
Example : If you purchase 100 shares of common stock if the
price goes up you make a benefit but the price goes
down you make a loss.
8
9. The Degree of Risk
• The Degree of Risk:
is a measure of the accuracy with which the
outcome of an event based on chance can
be predicted.(Health certificate, occupations)
Insurers use risk to identify the property or life that is
being insured.
“Loss exposure” is used instead of risk in the
insurance industry
9
10. Examples of Risks
• Risk of being killed in the auto accident.
• Risk of lung cancer for smokers.
• Risk of failing in examination or college course.
Examples of presence of risks in our society:
• A gunman kills 10 customers in a local department store
• A small town is wiped out by tornado.
• A drunk driver kills 5 people in a van on a expressway.
10
11. RISK MANAGEMENT
• Risk Management:
The art and science of anticipating these
potential losses and developing a plan to survive
them.
11
Hurricane Katrina: Landfall August 29, 2005
14. INSURANCE
• Insurance protects you against potential
financial losses or liability as a result of
unexpected events.
• Its primary function is to maintain your existing
level of wealth.
• Insurance is beneficial even when no payments
are received from the insurance company.
14
15. The Two Definitions of Insurance
• Financial Definition of Insurance:
Insurance is a financial arrangement that
redistributes the costs of unexpected losses.
• Legal Definition of Insurance
Insurance is a contractual arrangement whereby
one party agrees to compensate another party
for losses.
15
16. Some Insurance Terms
(Actors of the Game)
• Insurer : Party agreeing to pay for the losses.
• Insured: Party who loss causes the insurer to
make a claims payment.
• Premium: is the payment insurer receives.
• Policy: is the insurance contract
• Exposure to Loss: the insured’s possibility of
loss. (The exposure is transferred to the
insurer by purchasing an insurance policy)
16
17. Some More Insurance Terms
• Sum Insured: a maximum amount that an insurance company will
pay to someone who makes a claim.
• Claim/Loss: formal request to an insurance company asking for a
payment based on the terms of the insurance policy.
• Reinsurance: Practice where an insurance company (the insurer)
transfers a portion of its risks to another (the reinsurer). Known as
insurance for insurers.
• Solvency Ratio: Available capital / Required capital.
• Laws and Regulations: Governs and regulates the insurance
industry and those engaged in the business of insurance.
• The Superintendent (Regulator): is the competent authority of the
insurance sector. Exercise all the powers granted by law for the
purpose of protecting the policyholders and the insurance
beneficiaries. 17
18. Insurance System
• It redistrubutes the cost of losses by collecting a
premium payment from every participant (insured) in the
system
• Insurer promises to pay the insured’s claims in the event
of covered loss.
• Only a small percentage of insured suffers losses.
• Insurance reduce risk through pooling and operation of
law of large numbers.
18
19. Basic Characteristics of Insurance
• Pooling of Losses
Spreading losses incurred by the few over the entire group.
Risk reduction based on the ‘law of large numbers’
• Payment of fortuitous losses
Insurance pays for the losses that are unforeseen, unexpected
and occur as a result of chance.
• Risk transfer
A pure risk is transferred from the insured to the insurer, who
typically is in a stronger finanicial position.
• Indemnification
The insured is restored to his or her approximate financial
position prior to the occurence of the loss
19
20. The Costs and Benefits Insurance System
• Operating Expense
• Distribution cost
• Underwriting cost
• Policy administration cost
• Reserve cost
• Moral hazard resulting in extra
cost
• Exaggerated Losses
• Benefit-cost tradeoff
• Reinsurance cost
20
Cost Of Insurance
21. Benefits of Insurance
Benefits of Insurance to Individuals
• Peace of mind
• Aversion of risk
• Protects mortgaged properties
• Provides self dependacy
• Tool of savings
• Tool of Investment
• Satisfies various needs
21
22. Benefits of Insurance contn’d..
• Reduced reserve requirements
• Capital freed for invesment
• Indemnification
• Reduction of uncertainity
• Reduced cost of capital
• Reduced credit risk
• Risk assesment / Risk management
• Loss contro activities
• Business and social stability
22
Benefits of Insurance to Business
23. Benefits of Insurance contn’d..
• Protects and contributes wealth of the country
(loss prevention, medical research)
• Helps in economic growth
(insurances collect savings and re-invest into the economy)
• Controls inflation
• Social peace
• Stability in families
• Anti-monopoly device.
(Only large corporations would be able to stay in business as small
would not be able to sustain losses and remain in operation)
23
Benefits of Insurance to Society
24. LOSS
Loss: being without something previously owned.
Insurable Loss: an undesired, unplanned
reduction of economic value arising from
chance.
(Depreciation and other expenses are exluded)
Direct Losses:
• Immediate, first result of an insured peril
• Property Insurance, Car Insurance
Indirect Losses:
• Consequential losses
• Secondary result of an insured peril
24
25. Chance of Loss
• It refers to a fraction;
Chance of Loss: Actual or expected number of losses
Number of exposures to loss
A priori chance of loss: expected no. of loss
exposure units
An ex-post (actual) chance: actual no. of losses
total no. of exposure units
25
26. Terms Related to Loss
• Peril : is the cause of loss.
• Hazards : are the conditions that increase either the
frequency or the severity of losses.
• Moral Hazard : If a person does a harm on a property to
have the money for the loss, the loss is said to result
from the moral hazard (dishonesty).
• Morale Hazard : refers to an attitude of indifference or
carelessness to loss created by the purchase of an
insurance contract.
“Why should I care?, I am insured”
• Proximate Cause: The first peril in a chain of events leading
to a loss. The cause without which the loss would not
have occurred. It is the most important concept in
insurance (Hurricane Katrina,2005).
26
27. THE MATHEMATICAL BASIS FOR
INSURANCE
• Losses needs to be predicted accurately.
• Law of Large Numbers: The greater the
number of observations of an event based
on chance, the more likely the actual results
will approximate the expected results.
• This system allows an insurance to reduce risk.
• Based on law of large numbers, if there are
large number of similar but not necessarily
identical exposure units, the insurer may be able
to predict future losses with greater accuracy.
27
28. Practical Example of the Law of Large
Number
You flip a balanced coin into the air, the
probability of getting head(actual probability) is
0.5. If you flip the coin 10 times, you may get a
head eight times and then the observed
probability of getting a head is 0.8.
If you flipped 1 million times, however, the
actual number of heads would be approximately
500,000. Thus, if the number of random tosses
increases, the actual results approach the
expected results.
28
30. Cash Flow Underwriting
• Cash Flow Underwriting: describes the practice of trying to
attract new business by pricing insurance “at a loss”.
• Loss ratio: Percentage of the earned premium represented by
losses.
incurred losses/ earned premiums
• Expense ratio:
Total Expenses/ written premiums
Unearned premiums: written premiums-earned premiums
• Combined Ratio: sum of the losses and the expense ratio.
• At some cases even with combined ratios above 100 %, the
insurance industries may be making profit because investment
earnings exceeded underwritting losses. Insurance industry making
loss in insurance underwritting but offsetting them by investment
income.
30
31. Arson: Who Really Pays for Insured
Losses?
• Arson: Deliberate, malicious burning of a
building or other property t collect
insurance proceeds.
(eg: unprofitable businesses such as restaurants and hotels)
• Selling and reselling the same property between
conspirators, each sale at higher price with the final
highly inflated ‘market’ value being insured.
• Overall, it is the honest premium-paying insured, not the
insurer, who pays for the losses.
31