Toni Brown publishes article in National FORUM Journals, 17603 Bending Post Drive, Houston, Texas 77095
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
Editor-in-Chief
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
www.nationalforum.com
Debate on disease Prevention, prolong Life and promote Health (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has put all health systems worldwide to the test and is accelerating the shift
from the information and knowledge society to the digital society. It isa great challenge to understand the
theoretical foundations, conception and legal frameworks of social protection that have provided the constitution
of the health system, socialprotection, and the right to health.
This article aims to present a reflection and debate onhow to prevent, prolong people's lives and their social
well-being, aswell aspromote health. Part ofthe origins and dtheevolution of the world's health-disease
system, taking intoaccount the milestones of social protection and the right to health, characterizing the
theoretical frameworks and concepts thatunderpintedthe healthreforms that gave origin to the different Health
System,as wellas, to discuss its principlesandguidelines, based on the design of the extension of the right to
health, with the purpose of providing reading, learning, debate and reflection on concepts and reality,as well as
the necessary human, social, economic, financial, technological transformations policies, and what is the impact
of these changes.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
Sexual harassment in schools can take many forms, including verbal comments, physical contact, or visual displays. There are two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo, where favors are exchanged for benefits, and hostile environment, where unwanted sexual behavior interferes with students' education. Several landmark court cases have found schools liable for teacher misconduct and set standards requiring schools to respond appropriately to reports of harassment. Schools aim to prevent issues through policies, staff training, and maintaining appropriate student-teacher relationships.
S E A R C H A N D S E I Z U R E I N P U B L I C S X H O O L S P P TWilliam Kritsonis
Founder of National FORUM Journals – Over 4,000 Professors Published
Dr. Kritsonis is founder of NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (since 1983). These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. Over 4,000 writers have been published in these refereed, peer-reviewed periodicals. In 1983, he founded the National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision – now acclaimed by many as the United States’ leading recognized scholarly academic refereed journal in educational administration, leadership, and supervision.
In 1987, Dr. Kritsonis founded the National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal whose aim is to conjoin the efforts of applied educational researchers world-wide with those of practitioners in education. He founded the National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, National FORUM of Special Education Journal, National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, and the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. In 1997, he established the Online Journal Division of National FORUM Journals that publishes academic scholarly refereed articles daily on the website: www.nationalforum.com. Over 500 professors have published online. In January 2007, Dr. Kritsonis established Focus: On Colleges, Universities, and Schools.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - Published in Schooling - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, www.nationalforum.com, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas
David E. Herrington, Bobbie Eddins, Ann Farris, Brenda Russell, Jeffrey Kirk,...William Kritsonis
David E. Herrington, Bobbie Eddins, Ann Farris, Brenda Russell, Jeffrey Kirk, Jeff Goldhorn, W. Sean Kearney, Michael Webb, Chuck Holt, Amy Burkman, Lori Webb, James Jurica
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com
Dr. David E. Herrington, Dissertation Chair for Cheng Chieh Lai, PhD Disserta...William Kritsonis
This document summarizes a dissertation defense presented by Cheng-Chieh Lai on the effectiveness of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) programs for enhancing English learning among students with limited English proficiency. The dissertation included quantitative and qualitative research methods to examine how personal factors influence students' perceived usefulness and ease of use of CALL programs. Major findings indicated native language and age were significant factors influencing perceived usefulness, while gender, education level, and technology experience were not significant factors. Interviews provided perspectives on advantages, disadvantages and roles of CALL programs.
Debate on disease Prevention, prolong Life and promote Health (from Theory to...AJHSSR Journal
Abstract: The Covid-19 pandemic has put all health systems worldwide to the test and is accelerating the shift
from the information and knowledge society to the digital society. It isa great challenge to understand the
theoretical foundations, conception and legal frameworks of social protection that have provided the constitution
of the health system, socialprotection, and the right to health.
This article aims to present a reflection and debate onhow to prevent, prolong people's lives and their social
well-being, aswell aspromote health. Part ofthe origins and dtheevolution of the world's health-disease
system, taking intoaccount the milestones of social protection and the right to health, characterizing the
theoretical frameworks and concepts thatunderpintedthe healthreforms that gave origin to the different Health
System,as wellas, to discuss its principlesandguidelines, based on the design of the extension of the right to
health, with the purpose of providing reading, learning, debate and reflection on concepts and reality,as well as
the necessary human, social, economic, financial, technological transformations policies, and what is the impact
of these changes.
OUR STORY IN BRIEF:
THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMERICA, BLACKS, HEALTH AND MEDICINE
Marc Imhotep Cray, M.D. June, 2010, Last Updated March, 2011
Sexual harassment in schools can take many forms, including verbal comments, physical contact, or visual displays. There are two types of sexual harassment: quid pro quo, where favors are exchanged for benefits, and hostile environment, where unwanted sexual behavior interferes with students' education. Several landmark court cases have found schools liable for teacher misconduct and set standards requiring schools to respond appropriately to reports of harassment. Schools aim to prevent issues through policies, staff training, and maintaining appropriate student-teacher relationships.
S E A R C H A N D S E I Z U R E I N P U B L I C S X H O O L S P P TWilliam Kritsonis
Founder of National FORUM Journals – Over 4,000 Professors Published
Dr. Kritsonis is founder of NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (since 1983). These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. Over 4,000 writers have been published in these refereed, peer-reviewed periodicals. In 1983, he founded the National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision – now acclaimed by many as the United States’ leading recognized scholarly academic refereed journal in educational administration, leadership, and supervision.
In 1987, Dr. Kritsonis founded the National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal whose aim is to conjoin the efforts of applied educational researchers world-wide with those of practitioners in education. He founded the National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, National FORUM of Special Education Journal, National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, and the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. In 1997, he established the Online Journal Division of National FORUM Journals that publishes academic scholarly refereed articles daily on the website: www.nationalforum.com. Over 500 professors have published online. In January 2007, Dr. Kritsonis established Focus: On Colleges, Universities, and Schools.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg - Published in Schooling - NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, www.nationalforum.com, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, Houston, Texas
David E. Herrington, Bobbie Eddins, Ann Farris, Brenda Russell, Jeffrey Kirk,...William Kritsonis
David E. Herrington, Bobbie Eddins, Ann Farris, Brenda Russell, Jeffrey Kirk, Jeff Goldhorn, W. Sean Kearney, Michael Webb, Chuck Holt, Amy Burkman, Lori Webb, James Jurica
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com
Dr. David E. Herrington, Dissertation Chair for Cheng Chieh Lai, PhD Disserta...William Kritsonis
This document summarizes a dissertation defense presented by Cheng-Chieh Lai on the effectiveness of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) programs for enhancing English learning among students with limited English proficiency. The dissertation included quantitative and qualitative research methods to examine how personal factors influence students' perceived usefulness and ease of use of CALL programs. Major findings indicated native language and age were significant factors influencing perceived usefulness, while gender, education level, and technology experience were not significant factors. Interviews provided perspectives on advantages, disadvantages and roles of CALL programs.
Dr. W.A. Kritsonis - International Refereed Publication(s)William Kritsonis
This document summarizes a journal article about creating culturally active classrooms. It discusses how teachers were asked to anonymously share stereotypes they were taught or believed about different racial groups. Many teachers realized they still held prejudices and stereotypes even after diversity training. The document advocates for teachers examining their own psychological mindsets and beliefs about race, as hidden stereotypes can negatively impact students and the classroom culture. It promotes teachers creating classrooms that value students' cultural identities and differences to improve academic success for all.
Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritsoni...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.n...William Kritsonis
This article summarizes a study that investigated parents' perceptions and reasons for denying bilingual education services for their children. The study found that parents lacked information about bilingual programs and associated English proficiency with learning. Most parents believed their children should learn English to get ahead. While parents were generally proficient in Spanish, they did not view Spanish literacy as important. The study had limitations as the small sample size prevented generalizing findings. It highlighted a need for more research on how to better inform parents about bilingual programs.
Plagiarism: A Guide for Students by William Allan Kritsonis, PhDWilliam Kritsonis
The document provides information about plagiarism for students. It defines plagiarism as failing to properly cite sources and attempting to pass off others' work as one's own. The document explains that plagiarism is a form of cheating and is prohibited under university policy. It provides tips for avoiding plagiarism, such as paraphrasing in one's own words and properly citing sources. Consequences for plagiarism are also discussed, ranging from grade penalties to expulsion from the university. The document emphasizes that plagiarism only hurts the student.
This article discusses the role of parental involvement in closing the academic achievement gap between minority and disadvantaged students and their white and Asian counterparts. It argues that improving school quality alone through legislation like No Child Left Behind is not sufficient, and that parental accountability is missing from such efforts. The article highlights research showing parental involvement is highly predictive of student success. It recommends expanding NCLB to include mechanisms for holding parents accountable and engaging them in their children's education.
Dr. W.A. Kritsonis - International Refereed Publication(s)William Kritsonis
This document discusses conceptualizations of teaching and summarizes a research article. It begins by outlining six common conceptualizations of teaching: as a labor, craft, art, product, client service, and profession. It then focuses on conceptualizing teaching as an art, with the teacher as an artist. The implications of evaluating teaching as an art are discussed, with self-evaluation presented as the primary method for artists/teachers to improve. The document concludes that self-evaluation allows teachers to develop professionally and maximize student learning.
Ch. 9 Special Education in America - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
This document provides an overview of special education in the United States, including key legislation and court cases. It discusses how individuals with disabilities were historically mistreated and left to die. It then outlines the growth of special education services over time, mandated by laws like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. The document defines important terms and concepts in special education, describes the components and requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and analyzes several landmark court cases that expanded the rights of students with disabilities to receive appropriate public education.
Dr. David E. Herrington, PhD Dissertation Chair for CHENG-CHIEH LAI, PVAMU/Th...William Kritsonis
Dr. David E. Herrington, PhD Dissertation Chair for CHENG-CHIEH LAI, PVAMU/The Texas A&M University System, 2008. Committee Members: Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dr. Camille Gibson, Dr. Tyrone Tanner, Dr. Pamela T. Barber Freeman
Detris Crane and Reginald Leon Green - Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, ...William Kritsonis
This document summarizes research on principal leadership behaviors and how they influence teacher job satisfaction. It explores 13 core competencies of effective school leaders identified in prior research, including visionary leadership, unity of purpose, and instructional leadership. The literature review finds teacher job satisfaction is enhanced when principals exhibit behaviors from these competencies, such as supporting teacher development, fostering collaboration, and involving teachers in decision-making. Specifically, principal behaviors that create supportive working conditions, opportunities for input, and collegial relationships can increase teacher motivation and job satisfaction.
The document discusses several important laws and court cases related to student attendance and education programs. It mentions Brown v. Board of Education which established that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It also references Texas cases that restricted transfers that changed the racial composition of schools. Additionally, it outlines several state laws regarding compulsory attendance, residency, kindergarten requirements, and maintaining a safe school environment.
1) Case One examines the employment arrangement of a JROTC instructor in Texas who was terminated. The court found that as an "at-will employee" without proper certification, he did not have a legitimate claim of entitlement to continued employment under the due process clause.
2) Case Two involves a former teacher's aide who claimed her employment was not renewed due to protected speech. The court determined her speech was not protected and she lacked tenure, so no due process claim.
3) Case Three examines a teacher whose contract was not renewed. The court found as a first year employee, he had no reasonable expectation of reemployment and his liberty interests were not violated.
Founder of National FORUM Journals – Over 4,000 Professors Published
Dr. Kritsonis is founder of NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (since 1983). These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. Over 4,000 writers have been published in these refereed, peer-reviewed periodicals. In 1983, he founded the National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision – now acclaimed by many as the United States’ leading recognized scholarly academic refereed journal in educational administration, leadership, and supervision.
In 1987, Dr. Kritsonis founded the National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal whose aim is to conjoin the efforts of applied educational researchers world-wide with those of practitioners in education. He founded the National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, National FORUM of Special Education Journal, National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, and the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. In 1997, he established the Online Journal Division of National FORUM Journals that publishes academic scholarly refereed articles daily on the website: www.nationalforum.com. Over 500 professors have published online. In January 2007, Dr. Kritsonis established Focus: On Colleges, Universities, and Schools.
Dr. Frances Craig Worthey, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritso...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Frances Craig Worthey, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, The Generation and Verification of Theory: A Bridge to...William Kritsonis
National FORUM Journals, William Allan Kritsonis, PhD, Editor-in-Chief (Founded 1983)
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, The Generation and Verification of Theory: A Bridge to the Continuing Quest for a Knowledge Base
The Texas prison system began in 1846 with the establishment of the Texas State Penitentiary in Huntsville. From the 1860s to 1910s, Texas leased out convicts to private companies, leading to management issues and abuse of prisoners. Reforms in the early 20th century abolished convict leasing and expanded state-run prison farms. Throughout the 1900s, court interventions and a rapidly growing prisoner population prompted further reforms and expansion of the system. In 1989, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice was created to better administer the large prison network.
The Pierce v. Society of Sisters case established that parents have a right to direct the upbringing and education of their children. Specifically, the US Supreme Court ruled that an Oregon law requiring all children to attend public schools unreasonably interfered with parental liberty and was unconstitutional. The Court found that parents have the right to choose privately run schools for their children's education if they so desire. This ruling set an important precedent affirming parents' rights to choose the educational setting for their children without penalty, rather than being forced to send them only to public schools.
Dr. Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Krits...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. Nasrin Nazemzadeh, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis,...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Nasrin Nazemzadeh, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
American Psychological Association, APA Guidelines for Preparing Manuscripts ...William Kritsonis
APA Guidelines for Publishing in National Refereed Journals, Citations, Direct Quotations, and much more...Dr. Mary Alice Kritsonis, National Research and Manuscript Preparation Editor, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, 17603 Bending Post Drive, Houston, Texas 77095
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com
This document discusses considerations for providing health care to OEF/OIF veterans. It begins with background on this population, noting they are younger than previous veteran cohorts and have experienced urban combat. As a result of growing up in a fast-paced societal culture, this group can be considered "fast fooders, thinkers, and doers." The document recommends culturally-sensitive interventions like home visits, non-traditional communication, family involvement, peer support, and integrated care to better engage these veterans in health care. Meeting them where they are through expedited services may increase their motivation to access care.
Running head RESEARCH TOPICRESEARCH TOPIC 19Improving t.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH TOPIC
RESEARCH TOPIC
19
Improving the Quality of Comprehensive Care for the OEF and OIF Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Ashlie Burnett
Capella University
12/7/14
Improving the Quality of Comprehensive Care for the OEF and OIF Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
To conduct a fruitful research, I have chosen to use Improving the Quality of Comprehensive Care for the OEF and OIF with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as my research topic. This topic is very important because it will help in carrying out studies aimed at focusing on the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). These are US Patriots who had dedicated their time to serve on active duty in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since they are Title 38 of the US Code (U.S.C.), Section 1710(e) (1) (D) guarantee them a free medical care, this research will seek to find out how efficiently these services can be improved to offer them the quality care that they require. As a matter of fact, veterans coping with PTSD need to be adequately cared for. This topic will help in conducting an extensive research to help in understanding their problems and look for the possible ways of serving them (VA Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards, 2010).
PTSD is a common problem facing the war veteran’s world over. It results from their exposure to traumatizing war conditions such as seeing the seriously wounded or dead bodies; being shot at by their enemies; being ambushed; knowledge of the slain colleagues; or getting a mortar fire. On the other hand, women veterans might be of higher risks of suffering from this condition because of their vulnerability to Military Sexual Trauma (MST) that come as a result of repeated sexual cases of sexual harassment and assaults experienced during the peacetime, training and war. Since these conditions pose a prolonged effect on the mental health of these veterans, a comprehensive health care scheme needs to be implemented.
Healthcare provision to the Iraqi and Afghan veterans with PTSD has become an issue of concern today. It is has posed a great challenge to different health care providers in the country. Hence, the Department of Veteran Affairs should take it so seriously. A lot should be done to help these patriots to cope up with such a stressful condition (Rothschild, 2000). Otherwise, it might interfere with their mental health and eventually paralyze their interpersonal relations (Rothschild, 2000). So, this research will strive to unearth more information about these veterans and look for measures through which they can be assisted. To achieve this goal, the research will have to advocate for the improvement in the quality of health care offered to them and recommend the use of amore comprehensive approach. These include, but not limited to, the use of social services, counseling and research (Rothschild, 2000).
A part from being a major problem in my organization, i.
Dr. W.A. Kritsonis - International Refereed Publication(s)William Kritsonis
This document summarizes a journal article about creating culturally active classrooms. It discusses how teachers were asked to anonymously share stereotypes they were taught or believed about different racial groups. Many teachers realized they still held prejudices and stereotypes even after diversity training. The document advocates for teachers examining their own psychological mindsets and beliefs about race, as hidden stereotypes can negatively impact students and the classroom culture. It promotes teachers creating classrooms that value students' cultural identities and differences to improve academic success for all.
Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritsoni...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Jennifer T. Butcher, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.n...William Kritsonis
This article summarizes a study that investigated parents' perceptions and reasons for denying bilingual education services for their children. The study found that parents lacked information about bilingual programs and associated English proficiency with learning. Most parents believed their children should learn English to get ahead. While parents were generally proficient in Spanish, they did not view Spanish literacy as important. The study had limitations as the small sample size prevented generalizing findings. It highlighted a need for more research on how to better inform parents about bilingual programs.
Plagiarism: A Guide for Students by William Allan Kritsonis, PhDWilliam Kritsonis
The document provides information about plagiarism for students. It defines plagiarism as failing to properly cite sources and attempting to pass off others' work as one's own. The document explains that plagiarism is a form of cheating and is prohibited under university policy. It provides tips for avoiding plagiarism, such as paraphrasing in one's own words and properly citing sources. Consequences for plagiarism are also discussed, ranging from grade penalties to expulsion from the university. The document emphasizes that plagiarism only hurts the student.
This article discusses the role of parental involvement in closing the academic achievement gap between minority and disadvantaged students and their white and Asian counterparts. It argues that improving school quality alone through legislation like No Child Left Behind is not sufficient, and that parental accountability is missing from such efforts. The article highlights research showing parental involvement is highly predictive of student success. It recommends expanding NCLB to include mechanisms for holding parents accountable and engaging them in their children's education.
Dr. W.A. Kritsonis - International Refereed Publication(s)William Kritsonis
This document discusses conceptualizations of teaching and summarizes a research article. It begins by outlining six common conceptualizations of teaching: as a labor, craft, art, product, client service, and profession. It then focuses on conceptualizing teaching as an art, with the teacher as an artist. The implications of evaluating teaching as an art are discussed, with self-evaluation presented as the primary method for artists/teachers to improve. The document concludes that self-evaluation allows teachers to develop professionally and maximize student learning.
Ch. 9 Special Education in America - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
This document provides an overview of special education in the United States, including key legislation and court cases. It discusses how individuals with disabilities were historically mistreated and left to die. It then outlines the growth of special education services over time, mandated by laws like the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975. The document defines important terms and concepts in special education, describes the components and requirements of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, and analyzes several landmark court cases that expanded the rights of students with disabilities to receive appropriate public education.
Dr. David E. Herrington, PhD Dissertation Chair for CHENG-CHIEH LAI, PVAMU/Th...William Kritsonis
Dr. David E. Herrington, PhD Dissertation Chair for CHENG-CHIEH LAI, PVAMU/The Texas A&M University System, 2008. Committee Members: Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Dr. Camille Gibson, Dr. Tyrone Tanner, Dr. Pamela T. Barber Freeman
Detris Crane and Reginald Leon Green - Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, ...William Kritsonis
This document summarizes research on principal leadership behaviors and how they influence teacher job satisfaction. It explores 13 core competencies of effective school leaders identified in prior research, including visionary leadership, unity of purpose, and instructional leadership. The literature review finds teacher job satisfaction is enhanced when principals exhibit behaviors from these competencies, such as supporting teacher development, fostering collaboration, and involving teachers in decision-making. Specifically, principal behaviors that create supportive working conditions, opportunities for input, and collegial relationships can increase teacher motivation and job satisfaction.
The document discusses several important laws and court cases related to student attendance and education programs. It mentions Brown v. Board of Education which established that racial segregation in public schools is unconstitutional. It also references Texas cases that restricted transfers that changed the racial composition of schools. Additionally, it outlines several state laws regarding compulsory attendance, residency, kindergarten requirements, and maintaining a safe school environment.
1) Case One examines the employment arrangement of a JROTC instructor in Texas who was terminated. The court found that as an "at-will employee" without proper certification, he did not have a legitimate claim of entitlement to continued employment under the due process clause.
2) Case Two involves a former teacher's aide who claimed her employment was not renewed due to protected speech. The court determined her speech was not protected and she lacked tenure, so no due process claim.
3) Case Three examines a teacher whose contract was not renewed. The court found as a first year employee, he had no reasonable expectation of reemployment and his liberty interests were not violated.
Founder of National FORUM Journals – Over 4,000 Professors Published
Dr. Kritsonis is founder of NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (since 1983). These publications represent a group of highly respected scholarly academic periodicals. Over 4,000 writers have been published in these refereed, peer-reviewed periodicals. In 1983, he founded the National FORUM of Educational Administration and Supervision – now acclaimed by many as the United States’ leading recognized scholarly academic refereed journal in educational administration, leadership, and supervision.
In 1987, Dr. Kritsonis founded the National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal whose aim is to conjoin the efforts of applied educational researchers world-wide with those of practitioners in education. He founded the National FORUM of Teacher Education Journal, National FORUM of Special Education Journal, National FORUM of Multicultural Issues Journal, International Journal of Scholarly Academic Intellectual Diversity, International Journal of Management, Business, and Administration, and the DOCTORAL FORUM – National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research. The DOCTORAL FORUM is the only refereed journal in America committed to publishing doctoral students while they are enrolled in course work in their doctoral programs. In 1997, he established the Online Journal Division of National FORUM Journals that publishes academic scholarly refereed articles daily on the website: www.nationalforum.com. Over 500 professors have published online. In January 2007, Dr. Kritsonis established Focus: On Colleges, Universities, and Schools.
Dr. Frances Craig Worthey, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritso...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Frances Craig Worthey, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, The Generation and Verification of Theory: A Bridge to...William Kritsonis
National FORUM Journals, William Allan Kritsonis, PhD, Editor-in-Chief (Founded 1983)
Dr. Fred C. Lunenburg, The Generation and Verification of Theory: A Bridge to the Continuing Quest for a Knowledge Base
The Texas prison system began in 1846 with the establishment of the Texas State Penitentiary in Huntsville. From the 1860s to 1910s, Texas leased out convicts to private companies, leading to management issues and abuse of prisoners. Reforms in the early 20th century abolished convict leasing and expanded state-run prison farms. Throughout the 1900s, court interventions and a rapidly growing prisoner population prompted further reforms and expansion of the system. In 1989, the Texas Department of Criminal Justice was created to better administer the large prison network.
The Pierce v. Society of Sisters case established that parents have a right to direct the upbringing and education of their children. Specifically, the US Supreme Court ruled that an Oregon law requiring all children to attend public schools unreasonably interfered with parental liberty and was unconstitutional. The Court found that parents have the right to choose privately run schools for their children's education if they so desire. This ruling set an important precedent affirming parents' rights to choose the educational setting for their children without penalty, rather than being forced to send them only to public schools.
Dr. Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Krits...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
Dr. Nasrin Nazemzadeh, PhD Dissertation Defense, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis,...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Dr. Nasrin Nazemzadeh, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
American Psychological Association, APA Guidelines for Preparing Manuscripts ...William Kritsonis
APA Guidelines for Publishing in National Refereed Journals, Citations, Direct Quotations, and much more...Dr. Mary Alice Kritsonis, National Research and Manuscript Preparation Editor, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS, 17603 Bending Post Drive, Houston, Texas 77095
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com
This document discusses considerations for providing health care to OEF/OIF veterans. It begins with background on this population, noting they are younger than previous veteran cohorts and have experienced urban combat. As a result of growing up in a fast-paced societal culture, this group can be considered "fast fooders, thinkers, and doers." The document recommends culturally-sensitive interventions like home visits, non-traditional communication, family involvement, peer support, and integrated care to better engage these veterans in health care. Meeting them where they are through expedited services may increase their motivation to access care.
Running head RESEARCH TOPICRESEARCH TOPIC 19Improving t.docxcharisellington63520
Running head: RESEARCH TOPIC
RESEARCH TOPIC
19
Improving the Quality of Comprehensive Care for the OEF and OIF Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Ashlie Burnett
Capella University
12/7/14
Improving the Quality of Comprehensive Care for the OEF and OIF Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
To conduct a fruitful research, I have chosen to use Improving the Quality of Comprehensive Care for the OEF and OIF with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) as my research topic. This topic is very important because it will help in carrying out studies aimed at focusing on the Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). These are US Patriots who had dedicated their time to serve on active duty in Iraq and Afghanistan. Since they are Title 38 of the US Code (U.S.C.), Section 1710(e) (1) (D) guarantee them a free medical care, this research will seek to find out how efficiently these services can be improved to offer them the quality care that they require. As a matter of fact, veterans coping with PTSD need to be adequately cared for. This topic will help in conducting an extensive research to help in understanding their problems and look for the possible ways of serving them (VA Office of Public Health and Environmental Hazards, 2010).
PTSD is a common problem facing the war veteran’s world over. It results from their exposure to traumatizing war conditions such as seeing the seriously wounded or dead bodies; being shot at by their enemies; being ambushed; knowledge of the slain colleagues; or getting a mortar fire. On the other hand, women veterans might be of higher risks of suffering from this condition because of their vulnerability to Military Sexual Trauma (MST) that come as a result of repeated sexual cases of sexual harassment and assaults experienced during the peacetime, training and war. Since these conditions pose a prolonged effect on the mental health of these veterans, a comprehensive health care scheme needs to be implemented.
Healthcare provision to the Iraqi and Afghan veterans with PTSD has become an issue of concern today. It is has posed a great challenge to different health care providers in the country. Hence, the Department of Veteran Affairs should take it so seriously. A lot should be done to help these patriots to cope up with such a stressful condition (Rothschild, 2000). Otherwise, it might interfere with their mental health and eventually paralyze their interpersonal relations (Rothschild, 2000). So, this research will strive to unearth more information about these veterans and look for measures through which they can be assisted. To achieve this goal, the research will have to advocate for the improvement in the quality of health care offered to them and recommend the use of amore comprehensive approach. These include, but not limited to, the use of social services, counseling and research (Rothschild, 2000).
A part from being a major problem in my organization, i.
The Invisible Wounds - VA Policy Report - Gaspare MuraGaspare Mura
The document discusses mental health issues among US veterans. It notes that mental health problems are the main driver of high suicide rates among veterans and cause other social issues. The US government allocates a large portion of its budget (24%) to defense and veterans affairs, including spending $7 billion on veterans' mental healthcare annually. However, the current system is overwhelmed and unable to meet demand. The document calls for reforms to better support the millions of veterans struggling with "invisible wounds" like PTSD, depression, and substance abuse issues.
War has devastating implications for families, communities, cultures, economies, and state infrastructure. Similarly, the last decade has seen an increase in the number of attacks against health workers in conflict zones and unstable environments. Unfortunately, these attacks have grave consequences for local populations which often rely on foreign aid programs for their health and well-being. As such, this paper will examine why aid-workers have increasingly been targeted for abductions, ambushes, assassinations, and various forms of intimidation. Furthermore, examples of terminated health programs, as well as populations served by current medical and humanitarian interventions, will be provided to impart a sense of magnitude and importance of health programs to the reader. Lastly, suggestions will be presented which could serve to minimize aid-workers’ risk and exposure to acts of violence in the field.
The document provides an overview of nutrition issues for older people (aged 50+) in emergency situations. It discusses that older people are often overlooked in humanitarian responses despite being vulnerable. Key points include:
- Nutritional requirements are similar to adults but more nutrient-dense foods are needed due to decreased activity levels and physiological changes with aging.
- Undernutrition in older people can include acute malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Assessment tools like MUAC are recommended but research is still needed on appropriate indicators.
- Social and psychological factors strongly influence nutrition for older people, so assessments must consider vulnerabilities. Responses require both food and non-food interventions to address multiple determinants of undernutrition.
Veterans Homelessness Protecting those who protected us. tidwellerin392
Veterans Homelessness: Protecting those who protected us.
Student
EMPA 321 Inclusion, Diversity, Equity and Accessibility
Professor X
Introduction of the issue with history/evolution of the issue
Accommodation is extensively known as a serious factor of fitness. Insufficient accommodation is related with chronic diseases and psychiatric complications. Homeless individuals have deprived well-being, protective upkeep, and uneven health maintenance operation.
Studies have shown that wandering Americans are extremely varied and comprise agents from different sections of culture the old and young; male and female; urban inhabitants and country inhabitants; whites and persons of shade; and able-bodied workforces and persons with thoughtful fitness difficulties. This variety illustrates how problematic it is to simplify the requirements of vagrant individuals, and how puzzling it is to support them.
The war in Iraq and Afghanistan carried a new devotion with these requirements of military soldiers in containing the necessities problems faced by them. Homeless veterans originally came to the republic’s consideration in the 1970s and 1980s, when homelessness usually attractive a more widespread and evident fact.
Homelessness has continually to grow in the United States. In the 1970s and 1980s, the total of homeless peoples increased, as did their prominence. Professionals mention numerous reasons for the rise in destitution. These comprise the destruction of particular room possession houses in so-known “skid rows” where short-lived men survived, the reduced accessibility of reasonable accommodation usually, and the compact requirement for cyclical inexpert work. Also the probability that relations will quarter homeless personal associates, the reduced worth of community welfares, and altered charges values at intellectual hospitals. The improved reflectiveness of homeless peoples was due to the decriminalization of activities such as community drunkenness, ambling, and homelessness.
Homelessness between adult people in the United States and is a thoughtful and multifaceted trick. The people of vagrant adolescence appears to have excessively great changes of physical difficulties, expressive and social difficulties, and material practice. Vagrancy itself stances health hazards to childhood and can disturb regular socialization and learning that can effect a young individual’s upcoming aptitude to alive freely.
The result by the Veterans Affairs (VA) in 2009 founded the aim of preventing and finish homelessness amid veterans as a state rule position provided a significant chance to discuss this in current investigations. Additionally in 2011, the Veterans Affairs realized a well-funded, state wise event proposed to help individuals who have these suffering issues like homelessness. The Supportive Service for Veteran Families program delivers a short-term monetary aid and a variety of additional elastic facilities geared towards reducing ...
The document discusses challenges in comparing disability statistics across Latin America due to varying definitions and methods of measuring disability. It also summarizes shifts from viewing disability solely as an individual medical issue to recognizing social and environmental barriers. While the ICF framework focuses on disability experiences, the document questions if this neglects understanding disease causes, which could impact evaluating health prevention programs.
This document discusses mental health stigma in the military and its impact on unemployment rates among Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) veterans. It notes that around 26% of returning OEF/OIF veterans have been diagnosed with a mental health condition like PTSD, anxiety, or depression. Many veterans experience difficulty gaining and maintaining stable employment due to mental health stigma. Unemployment rates among OEF/OIF veterans are significantly higher than civilian counterparts both nationally and in Massachusetts. The document analyzes two policy alternatives to address this issue: increasing confidentiality measures in the military to reduce stigma around seeking mental health treatment, and increasing utilization of mental health services in the military.
The document discusses issues with the current industrial agriculture system, including environmental degradation and negative health impacts on consumers. It presents urban farming and organic food production as solutions. Two books explore these solutions, with one examining urban farming in major cities to address sustainability challenges. The other looks at renegade organic farmers in the Midwest working to rebuild the local food system. Both seek alternatives to the large-scale, profit-focused industrial agriculture model that prioritizes yields and costs over consumer and environmental health.
1) Frailty is defined as a medical syndrome where there is decreased physiological reserve and resistance to stressors, due to declines across multiple body systems. This makes older adults more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes like disability, falls, and mortality.
2) In Japan, "weakness due to aging" is the major cause of disability certification and long-term care insurance use among the oldest old adults, those over age 90. This "weakness due to aging" can be considered equivalent to frailty due to aging.
3) There is no consensus on how to fully define frailty, but it is generally distinct from disability or comorbidity. Common factors used to define frailty include weakness, weight loss,
Get the example how to start a literature review. Visit us to find out more tips and samples: https://www.literaturereviewwritingservice.com/how-to-start-a-literature-review/
“THE GLOBAL CASE FOR ACTION: ACKNOWLEDGING POVERTY AS A DETERMINANT OF MEN’S HEALTH”
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME DAY THREE
THIRD JAPAN-ASEAN MEN’S HEALTH AND AGING CONFERENCE
03 DECEMBER 2008
SINGAPORE
Plenary 8: jmh and ISMH Joint Lecture
Dr. April M. W. Young
As veterans get older, they may exhibit military-related primary and mental health issues in concert with typical age-related stressors such as retirement, bereavement, and physical decline. Research shows older veterans are pre-disposed and have early onset for a variety of health issues impacted by their military service-related injuries. While Vietnam veterans age, we must prepare to treat a host of issues associated with the neglect and lack of services they've received.
Our first presenter, Amy Fairweather, Director of the Institute for Veteran Policy at Swords to Plowshares will cover the demographics of aging veterans and health outcomes related to military service. Michael Blecker, Executive Director at Swords to Plowshares will cover the Vietnam Generation and the legacy of neglect. Finally, Janice Yee, Geriatrics Specialist at Swords will cover housing and clinical outcomes of aging veterans from a community perspective.
Presenters: Amy Fairweather, Director of the Institute of Veteran Policy
Michael Blecker, Executive Director of Swords to Plowshares
Janice Yee, Geriatric Specialist at Swords to Plowshares
The GI Bill of 1944 transformed higher education in the United States by providing tuition assistance and living expenses to millions of veterans, allowing nearly half of college enrollments by 1947 to be veterans. In contrast to the pre-war period where only 10-15% of Americans attended college, over 2 million veterans received college educations in the decade following World War II thanks to the GI Bill. By the 2000s, over 2.6 million veterans had returned from wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, with many struggling to readjust to civilian life and find work or continue their education. The post-9/11 GI Bill expanded benefits to better support veterans and their families.
A New Generation Of Student Veterans A Pilot StudyDaniel Wachtel
This document summarizes a pilot study on student veterans' experiences in college. The study surveyed student veterans at two public universities to understand their academic, social, and mental health experiences. Key findings included that student veterans initially struggled academically adjusting to college life after military service but achieved above average performance once adapted. Student veterans primarily used and benefited from on-campus services designed for veterans. Many student veterans also reported experiencing PTSD-related behaviors weekly. The pilot study helps develop a better picture of student veterans' college experiences to inform future research and support services.
Similar to Toni Brown - National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas (17)
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Toni Brown - National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas
1. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY
VOLUME 11, NUMBER 1, 2009
Societal Culture and the New Veteran
Toni T. Brown, LCSW
OEF/OIF Program Manager
Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center
Houston, Texas
ABSTRACT
Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans are
Veterans of the Armed forces that served in combat or in support of combat
operations in Iraq and Afghanistan after September 11, 2001. This returning
Veteran population is in need of unique, culturally appropriate interventions to
improve motivation to access health care. This article explores the United States
current societal culture and the influence of this culture on our newest Veterans.
The returning Veteran population is described as a cohort of the current youth
culture of fast “fooders, thinkers, and do’ers”. A demographic and cultural
“snapshot” of the newest Veteran population is provided for consideration in
promoting proactive health care utilization. Non-traditional communication modes,
off site services, family support and peer liaisons will be essential in providing
successful health care to meet the cultural and health care needs for this population.
Societal Culture and the New Veteran: Considerations and Implications for
the Psychosocial Treatment of Returning Veterans
Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) Veterans are
Veterans of the Armed forces that served in combat or in support of combat operations in
Iraq and Afghanistan after September 11, 2001 (US Department of Veterans Affairs, The
Office of Care Coordination, 2008). This cohort of our newest Veterans of war presents
during a time of technological advances that heavily influence popular culture in all
aspects: information accessibility, communication and behavior outcomes. Before these
young American men and women went off to war in support of OEF/OIF, the American
societal culture of “urgency” had already begun to shape who they are: a population of
fast “fooders’, thinkers’ and do’ers”. Societal culture, youth and the experience of War
are interconnected for the OEF/OIF Veteran, and each concept must be harnessed for its
strength to promote and improve accessibility to health care for this population. The
Veterans Administration (VA), public and private health care organizations are
1
2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY
2_____________________________________________________________________________________
challenged to consider the unique needs of this Veteran population, and the health care
implications for this cohort of young Veterans who are encouraged to access preventive
and intervention health care at early stages in their lives.
Purpose of the Article
The purpose of this article is to explore the influence of societal culture on
returning Iraq and Afghanistan war Veterans and highlight culturally considerate health
care interventions for this population. A demographic and cultural “snapshot” of the
newest Veteran population is provided for consideration in promoting proactive health
care utilization.
Who Are The Newest Veterans?
OEF/OIF Veterans experienced combat in urbanized, high civilian utilized area
settings. War in Iraq and Afghanistan (at times) often exemplify “combat” in the city.
Combat zones in Iraq were informal: one could experience enemy fire or improvised
explosive devices (IED’s) in the market place, driving under a bridge or securing an
occupied building (Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008). As a result of this urbanized combat
setting, returning OEF/OIF Veterans may encounter difficulty transitioning and
discerning differences between the urbanized Iraqi combat zones, American civilian life
and an overall cultural sense of safety (Jacupak, Luterek, Hunt, Conbeare, & McFall,
2008). Not only does the type of combat experienced by this population make the
transition to civilian life challenging, but so does the age of returning OEF/OIF Veterans.
The largest population of OEF/OIF Veterans is under the age of twenty-nine, followed by
age group thirty to thirty-four years of age (Department of Veterans Affairs National
Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics, 2008). This is a sharp contrast in age
differences and life stages when compared to the average age of Vietnam Veterans who
are initiating VA health care at age sixty. A significant portion of OEF/OIF Veterans are
in life stages that involve securing self identity/careers, establishing and maintaining
romantic relationships (Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008; Chartrand, Frank, White, & Shope,
2008). In comparison, the Vietnam era Veteran may be nearing retirement, enjoying
children and dealing with the realities of declining health due to aging (Tanielian &
Jaycox, 2008). Families, full time employment, college and/or training often leave
limited time and resource to access traditional health care services. Clearly, OEF/OIF
Veterans are different in terms of life stages, psychosocial, and re-integration needs.
Veterans of OEF/OIF are also unique in terms of the number and roles of women
in the military. In 1971, women constituted less that 1% of the United States military.
This is a sharp contrast to the OEF/OIF Veteran population: eleven percent of the current
OEF/OIF American forces are women (US Department of Veterans Affairs, The Office
of Care Coordination, 2008). Due to the aforementioned combat setting, women
Veterans of OEF/OIF have also had increased exposure to combat and combat type
environments (Tanielian, et al., 2008; Rank, 2008). Further, the number of women in the
3. TONI T. BROWN
_____________________________________________________________________________________3
Unites States military is expected to grow to approximately 600,000 by the year 2013
making it vital for VA and other health care providers to incorporate gender specific re-
integration, treatment and recovery in rehabilitative care efforts.
Of the returning Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans who have been evaluated by the
VA, approximately 41% have been diagnosed with a mental illness – most commonly
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse (Alvarez, 2008). The only
diagnoses seen more often than mental health were diseases of the musculoskeletal
system/connective system, which include Traumatic Brain Injuries – thought to impact
approximately 30% of returning OEF/OIF Veterans (Tanielian et al., 2008). Thus,
returning OEF/OIF Veterans are dealing with what are often called the visible and
invisible injuries of war. The complexity of said injuries can often impact Veterans and
their families’ perceptions and expectations regarding recovery.
The mentally and/or physically injured OEF/OIF veteran has a difficult time
acknowledging and grieving a loss related to trauma and combat. In general, American
society projects youth to be a time free of illnesses, impairment and disabilities. For the
OEF/OIF Veteran, this way of thinking is coupled with military training and a military
culture that prepares the OEF/OIF service member to think, live and breathe invincibility
in order to survive. If these Veterans are willing to acknowledge their need for care, some
will decline assistance to preserve resources for other Veterans perceived to be in
“worse” condition (Rank, 2008). Within these considerations, the defense mechanism of
denial is natural and sometimes necessary to maintain some sense of self as the service
member transitions to a survivor of trauma.
Indeed, the newest Veterans of war are by all measures of our society’s Litmus
Tests - survivors. Therefore, acknowledging the influence of societal culture on the
returning Veteran population it is essential to meeting the population’s health and
psychosocial needs. Beyond statistics, societal culture – America’s way of being, doing
and judging, shaped these young men and women prior to the decision to fight for our
country. America’s way of being, doing and judging has contributed to a society, and
Veteran cohort that expects prompt, speedy outcomes and gratification in every
interaction and exchange. Exploring returning Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans health care
needs - in the cultural context, as fast “fooders, thinkers and do’ers” allows health care
providers an opportunity to redesign health care services in an innovative, culturally
considerate, and accessible way.
Fast: “Fooders”
Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan war have aged in a time of easy, highly
marketed and quick access to food. Without the rigor and structure of military life, eating,
diet and exercise rituals often change sharply upon the return to civilian life. Fast and
easy access to unhealthy food has contributed greatly to obesity in Americans of younger
age groups, which include OEF/OIF Veterans. Obesity is linked to several other poor
health factors such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and high blood pressure (Trioano,
Kuczmarski, Johnson, Flegal, & Campbell, 1995).
4. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY
4_____________________________________________________________________________________
In fact, Veterans who experience the negative physical health outcomes of obesity
tend to concurrently engage in to other health risk behaviors such as sexual risk taking,
and smoking (Tanielian et al., 2008). War related medical and mental health needs are
further exasperated by obesity in the OEF/OIF Population. The diagnosis of PTSD alone
has been show to negatively impact the physical health functioning of OEF/OIF veterans
(Jakupak et al., 2008; Heppner, Crawford, & Haji, 2008). Iraq and Afghanistan veterans
are also at risk of encountering region specific rashes, infections and parasites that may
contribute to gastrointestinal symptoms (Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008). The high risk for
obesity culture coupled with war related illnesses makes the cause for OEF/OIF Veterans
to access preventive care and treatment even more compelling.
Fast “Thinkers”
Multimedia, multi-stimulant modes of engagement and interactions have lead to a
culture of young, fast thinkers. In the age of the video game, America’s youth culture has
been exposed to a life time of speediness related to coordination, mental processing and
attention. The military has used this fast culture aspect to its advantage by incorporating
video games in training and rehabilitation. With most OEF/OIF Veterans under the age of
35, there are also physiological considerations that can be coupled with the fast thinking
culture. Physiologically, brain development impacts impulsivity and fast decision
making. Conkle (2007) highlights that the amount of dopamine released and the number
of dopamine synapses increase during adolescence. This increase in dopamine has been
correlated with an increase in sensation-seeking behavior -- which in our media saturated
culture often leads to impulsivity and poor decision making that can have long lasting life
impacts. Some war injuries and impairments have also been shown to impact on ways of
thinking and processing information. For example, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) impacts
approximately 30% of returning OEF/OIF and has been shown to increase impulsivity,
even with a decreased mental processing speed (US Department of Veterans Affairs, The
Office of Care Coordination, 2008; Rank, 2008). The injuries/impairments of this war
can mimic adjustment and adherence to the current culture of ongoing, rapid, mental
stimulation. In fact, this mal-adjustment may go unnoticed until the Veteran exhibits
behaviors such as difficulty controlling anger, aggressive driving and substance abuse
(Rank, 2008).
The transition from a war environment that fuels and necessitates fast thinking
into an environment that requires control and discernment for this skill is a confusing
one. It is the task of health care professionals to assist in a recovery process of education,
balance, support to decrease impulsivity and encourage good decision making.
Fast “Do’ers”
The cultural zeitgeist of the OEF/OIF Veteran population embraces expediency
and “now-ness” in all aspects of life, including health care. Through email and texting
Americans have become accustomed to fast, but disconnected communication styles. On
5. TONI T. BROWN
_____________________________________________________________________________________5
our jobs, we are rewarded for efficiency. Speedy recovery, service and transportation
processes are of great preference. However, in the current culture, seeking instant
gratification in all we do can be a detriment, particularly for the returning Iraq and
Afghanistan Veteran. In terms of health care, American society trends towards reactive
(instead of proactive) health interventions. As such, it may be difficult for the OEF/OIF
“fast doer” Veteran to conceptualize how small, preventive and early intervention steps in
health care may be helpful (Williams, 2008).
An important component of transitioning from military to civilian life involves
slowing down to debrief, process, and reconnect with others (Rank, 2008; Chartrand et
al., 2008). The expectation that the recovery process should be a quick and easy process
can lead to frustration when the nightmares, anxiety and hyper vigilance symptoms do
not go away quickly (Alvarez, 2008; “National Guard Virtual Armory: Battlemind
Training”, 2009). Taking time to heal can seem counter intuitive in the fast doing culture
of today. At times, OEF/OIF Veterans may engage in quick fix, high risk behaviors, as a
way to cope, which further reinforce the societal expectations of being able to have it all
right now (Rank, 2008).
Interventions for Fast Fooders, Thinkers, and Do’ers
As highlighted, the OEF/OIF Veteran is caught in a tug of war with youthfulness
on one end and health care intervention urgency on the other. The returning Veteran is in
a life stage of defining and integrating life goals in the mist attempting to deal with
combat experiences and trauma. To formulate and execute effective health care
interventions, the cultural, military and demographic snapshot must be viewed as an
integrated impact on the recovery experience of the Veteran. The following
recommendations attempt to facilitate the implementation culturally considerate
interventions meant to engage OEF/OIF Veterans in health care.
Home Visits
With the aforesaid considerations in mind, health care providers must truly “meet
the Veterans where they are”. And where the veteran is right now is a place that requires
expeditiousness in communication, interventions and outcomes. Unwin and Jerant (1999)
found that home visits can lead to improved medical care through the discovery of unmet
health care needs and information obtained in this setting can be more significant than
outpatient clinic encounters. McFall, Malte, Fontana, and Rosenheck, (2000) further
stated that veterans who received outreach interventions were significantly more likely
than those who did not to schedule an intake appointment (27%) and attend the intake.
Further, it seems that the younger, OEF/OIF Vet population is tending to shy
away from the group experience in preference for more one to one interventions by health
care providers and clinicians (Rank, 2008; Alvarez, 2008). Upon proper assessment,
clinical judgment and safety considerations, home outreach services could assist
clinicians and providers with establishing rapport, identifying and reducing barriers to
6. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY
6_____________________________________________________________________________________
keeping appointments and provide an opportunity for brief assessment and crisis
intervention (National Association of Social Workers-Massachusetts, 2006). Peer support
representatives who also conduct home visits can utilize this intervention to provide
advocacy and establish a non-clinical rapport with a health care representative. If
OEF/OIF veterans cannot meet us in our offices, exam rooms and clinic settings, we must
meet them at their need –sometimes this will mean knocking at their doors - before they
will step inside ours.
Non-Traditional Modes of Communication
The newest modes of communication should be used to improve health care
partnerships among providers and our newest Veterans whenever possible (Rank, 2008).
Emails and text messages can be used to communicate appointment reminders and
upcoming events. Websites that allow ordering or refilling prescriptions online can also
be quick and convenient. Social networking sites monitored and created by the health
care facilities could be used when sharing important health information such as how to
access Post Traumatic Stress Disorder education and suicide prevention assistance
(Mondello, 2008).
Family/Support Systems Involvement in Health care
Fast Thinkers require a high effort of family involvement and engagement with
their health care treatment (Rank, 2008; Chartrand, et al., 2008; Tanielian, et al., 2008).
Often times, Veterans may minimize or deny key symptoms important in establishing
appropriate health diagnoses (McFall et al., 2000). Family members on the other hand,
will often openly communicate about changes or symptoms that have been observed in
the Veteran. Once educated about health symptoms and recovery needs, family members
are often capable of offering empathy and support to veterans in recovery.
Peer Support
As with many other groups of people seeking recovery from a significant life
experience, peer support allows for the Veteran to gain a sense of commonality among
comrades. Interacting with a peer can provide hope to the Veteran who felt at one point
that things would never get better (Tanielian & Jaycox, 2008; Williams, 2007).
Sometimes they are willing to hear from a peer corrective feedback that they would resist
from a health care provider. Healthy peer support with appropriate boundaries can be
helpful for veterans recovering from grief, amputation and PTSD (Williams, 2007; US
Department of Veterans Affairs, The Office of Care Coordination, 2008).
7. TONI T. BROWN
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All Inclusive Care
Fast fooders, thinkers and do’ers are naturally attracted to opportunities where
they can get many things done in one place and at one time. Think “Health Care Mega
Mart”, with all 40 lanes open 24 hours a day. Returning Veterans want health care
services to be holistic, convenient and efficient (US House of Representatives Committee
on Veterans Affairs, 2007; Rank, 2008). OEF/OIF veterans want to be treated in more
integrated, less stigmatized methods to combat the negative, societal, and military culture
perceptions about mental illness (Mitchell & Selmes, 2007; Tanielian et al., 2008). New
Veterans want care all in the same day, with the least amount of office visits as possible.
Health care providers should also integrate and collaborate with community organizations
when possible to provide access to resources such as employment, financial and
educational information.
Concluding Remarks
Health care providers must strategically plan, shift paradigms and redesign health
systems for returning OEF/OIF Veterans. Social attitudes which encourage supporting
the “warrior” despite views of the war, and a focus on early detection, recovery and
rehabilitation are smart steps in the direction of positively transitioning our newest heroes
into civilian life. Utilizing non-traditional communication modes, off site services, family
and peer liaisons will be essential in providing successful health care to meet the cultural
and health care needs for this population. To close gaps, health care providers will also
need to ensure comprehensive recovery plans are in place that include non-traditional
mental health services, employment/education assistance, case management, and
community support systems.
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9. TONI T. BROWN
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Formatted by Dr. Mary Alice Kritsonis, National Research and Manuscript Preparation
Editor, National FORUM Journals, Houston, Texas www.nationalforum.com