The document outlines a course on telecommunications at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" for the 2011/2012 academic year. It includes the course program, which covers topics like network services, communication architectures, and network layers. It also lists contact information for the professor, Andrea Baiocchi, and provides context about the degree program and university.
This document discusses multimedia information representation and networking. It begins by defining multimedia as using text, graphics, video and sound simultaneously. It describes the different media types used in multimedia - text, images, audio and video. It discusses how these different media types are represented and transmitted digitally and compressed over networks. It also outlines several types of networks used for multimedia communications, including telephone networks, data networks, broadcast networks, integrated services digital networks and broadband networks.
This document provides an overview of telecommunications basics and systems. It aims to review basic principles, identify necessary background knowledge, and outline objectives for understanding telecommunications networks. The summary outlines that the document defines telecommunications, describes different telecommunication systems including line, radio and satellite systems, and discusses concepts like signaling, transmission, and switching that underlie telecommunication networks.
A computer network connects multiple computing devices together to allow sharing of resources and communication between devices. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs cover small areas like a home or single building. MANs span larger areas like a city. WANs are the largest type of network and can cross large distances like countries or continents. Networks require both hardware, like cables and networking devices, as well as software to manage communication and sharing of resources according to defined protocols.
The document discusses how carriers play a critical role in cloud computing by addressing key factors such as economics, performance, security, and visibility/control. It explains how MPLS IP-VPN provides an economical private connection between application providers and end-users while enabling quality of service and the reporting of service level metrics to address these needs.
Task 2 digital communication protocols, methods and devices finishedNicole174
1) Communication protocols like HTTP, WAP, GSM, 3G, 4G, and GPRS define how messages are transmitted and formatted between devices.
2) Methods of communication like internet forums, blogs, wikis, and VoIP allow sharing information online through discussion, posts, collaborative editing, and voice/video calls.
3) These protocols and methods can be accessed through many modern communication devices that are connected to the internet, including smartphones, computers, tablets, and more.
Mohammad Faisal Kairm(073714556) Assignment 1mashiur
This document discusses IP telephony and its benefits for distance learning institutions. It begins by providing background on the evolution of communication technologies. It then describes the four types of internet telephony communications: PC to PC, PC to phone, phone to PC, and phone to phone. The document outlines how IP telephony can benefit distance learning institutions by enabling cost savings, decreasing travel time between remote locations, and increasing portability and flexibility for learners.
This document contains a professional summary and resume for Alaba Adedayo A. The summary outlines his experience in the telecommunications industry as an engineer and manager for 9 years, focusing on strategy, planning, and network operations. He is looking for a challenging position that accepts innovation. The resume then provides details of his education, qualifications, certifications, skills, work experience and achievements in network engineering roles for various telecommunications companies.
This document discusses multimedia information representation and networking. It begins by defining multimedia as using text, graphics, video and sound simultaneously. It describes the different media types used in multimedia - text, images, audio and video. It discusses how these different media types are represented and transmitted digitally and compressed over networks. It also outlines several types of networks used for multimedia communications, including telephone networks, data networks, broadcast networks, integrated services digital networks and broadband networks.
This document provides an overview of telecommunications basics and systems. It aims to review basic principles, identify necessary background knowledge, and outline objectives for understanding telecommunications networks. The summary outlines that the document defines telecommunications, describes different telecommunication systems including line, radio and satellite systems, and discusses concepts like signaling, transmission, and switching that underlie telecommunication networks.
A computer network connects multiple computing devices together to allow sharing of resources and communication between devices. There are different types of networks including local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). LANs cover small areas like a home or single building. MANs span larger areas like a city. WANs are the largest type of network and can cross large distances like countries or continents. Networks require both hardware, like cables and networking devices, as well as software to manage communication and sharing of resources according to defined protocols.
The document discusses how carriers play a critical role in cloud computing by addressing key factors such as economics, performance, security, and visibility/control. It explains how MPLS IP-VPN provides an economical private connection between application providers and end-users while enabling quality of service and the reporting of service level metrics to address these needs.
Task 2 digital communication protocols, methods and devices finishedNicole174
1) Communication protocols like HTTP, WAP, GSM, 3G, 4G, and GPRS define how messages are transmitted and formatted between devices.
2) Methods of communication like internet forums, blogs, wikis, and VoIP allow sharing information online through discussion, posts, collaborative editing, and voice/video calls.
3) These protocols and methods can be accessed through many modern communication devices that are connected to the internet, including smartphones, computers, tablets, and more.
Mohammad Faisal Kairm(073714556) Assignment 1mashiur
This document discusses IP telephony and its benefits for distance learning institutions. It begins by providing background on the evolution of communication technologies. It then describes the four types of internet telephony communications: PC to PC, PC to phone, phone to PC, and phone to phone. The document outlines how IP telephony can benefit distance learning institutions by enabling cost savings, decreasing travel time between remote locations, and increasing portability and flexibility for learners.
This document contains a professional summary and resume for Alaba Adedayo A. The summary outlines his experience in the telecommunications industry as an engineer and manager for 9 years, focusing on strategy, planning, and network operations. He is looking for a challenging position that accepts innovation. The resume then provides details of his education, qualifications, certifications, skills, work experience and achievements in network engineering roles for various telecommunications companies.
Jim seymour, alcatel lucent lte and lte-advancedmeenumecc
1) 4G networks like LTE and LTE-Advanced are being developed to meet the fast growing demands for wireless data capacity and improved user experience from smartphones, tablets and other devices.
2) Carrier aggregation and MIMO enhancements in LTE-Advanced will be critical to achieving peak data rates of 1 Gbps by combining multiple LTE carriers and improving spectral efficiency.
3) MU-MIMO enhancements in LTE-Advanced allow efficient simultaneous transmission to multiple users, providing up to a 50% spectral efficiency gain over previous 4G technologies.
This tutorial, produced in the framework of DC-NET project, gives basic information on Internet: How does it run? Which are the differences between Internet and the Web? What is an IP address? What is a router?
http://www.dc-net.org/index.php?en/196/tutorial
Smart TV content converged service & social mediafungfung Chen
This document discusses the convergence of smart TV content and social media. It begins with an outline covering the topics of what TV is in a globally connected world, content issues like apps and distribution/monetization, and social media case studies. The document then covers hybrid TV platforms, the development of HbbTV standards, bandwidth needs with more applications, and how CE manufacturers' value chains may change. It also discusses content issues around apps, distribution, synchronization and monetization solutions. Finally, it explores social media history and case studies involving Facebook, mobile apps, and gamification solutions.
Digital Communication Protocols, Methods and Devices_kevininmoscow
The document discusses various digital communication protocols, methods and devices. It provides information on HTTP, WAP, GSM, 3G, 4G, GPRS, Bluetooth, broadband, VoIP, forums, blogs, wikis, email, IM, SMS, MMS, and video conferencing. For each topic, it describes what it is, provides an example, and lists advantages and disadvantages. The document serves as an overview of key digital communication standards and methods.
Multimedia Video transmission is over Wireless Local Area Networks is expected to be an important component of many
emerging multimedia applications. However, Wireless networks will always be bandwidth limited compared to fixed networks due to
background noise, limited frequency spectrum, and varying degrees of network coverage and signal strength One of the critical issues
for multimedia applications is to ensure that the Quality of Service (QoS) requirement to be maintained at an acceptable level. Modern
mobile devices are equipped with multiple network interfaces, including 3G/LTE WiFi. Bandwidth aggregation over LTE and WiFi
links offers an attractive opportunity of supporting bandwidth-intensive services, such as high-quality video streaming, on mobile
devices. Achieving effective bandwidth aggregation in wireless environments raises several challenges related to deployment, link
heterogeneity, Network congestion, network fluctuation, and energy consumption. In this work, an overview of schemes for video
transmission over wireless networks is presented where an acceptable quality of service (QoS) for video applications required realtime
video transmission is achieved
How to separate the related inventions or combine those in one
case study: radio met car
Filing application tips - "KISS rule“
Trademark note
Software & biz methods notes including source code & flowchart
First sketches skills (Official Gazette, OG)
Drafting the specification hints
The document discusses the recommendations from the Australian Government's Convergence Review, which examined how regulations need to change in response to technological changes blurring the lines between telecommunications, media, and technology industries. Key points:
- A new Communications Regulator is proposed to replace the Australian Communications and Media Authority and regulate media mergers, content standards, and promote Australian/local content.
- Content regulation is still needed but should apply consistently across all platforms. Broadcasting licenses would no longer be required.
- New powers are proposed for the regulator to address competition issues in content markets regarding exclusivity, bundling, and access to premium content.
- Content standards would continue to be regulated, with reforms to classification
The document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the era of globalization. It describes three pillars for implementing ICT: infrastructure, data and information, and human capital and culture. It provides examples of websites for news, universities, companies, and ICT infrastructure components like routers, switches, servers, and data center equipment. It also summarizes the development of telecommunication technologies like ISDN, cable, satellite, wireless, and their associated costs. Finally, it discusses concepts related to information systems including data quality, metadata, data warehousing, and enterprise architecture.
The document summarizes an Internet2 Real Time Communication Forum meeting that took place on April 21, 2004. The agenda included an overview of current RTC initiatives by Internet2 working groups, presentations by invited speakers on broader technology trends and challenges, and a panel discussion on how Internet2 can advance RTC. Working groups reported on projects related to SIP, videoconferencing, presence, instant messaging and voice disaster recovery. The document provides details on goals, accomplishments and next steps for each working group.
This document discusses computer networks and communications. It begins by describing the basic components of a communications system, including sending and receiving devices connected by a communications channel. It then discusses the various uses of computer communications, such as email, instant messaging, wireless messaging, and Internet access. The document outlines different types of networks including LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It also describes common network topologies and standards used for networking, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and RFID.
This document provides an overview of the Internet and designing web pages. It covers the history and evolution of the Internet from the 1960s to present. Key topics include what the Internet is, how it works using TCP/IP, its advantages for communication and information sharing, and common methods for accessing it like dial-up, DSL, WiFi and more. The document also explains basic elements of web page design including text, color, graphics and layout. It provides lessons on topics such as the World Wide Web, email, web browsers, and using tables and frames in web design.
This document announces a conference on oil and gas telecommunications to be held on March 20-21, 2013 in London. It provides details on registration discounts if booked by certain dates, keynote speakers from oil and gas companies, and an agenda of topics to be discussed including remote monitoring technologies, integrating different communication systems, and managing communications infrastructure for offshore operations. Interactive pre-conference workshops will also be held to discuss global private network delivery and critical infrastructure security.
A.S. Ilyas has over 19 years of experience in network supervision and quality analysis. He has worked for various telecommunications companies in Denmark, taking on roles such as NOC technician, team coordinator, trainer, project manager, and quality analyst. Currently, he works at Eltel Networks as a technical supervisor for the Danish Railway network, maintaining transmission systems. He has extensive experience working with technologies such as SDH, PDH, fiber, MPLS, Cisco, Nokia, and Siemens networks.
Local authorities face challenges in engaging communities and changing expectations amid budget cuts. Technology like unified communications can help drive innovation and efficiency. Rochdale Borough Council implemented a Microsoft Lync unified communications platform across 3,500 users to enable flexible working, remote collaboration, and cost savings. Users have embraced the system's improved directory, presence, and unified messaging capabilities. Further integrations like mobile access and external conferencing are planned.
This document contains Gregory Hyde's resume. It outlines his technical skills and experience in voice networking, session border controllers, emergency networks, VoIP protocols, and packet analysis tools. His work history includes roles supporting VoIP networks, provisioning phone numbers, and mitigating network abuse. He has a Master's degree in Language and Communication and certifications in networking.
This document lists various training and development responsibilities including designing classroom presentations, developing instructional materials and teaching aids, mentoring coworkers, organizing and developing educational content, analyzing and resolving workplace conflicts, delegating administrative tasks, evaluating office operations, organizing office processes, preparing business correspondence, applying business management concepts, transcribing handwritten information, conducting market research and performance tests, and providing general administrative support.
The team proposes creating an interactive mobile application to communicate Sheffield Hallam University's brand refresh to current and prospective students. The app would feature maps of the university campuses that allow users to view buildings in 3D and learn about courses, facilities, and services. The goal is to bring the refreshed brand to life, showcase the university's strengths, enhance pride in the SHU community, and encourage students to choose SHU.
Jim seymour, alcatel lucent lte and lte-advancedmeenumecc
1) 4G networks like LTE and LTE-Advanced are being developed to meet the fast growing demands for wireless data capacity and improved user experience from smartphones, tablets and other devices.
2) Carrier aggregation and MIMO enhancements in LTE-Advanced will be critical to achieving peak data rates of 1 Gbps by combining multiple LTE carriers and improving spectral efficiency.
3) MU-MIMO enhancements in LTE-Advanced allow efficient simultaneous transmission to multiple users, providing up to a 50% spectral efficiency gain over previous 4G technologies.
This tutorial, produced in the framework of DC-NET project, gives basic information on Internet: How does it run? Which are the differences between Internet and the Web? What is an IP address? What is a router?
http://www.dc-net.org/index.php?en/196/tutorial
Smart TV content converged service & social mediafungfung Chen
This document discusses the convergence of smart TV content and social media. It begins with an outline covering the topics of what TV is in a globally connected world, content issues like apps and distribution/monetization, and social media case studies. The document then covers hybrid TV platforms, the development of HbbTV standards, bandwidth needs with more applications, and how CE manufacturers' value chains may change. It also discusses content issues around apps, distribution, synchronization and monetization solutions. Finally, it explores social media history and case studies involving Facebook, mobile apps, and gamification solutions.
Digital Communication Protocols, Methods and Devices_kevininmoscow
The document discusses various digital communication protocols, methods and devices. It provides information on HTTP, WAP, GSM, 3G, 4G, GPRS, Bluetooth, broadband, VoIP, forums, blogs, wikis, email, IM, SMS, MMS, and video conferencing. For each topic, it describes what it is, provides an example, and lists advantages and disadvantages. The document serves as an overview of key digital communication standards and methods.
Multimedia Video transmission is over Wireless Local Area Networks is expected to be an important component of many
emerging multimedia applications. However, Wireless networks will always be bandwidth limited compared to fixed networks due to
background noise, limited frequency spectrum, and varying degrees of network coverage and signal strength One of the critical issues
for multimedia applications is to ensure that the Quality of Service (QoS) requirement to be maintained at an acceptable level. Modern
mobile devices are equipped with multiple network interfaces, including 3G/LTE WiFi. Bandwidth aggregation over LTE and WiFi
links offers an attractive opportunity of supporting bandwidth-intensive services, such as high-quality video streaming, on mobile
devices. Achieving effective bandwidth aggregation in wireless environments raises several challenges related to deployment, link
heterogeneity, Network congestion, network fluctuation, and energy consumption. In this work, an overview of schemes for video
transmission over wireless networks is presented where an acceptable quality of service (QoS) for video applications required realtime
video transmission is achieved
How to separate the related inventions or combine those in one
case study: radio met car
Filing application tips - "KISS rule“
Trademark note
Software & biz methods notes including source code & flowchart
First sketches skills (Official Gazette, OG)
Drafting the specification hints
The document discusses the recommendations from the Australian Government's Convergence Review, which examined how regulations need to change in response to technological changes blurring the lines between telecommunications, media, and technology industries. Key points:
- A new Communications Regulator is proposed to replace the Australian Communications and Media Authority and regulate media mergers, content standards, and promote Australian/local content.
- Content regulation is still needed but should apply consistently across all platforms. Broadcasting licenses would no longer be required.
- New powers are proposed for the regulator to address competition issues in content markets regarding exclusivity, bundling, and access to premium content.
- Content standards would continue to be regulated, with reforms to classification
The document discusses the role of information and communication technology (ICT) in the era of globalization. It describes three pillars for implementing ICT: infrastructure, data and information, and human capital and culture. It provides examples of websites for news, universities, companies, and ICT infrastructure components like routers, switches, servers, and data center equipment. It also summarizes the development of telecommunication technologies like ISDN, cable, satellite, wireless, and their associated costs. Finally, it discusses concepts related to information systems including data quality, metadata, data warehousing, and enterprise architecture.
The document summarizes an Internet2 Real Time Communication Forum meeting that took place on April 21, 2004. The agenda included an overview of current RTC initiatives by Internet2 working groups, presentations by invited speakers on broader technology trends and challenges, and a panel discussion on how Internet2 can advance RTC. Working groups reported on projects related to SIP, videoconferencing, presence, instant messaging and voice disaster recovery. The document provides details on goals, accomplishments and next steps for each working group.
This document discusses computer networks and communications. It begins by describing the basic components of a communications system, including sending and receiving devices connected by a communications channel. It then discusses the various uses of computer communications, such as email, instant messaging, wireless messaging, and Internet access. The document outlines different types of networks including LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It also describes common network topologies and standards used for networking, such as Ethernet, TCP/IP, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and RFID.
This document provides an overview of the Internet and designing web pages. It covers the history and evolution of the Internet from the 1960s to present. Key topics include what the Internet is, how it works using TCP/IP, its advantages for communication and information sharing, and common methods for accessing it like dial-up, DSL, WiFi and more. The document also explains basic elements of web page design including text, color, graphics and layout. It provides lessons on topics such as the World Wide Web, email, web browsers, and using tables and frames in web design.
This document announces a conference on oil and gas telecommunications to be held on March 20-21, 2013 in London. It provides details on registration discounts if booked by certain dates, keynote speakers from oil and gas companies, and an agenda of topics to be discussed including remote monitoring technologies, integrating different communication systems, and managing communications infrastructure for offshore operations. Interactive pre-conference workshops will also be held to discuss global private network delivery and critical infrastructure security.
A.S. Ilyas has over 19 years of experience in network supervision and quality analysis. He has worked for various telecommunications companies in Denmark, taking on roles such as NOC technician, team coordinator, trainer, project manager, and quality analyst. Currently, he works at Eltel Networks as a technical supervisor for the Danish Railway network, maintaining transmission systems. He has extensive experience working with technologies such as SDH, PDH, fiber, MPLS, Cisco, Nokia, and Siemens networks.
Local authorities face challenges in engaging communities and changing expectations amid budget cuts. Technology like unified communications can help drive innovation and efficiency. Rochdale Borough Council implemented a Microsoft Lync unified communications platform across 3,500 users to enable flexible working, remote collaboration, and cost savings. Users have embraced the system's improved directory, presence, and unified messaging capabilities. Further integrations like mobile access and external conferencing are planned.
This document contains Gregory Hyde's resume. It outlines his technical skills and experience in voice networking, session border controllers, emergency networks, VoIP protocols, and packet analysis tools. His work history includes roles supporting VoIP networks, provisioning phone numbers, and mitigating network abuse. He has a Master's degree in Language and Communication and certifications in networking.
This document lists various training and development responsibilities including designing classroom presentations, developing instructional materials and teaching aids, mentoring coworkers, organizing and developing educational content, analyzing and resolving workplace conflicts, delegating administrative tasks, evaluating office operations, organizing office processes, preparing business correspondence, applying business management concepts, transcribing handwritten information, conducting market research and performance tests, and providing general administrative support.
The team proposes creating an interactive mobile application to communicate Sheffield Hallam University's brand refresh to current and prospective students. The app would feature maps of the university campuses that allow users to view buildings in 3D and learn about courses, facilities, and services. The goal is to bring the refreshed brand to life, showcase the university's strengths, enhance pride in the SHU community, and encourage students to choose SHU.
Internet of things Emerging Network Technology Assessment ReportHuilian (Irene) Zhang
This document summarizes a technology assessment report recommending network technologies for a client company to invest in over the next five years to take advantage of the imminent growth of the Internet of Things (IoT). The report assesses seven candidate technologies and recommends three: Software Defined Networking (SDN), Network Functions Virtualization (NFV), and Optical Packet Switching (OPS). It analyzes the feasibility, performance, and profitability of these technologies, identifies partnership opportunities to mitigate risks, and concludes the technologies chosen will provide major network improvements and pay for themselves within a year.
IGI is implementing a new sales and marketing strategy to improve profits in its US Liquid Bulk Gas division over three years. The strategy involves segmenting customers based on revenue and service needs and redeploying the sales force. Key aspects of the strategy include introducing a new "inside sales" role, increasing representatives serving high-revenue customers, and reducing generalist representatives. The implementation plan is in three phases focusing on communication, role transition, and performance evaluation. Customer segmentation is expected to generate 25.5% improved revenue from current and new customers, while sales force redeployment could reduce costs by $2.31 million annually.
This document provides sample slides from various educational presentations on topics related to brain science and teaching. The samples are intended to give the reader a sense of the quality, approach, and value of the full presentations available for download. Each sample slide briefly summarizes research on topics like adolescent brain development, how teaching changes the brain, and strategies for student engagement and feedback. The full presentations include more in-depth information through additional slides with graphs, images, quotes, and research findings.
The War of Spanish Succession was fought from 1702-1713 over who would inherit the Spanish throne after the death of the mentally ill and inbred King Charles II of Spain. Louis XIV of France wanted the throne to go to his grandson, while other European powers supported the Habsburg claim. This caused an alliance led by England, Austria and the Netherlands to form against France and Spain. Major battles included the English victory at Blenheim in 1704 which weakened France. The war ended in 1713 with the Treaty of Utrecht, dividing Spanish territories between Austria and France.
Social IQ Consulting conducted market research for High Horses equine therapy program to assess community awareness and perceptions to inform marketing strategy. An online survey found 29% of respondents had heard of High Horses but it was not a top-of-mind nonprofit. Those familiar viewed it positively. Recommendations included prioritizing students interested in volunteering and elder residents for promotion, using word-of-mouth and tailored channels for each, and developing a clear message to explain High Horses' services.
This document provides a summary of a presentation assessing emerging network technologies for supporting the Internet of Things (IoT) in 2020. It identifies that the significant increase in connected devices and data traffic from 24 billion devices by 2020 will challenge existing network technologies. The group evaluated several technology candidates against criteria of feasibility, performance, and profitability to select recommendations. They determined that Software Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) should be adopted now and Optical Packet Switching (OPS) in the long term. A strategic plan is also provided to partner with telecommunications companies in different regions to help mitigate risks.
This document outlines a student's final project analyzing the book "Fooled by Randomness" by Nassim Nicholas Taleb. The project will focus on how time scale matters and will use statistical analysis to examine examples from the book and real world data. The student will first analyze examples from the book using probability distributions to validate the author's arguments about how time scale affects outcomes. Then they will perform time series analysis on historical S&P 500 price data to demonstrate how analyzing long-term past data can provide valuable insights despite the author's skepticism of econometrics. Lastly, the student will summarize interpretations from the statistical analysis and how understanding time scale can inform decision making.
This document appears to be a student's research project report on customer satisfaction with Maggi noodles in Bangalore, India. It includes an introduction, product profile, organizational structure, definitions of key marketing terms, and outlines the consumer decision making process and influences on Maggi noodles. The report was submitted in partial fulfillment of an MBA program and was supervised by Shobha Devi, a management lecturer.
Presentation of the research activities of the GPAC team of Telecom ParisTech during the plenary session of the "Réseau Thématique 4" of the Mines-Telecom Institute
VOIP, or Voice over Internet Protocol, allows users to make phone calls using an Internet connection instead of a regular phone line. It works by converting analog audio signals into digital data that can be transmitted over the Internet. VOIP provides the ability to make free phone calls through a standard Internet connection and has emerged as an innovative technology that can transform phone systems globally.
This document provides an overview of the ECE5XX course on Principles of Digital Communications Systems. The course aims to provide a comprehensive coverage of digital communication theory and design at a graduate level. The first half will cover theoretical foundations, and the second half will cover advanced techniques. Key topics include optimal receiver design, signaling, multiple access techniques like CDMA and OFDM, and MIMO systems. Students are expected to understand digital communication principles and design optimal receivers. Evaluation will be based on exams, assignments, a project, and a paper presentation.
The document discusses a presentation on multimedia and its impact on networks and telecommunications. The presentation will cover definitions of multimedia and telecommunications, the history of their interdependency, current trends, and potential future developments. It provides examples of how advances in multimedia availability drove the development of network and telecommunication technologies over time, from 1G to 4G networks, and how this relationship continues. The key takeaway is that multimedia, networks, and telecommunications have a history of fueling each other's advancement to reveal new capabilities for human activities.
This document provides an overview of various networking and communication technologies. It describes information networks and network computing, including packet technologies, converged networks, the internet, intranets, extranets, and information portals. It also discusses search engines, directories and enterprise search, blogs and web logging, internet forums, wikis, and podcasting. The goal is to describe these technologies and how they enable individuals and enterprises to carry out operations more easily and efficiently.
IMPACT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN E- COMMUNICATION Billa Mavishnu
This document discusses electronic communication and its impact. It provides examples of different methods of electronic communication like email, phone conferences, chatting, and video conferencing. It notes that electronic communication allows combining various media like text, graphics, sound and video into a single message. It highlights advantages like sharing pictures and conversations visually and textually, as well as assisting those with auditory impairments. However, it also lists security issues as a main disadvantage, where computers can be hacked and virus affected. It acknowledges risks of tampering with emails before delivery and issues with duplicating electronic data without proof.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
The document summarizes research on using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for voice communication over wireless networks. VoIP digitizes voice and transmits it over the internet using protocols like SIP and RTP. Factors that affect VoIP quality include delay, jitter, and packet loss. The document discusses how VoIP can provide lower communication costs compared to traditional phone networks and allow optimized functionality like video/audio chats. Routing in VoIP networks aims to ensure stability through well-connected nodes and standardized transmission protocols to minimize packet loss and jitter. Services provided by VoIP include PC-to-PC, PC-to-phone, and phone-to-phone calls over IP networks. Potential drawbacks are reliance on
This document outlines a syllabus for a course on internetworking multimedia. The course covers five units: (1) an introduction to digital sound, video, graphics and multimedia networking requirements; (2) subnetwork technologies like ATM and IP for broadband services; (3) multicast transport protocols and routing; (4) media-on-demand applications; and (5) multimedia applications like video conferencing and virtual reality. The course totals 45 periods and provides references for further reading on the topic.
Introduction of Computer Networking TechnoloyAmmar Rahman
The document provides an introduction to computer network technology and data communications. It discusses the concepts of communication and data communication, and defines data communication as a subset of telecommunication focused on transmitting data between computers. The history of telecommunications and data communication is also outlined. The key components of a communication data system including the sender, receiver, message, transmission medium, and protocols are defined. Common applications of computer networks like email, websites, e-commerce, newsgroups, internet telephony, video conferencing, chat groups, and internet radio are described. Finally, some important data communication protocols like TCP and UDP are introduced.
Jornada CÚbicS: Social TV: People, Devices and Networks - Marie-José MontpetitCREA CCMA
Presentació que anava a realitzar Marie-José Montpetit, investigadora en SocialTV al MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), dins de la jornada "CÚbicS: La transformació dels mitjans audiovisuals" al voltant del concepte "Social TV". Tot i que finalment no va poder assistir, ens autoritza la difusió del contingut.
La jornada es va realitzar el 2 de desembre de 2010 a l'Auditori del CaixaForum de Barcelona.
The document discusses the convergence of wireless technologies and services in Ukraine. It describes how telephone, internet, and television can be provided over a single network using a combination of technologies. It also outlines three levels of convergence - at the network level to reduce costs, at the service level to enable new multimedia services, and at the application level using IMS to implement voice and data transfer in a single network. The document promotes the work of the Association of Wireless Ukraine to bring together operators, providers and suppliers to collaborate on pilots and promote mobile TV and other converged services in the country.
Internet telephony allows users to make voice calls over the Internet. It works by digitizing voice data and transmitting it as packets over the Internet using IP protocols. As technology has advanced, internet telephony offers high quality voice calls at low costs by combining traditional telephone networks with data networks.
Internet telephony allows users to make voice calls over the Internet. It works by digitizing voice data and transmitting it as packets over the Internet using IP protocols. As technology has advanced, internet telephony has improved in voice quality and compression techniques. It provides a low-cost alternative to traditional telephone networks and enables communication between computer users in real-time.
Arturo Rinaldi is an Italian freelance network designer, electronics engineer, and ICT developer with interests in digital communications, programming, and open-source software defined radio projects. He has a Master's Degree in Electronics Engineering from the University of Messina and over 10 years of experience designing wired and wireless networks as well as freelance engineering services. He is proficient in languages like Python, Java, and SQL and has technical skills in areas such as Linux, networking, signal processing, and communications systems.
Multimedia involves combining various media types such as text, graphics, audio, video and animation in an interactive computer-based form. It allows users to determine what content is presented and when through an interactive and nonlinear experience. Common applications of multimedia include entertainment, education, corporate communications and reference materials. Ongoing research focuses on areas such as content analysis, networking protocols, user interfaces, applications and multi-modal interaction.
1) The document discusses disruptions and challenges in video delivery as social and converged video experiences become more prevalent, content delivery moves to cloud-based networks, and technology becomes more heterogeneous and mobile.
2) It describes how television is evolving from the living room experience to a more social experience across devices enabled by connectivity, communication, and composition.
3) The author's research group aims to rediscover networking and video content distribution in light of these changes through efficient content distribution, collaborative applications, and new approaches to content protection in social viewing spaces.
This document provides an introduction to data communication and networks. It discusses key concepts such as communication, telecommunication, data, data communication components, and data representation. It also covers different network topologies including mesh, star, and bus. The main points are:
- Data communication involves the exchange of data between devices via a transmission medium. Its effectiveness depends on delivery, accuracy, timeliness and jitter.
- The five components of data communication are the message, sender, receiver, transmission medium, and protocols.
- Data such as text, numbers, images and audio/video are represented digitally using bit patterns and coding schemes.
- Network topologies determine how devices are interconnected and include mesh,
This document provides information about the TCO 7021 Internetworking Multimedia course. It includes the contact details for the lecturer, Dr. Poo Kuan Hoong, as well as information on textbooks, assessment breakdown, course objectives, and an introduction to multimedia communications and networks. The course aims to expose students to principles and issues regarding internetworking multimedia technologies.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from a management information systems textbook. The chapter discusses telecommunications, computer networks, the Internet, and wireless technologies. It covers topics such as the components of telecommunications networks, different types of networks, how the Internet works, Internet protocols, wireless networking, radio frequency identification, and uses of these technologies in business. The chapter also examines issues around network neutrality and provides examples of how various digital technologies function.
Profoss 20071010-to ip shared by voip.com.vnTran Thanh
The document provides an introduction to VoIP and Asterisk. It discusses:
- Who AWT is and their role in promoting ICT in the Walloon region of Belgium.
- A brief history of telephony including the development of analog phone networks and their transition to digital networks.
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Mydbops Opensource Database Meetup 16
Topic: Must-Know PostgreSQL Extensions for Developers and DBAs During Migration
Speaker: Deepak Mahto, Founder of DataCloudGaze Consulting
Date & Time: 8th June | 10 AM - 1 PM IST
Venue: Bangalore International Centre, Bangalore
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* Learn about crucial extensions like oracle_fdw, pgtt, and pg_audit that ease migration complexities.
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* Discover how these key extensions can empower both developers and DBAs during the migration process.
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Contact us: info@mydbops.com
Visit: https://www.mydbops.com/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/company/mydbops
For more details and updates, please follow up the below links.
Meetup Page : https://www.meetup.com/mydbops-databa...
Twitter: https://twitter.com/mydbopsofficial
Blogs: https://www.mydbops.com/blog/
Facebook(Meta): https://www.facebook.com/mydbops/
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Tlc p01 network_services_2012
1. University of Roma
“La Sapienza”
Telecomunicazioni
Docente: Andrea Baiocchi
DIET - Stanza 35, 1° piano palazzina “P. Piga”
Sede Facoltà S. Pietro in Vincoli
E-mail: andrea.baiocchi@uniroma1.it
Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Gestionale
A.A. 2011/2012
2
Programma
1. SERVIZI E RETI DI TELECOMUNICAZIONE (KR-
Cap. 1; GW-Cap. 1)
2. FONDAMENTI DI COMUNICAZIONI
3. ARCHITETTURE DI COMUNICAZIONE
4. SERVIZI DI RETE E MODI DI TRASFERIMENTO
5. STRATO DI COLLEGAMENTO E ACCESSO
MULTIPLO
6. TECNOLOGIE DI STRATO DI COLLEGAMENTO
7. LO STRATO DI RETE IN INTERNET
8. LO STRATO DI TRASPORTO IN INTERNET
9. CENNI SUI PROTOCOLLI APPLICATIVI
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
2. Communication Networks and
Services
Basic terminology and concepts
4
The big picture
Users
Communication
Communication
Network
Network
Users run applications and interact via a
communication network
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
3. 5
Applications
• Client-server
– Few host (servers) have got information content,
processing power or any needed facility and are ready to
answer to service requests from a much larger number of
hosts (clients)
• Peer-to-peer
– Many hosts (peers) cooperate to create service, with
possibly small help from some centralized servers
• Also:
– Uni/bi-directional
– Interactive or not
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
6
Examples: client-server apps
• Email
• FTP
• SSH, Telnet
• WWW
• E-commerce
• Audio & video streaming
• Web 2.0
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
4. 7
Examples: p2p apps
• Telephony, Voice/Telephony-over-Internet
• Instant messaging: messenger, SMS
• File sharing: eMule, BitTorrent,…
• Real-time P2P: Skype, IPTV
• Network interactive games
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
8
What is a communication network?
Communication
Network
• The equipment (hardware & software) and facilities
that provide the basic communication service
• Virtually invisible to the user; represented by a
cloud
• Equipment • Facilities
– Routers, servers, – Copper wires, coaxial
switches, multiplexers, cables, optical fiber, radio
hubs, modems, …
– Ducts, conduits,
telephone poles …
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
5. 9
Analogies
• A communication network provides services
– This is like utilities, e.g. water supply, electric supply,…
• Flexible connectivity
– This is like transportation systems
Goods / people
information
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
Approaches to long-distance
10
communications
• Transfer of messages made up of
– parseable sequence of symbols (digital information)
– continuously variable physical quantities (analog
information)
• Courier: physical transport of the message
– Messenger pigeons, pony express, FedEx,…
• Messages can be transferred by means of
transmission and reception of signals
– Drums, beacons, mirrors, smoke, flags, semaphores,…
– Electromagnetic field
• We focus on electrical communications
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
6. 11
Example of digital communications
• Morse code converts text message into sequence
of dots and dashes
• Use transmission system designed to convey dots
and dashes
Morse Morse Morse Morse
Code Code Code Code
A ! — J !——— S !!! 2 !!———
B —!!! K —!— T — 3 !!!——
C —!—! L !—!! U !!— 4 !!!!—
D —!! M —— V !!!— 5 !!!!!
E ! N —! W !—— 6 —!!!!
F !!—! O ——— X —!!— 7 ——!!!
G ——! P !——! Y —!—— 8 ———!!
H !!!! Q ——!— Z ——!! 9 ————!
I !! R !—! 1 !———— 0 —————
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
12
Digital Transmission Evolution
Wavelength
Division
1.0E+14 Multiplexing
Information transfer
1.0E+12
per second
1.0E+10
1.0E+08
SONET
1.0E+06 T-1 Carrier Optical
1.0E+04 Carrier
Baudot
1.0E+02
1.0E+00
1850 1875 1900 1925 1950 1975 2000
Morse
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
7. 13
Multiplexing
• Point-to-point communication systems:
– tx + communication link + rx
• Usually much more capacity available than
useful/affordable for single user pair
• Natural approach: put multiple information flows
of different user pairs onto the same shared
communication system
• Generalizable to point-to-multipoint
communications
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
14
The N2 Problem
• For N users to be fully 1
connected directly
– Requires N(N – 1)/2
connections, i.e. scales N 2
with square of number of
users
..
.
– Requires too much
communication resources,
4 3
often underutilized:
inefficient & costly
• Basic idea to improve:
resource sharing N = 1000
N(N – 1)/2 = 499500
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
8. 15
Switching
• Since information flows share same link, there is a
need of intermediate dispatching
– Analogous to railway or bus stations
• A system where more links converge (input) and
from which more links depart (output) is defined
as a switching node if it has the task of deciding
and actuating the correct output for each piece of
information coming from an input
– In Internet context known as router;
– in telephone circtui networks known as exchange;
– in LAN or ATM contexts known as switch.
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
16
Switching: telephony example
• Patchcord panel switch invented in 1877
• Operators connect users on demand
– Establish circuit to allow electrical current to flow from
inlet to outlet
• Only N connections required to central office
N 1
N–1
2
3
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
9. 17
A Circuit switching A3
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2
2
31 62 62 31
A1 A2
B B3
B1 B2
C1 C2
0 0 0 0
0
1 1 1 1
1
61 C2
31 62 62 31
62
C C3
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
61 31
31 62 62 31
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
18
Hierarchical Network Structure
Toll
CO = central office
Tandem
Tandem CO
CO
CO
CO CO
Telephone subscribers connected to local CO (central office)
Tandem & Toll switches connect COs
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
10. 19
Packet switching
Input
lines 1
2
Routing Output
lines
3
Store&Forward
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
20
Communications modes
• With connection
– Two or more parties
– Stateful
– Three phases: Set up, Data transfer, Tear down
• Connectionless
– Two or more parties
– Stateless
– Single phase: Data transfer
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
11. Example: telephone call
1. Telephone Pick up phone
network
Dial tone.
2. Telephone
network
Connection
set up Dial number
3. Telephone
network
Network selects route;
4. Telephone Sets up connection;
network
Called party alerted
Information
transfer 5. Telephone
network Exchange voice
signals
Connection
6. Telephone
release network Hang up.
22
Communication Network Architecture
• Network architecture: the plan that specifies
how the network is built and operated
– Architecture is driven by network services and relies
on available technology
• Overall communication process is complex:
therefore network architecture partitions overall
communication process into separate functional
areas called layers
– E.g. physical layer, end-to-end layer,…
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
12. 23
Architecture layer view
• Given a layer of the network architecture, the
communication network can be modeled by a graph
– Vertices are nodes that cooperate with neighboring nodes to
support upper layer service
– Edges define (logical) direct communication links used by
nodes to cooperate
• Network topology
• Interface (node-to-node)
• Protocol (layer)
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
24
Network topology
• Refers to a given
architecture layer view
of the system
• Specifies connectivity,
i.e. capability of direct
interaction between
peer entities
• Topology model: a
graph
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
13. Connections of all Internet
25
sub-networks in the world
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
26
What is an interface?
• Contact point between two entities at a given level of
abstraction (layer)
– In the graph model of the layer, an edge between two nodes
corresponds to an interface
• Entity: piece of sw/hw able to perform a task by co-
operating with other remote, peer entities
• An interface is defined by specification of the
following aspects:
– Mechanical (only for physical interfaces)
– Electrical (only for physical interfaces)
– Functional (role played by any part of the interface)
– Procedural (sequence of events that involve one or more
functions of the i/f: protocol)
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
14. 27
Example: ITU-T V.24
Linea
Interfaccia telefonica Interfaccia
47.17 DTE/DCE commutata DTE/DCE
mm DTE DCE DCE DTE
(Terminale) (Modem) (Modem) (Terminale)
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Composizione
numero Cifre di DTR ON
25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 telefonico selezione
RI ON
RTS ON
CD ON
Instaurazione
Tono
Fase di
Modalità Audio
Breve
Dati
DTR ON Ritardo
DTE DCE !
DSR ON
Toni Audio
CTS ON
(Dati) TxD
RxD
22 Ring Indication
RI RTS OFF
20 Data Terminal Ready
CD OFF
DTR
trasferimento dati
RTS ON Toni Audio CTS OFF
8 (OFF)
CD Carrier Detect
Fase di
7
SIG Signal Ground Breve
6 Ritardo
DSR Data Set Ready
5 CTS ON
CTS Clear To Send ! TxD
Toni Audio
(Dati)
4 RxD
RTS Request To Send
3
RxD Receive Data Toni Audio
abbattimento
RTS OFF (OFF) RTS OFF
2
Fase di
TxD Transmit Data CTS OFF CTS OFF
1 Shield Ground
SHG CD OFF CD OFF
Connettore 25 pin
ISO 2110
! Spia luminosa accesa Spia luminosa spenta
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
28
Example: Ethernet
• Specification of electrical quantities (current, voltage) and
waveforms (sync pulse trains, pulse shape)
• Specification of access procedures: Medium Access Control (MAC)
protocol
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
15. 29
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi
TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time? Get http://net.infocom.uniroma1.it
2:00
<file>
time
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
30
Protocol elements
• A protocol is a set of rules that governs how two or
more parties communicating over an interface are
to interact
• Examples
– Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP), HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail
Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Key elements of a protocol
– Syntax
– Semanthics
– Timing
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
16. 31
Protocols
• A protocol can be described by means of state
machines
• State is the set of variables whose value is
sufficient to decide next transition given input and
internal events
– E.g. message receipts, timer expiration
• Given state at time t, X(t)=a, any event occurring
in the interface at a subsequent time t+h makes
the state evolve to b
• Actions are associated to transition a->b.
Protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received
among network entities, and actions taken on msg send/rcv
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
Communication Networks and
Services
Internet at large
17. 33
Packet Switching
• Internet is but one example of a packet switched
network
• Basic ideas:
– Information is segmented into “small”, self-contained
chunks (smaller than typical amount of information to be
transferred) -> PACKETS
– Packets hop from one node to another until they find their
way to the destination -> STORE & FORWARD
– Hop can be realized by ANY underlying communication
technology -> INTERNETWORKING
– Improvement of QoS demanded to end-to-end protocols
(e.g. error recovery, flow/congestion control)
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
34
High-level view of Internet
• Hosts, routers and inter-networking
H
H
Net 3
G
Net 1
G
G
G
Net 5
Net 2 Net 4
H G G
H
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
18. 35
First packet switching ideas
Paul Baran, 1964
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
36
A closer look at network structure:
• network edge
– applications and hosts
• access networks
– wired/wireless
communication links
– large number of “small”
routers
• network core
– interconnected routers
– network of networks
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
19. 37
Access networks
Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks (school, company)
• mobile access networks wireless
xDSL - Digital Subscriber Line laptops
Dialup modem
to/from
modem router/
CO
firewall
wireless
access
point
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
38
Access networks
Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?
• residential access nets
• institutional access networks (school, company)
• mobile access networks
Wireless
LAN - Local Area Network
router
base
station
mobile
hosts
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
20. 39
Internet structure: network of networks
• roughly hierarchical
• at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., Verizon, Sprint, AT&T, Cable
and Wireless), national/international coverage
– treat each other as equals
Tier-1
providers
Tier 1 ISP
interconnect
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
40
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence
to/from backbone
peering
… …
.
…
…
…
to/from customers
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
21. 41
Internet structure: network of networks
• “Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
– Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other.
rest of Internet
! tier-2 ISP is
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
42
Internet structure: network of networks
• “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs
– last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier
ISPs
connecting
them to rest Tier 1 ISP
of Internet
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
22. 43
Internet structure: network of networks
• a packet passes through many networks!
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
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Hourglass model (H. Schulzrinne)
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
23. Communication Networks and
Services
Outlook
46
Trends in Network Evolution
• It’s all about services
– Building networks involves huge investment
– Services that generate revenues drive the network
architecture
• Current trends and issues
– Multimedia applications
– Info-centric communications
– End of trust
– Legal issues (laws are local, network is global)
– Overlay networks
– Nano-networks
– E-government, e-business, e-commerce
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24. 47
Declination on Internet
• Internet of Communities: organization of people activities
through the Internet, on the basis of common interests and
likings.
• Internet of Services: interconnection of providers and
consumers of any type of service that can be accessed
through the Internet.
• Internet of Media: network supporting media search,
delivery, and integration, regardless their format, providing
suitable storage and quick access.
• Internet of Things: pervasive network, capable of
connecting all devices that can generate, transmit, or receive
contents, including sensors, cameras, wearable devices.
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Evolution of services
Yesterday, …today,
call switching… call center
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25. 49
Network models:
intelligent vs dumb
Source: M. Dècina, 2006
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Network models: flat
• Mesh, ad hoc networks
– IEEE 802.11 e 802.16
• Pervasive and
ubiquitous computing
– Domotics,
embedded/wearable
computing
– event-driven, context-
aware, communicating,
networked smart objects
• Wireless sensor
networks
– ZigBee, RFID Source: M. Dècina, 2006
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End of Trust
• Security Attacks
– Spam, Phishing, Pharming
– Denial of Service, DDoS
– Viruses
– Impersonators
• Firewalls & Filtering
– Control flow of traffic/data from/to Internet
• Confidentiality, integrity and authentication;
authorization; traffic monitoring
• Anonymity, privacy
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ICT security attributes
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27. 53
TCP/IP stack & security
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Operations, Administration,
Maintenance, and Billing
• Communication like transportation networks
– Traffic flows need to be monitored and controlled, QoS
and security must be guaranteed, possibly at different
levels
– Tolls have to be collected
– Roads have to be maintained
– Need to forecast traffic and plan network growth
• Highly-developed in telephone network
– Entire organizations address OAM & Billing
– Becoming automated for flexibility & reduced cost
• Under development for IP networks
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Success Factors for New Services
• Technology not only factor in success of a new
service
• Three factors considered in new telecom services
New
Market Service Technology
Can there be Can it be
demand for the implemented cost-
service? effectively?
Regulation
Is the service
allowed/somehow
constrained?
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Role of regulation
• Public regulation is fundamental as communication
services become a commodity
• Minimum service access to be guaranteed
– Universal service
• Digital divide
• Also fundamental for
– unique resources (radio spectrum)
– protection of public interests (e.g. health)
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Standards
• New technologies very costly and risky
• Standards allow players to share risk and benefits
of a new market
– Reduced cost of entry
– Interoperability and network effect
– Compete on innovation
– Completing the value chain
• Chips, systems, equipment vendors, service providers
• Example
– 802.11 wireless LAN products
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Standards Bodies
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
– Internet standards development
– Request for Comments (RFCs): www.ietf.org
• International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
– International telecom standards
• International Standardization Organization (ISO)
• IEEE 802 Committee
– Local area and metropolitan area network standards
• Regional bodies (ETSI, ANSI)
• Industry Organizations and Fora
– 3GPP, MPLS Forum, WiFi Alliance, World Wide Web Consortium,
Bluetooth
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi
30. Communication Networks and
Services
History
60
Computer Network Evolution Overview
• 1950s: Telegraph technology adapted to computers
• 1960s: Dumb terminals access shared host computer
– SABRE airline reservation system
• 1970s & 1980s: Computers connect directly to each other
– ARPANET packet switching network
– TCP/IP based internetworking
– Ethernet local area network
• 1990s & 2000s: New applications and Internet growth
– Commercialization of Internet
– E-mail, file transfer, web, P2P, streaming . . .
– Internet traffic surpasses voice traffic
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Internet History (1/5)
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
• 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of
packet-switching
• 1964: Baran - packet-switching in military nets
• 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects
Agency
• 1969: first ARPAnet node operational
• 1972:
– ARPAnet public demonstration
– NCP (Network Control Protocol) first host-host protocol
– first e-mail program
– ARPAnet has 15 nodes
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ARPANET - September 1971
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Internet History (2/5)
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
• 1970: ALOHAnet satellite network in Hawaii
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting nets
• 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC
• Late 70’s: proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA
• Late 70’s: switching fixed length packets (ATM precursor)
• 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
Cerf and Kahn’s internetworking principles:
– minimalism, autonomy - no internal changes required to interconnect nets
– best effort service model
– stateless routers
– decentralized control
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Internet History (3/5)
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
• 1983: deployment of TCP/IP
• 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined
• 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
• 1985: ftp protocol defined
• 1988: TCP congestion control
• new national networks: Csnet, BITnet, NSFnet, Minitel
• 100,000 hosts connected to confederation of networks
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Internet History (4/5)
1990, 2000’s: commercialization, the Web, new apps
• Early 1990’s: ARPAnet decommissioned
• 1991: NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995)
• Early 1990s: Web
– hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
– HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee, 1989
– 1993: Mosaic, later Netscape
• Late 1990’s
– commercialization of the Web
– network security to forefront
– estimated 50 million host, 100 million+ users
– backbone links running at Gbps
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Internet History (5/5)
• 2000’s
– more killer apps:
• instant messaging
• P2P applications (BitTorrent - file sharing; Skype - VoIP;
PPLive - video)
• YouTube
• Gaming
• E-commerce
– wireless, mobility
– tens/hundreds Gbps backbone
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The Internet gotha
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Internet statistics
• ~769 million hosts (July 2010)
• ~2 billion users
• As of Feb. 27rd, 2012: 138,143,921 Top Level Domains
• As of Feb. 1st, 2012: 3,479,770,880 IP addresses assigned in 246
countries
End of 2009:
• 234 million websites
• 247 billion emails sent daily on the average
• Facebook serves 260 billion page views per month (6 millions per
min)
• YouTube serves 1 billion videos per day
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Host count
Telecomunicazioni - a.a. 2011/2012 - Prof. Andrea Baiocchi