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socrates
The Dialogues of Plato (c. 400 BCE)

[King Thamus of Egypt says to Theuth, an inventor-god:] this discovery
of yours [writing] will create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls,
because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external
written characters and not remember of themselves.... they will be
hearers of many things and will have learned nothing.

...Is there not another kind of word or speech far better than this?...
[An] intelligent word graven in the soul of the learner, which can defend
itself, and knows when to speak and when to be silent.

phaedrus You mean the living word of knowledge which has a soul, and
of which the written word is properly no more than an image?

Yes, of course that is what I mean.
marshall m c luhan
The Gutenberg Galaxy (1960)

Let us suppose for a moment that a team of present-day testers had
been available in the year 1500 to find out whether the new book or
reading machines and instructional materials were capable of doing
the plenary traditional job of education in the future.

Would not this team ask whether the privately read word could
measure up as a means of teaching and learning to the memorized
manuscript and its formidable extension in oral exegesis and group
disputation?...

[N]ew patterns of perception... are subliminally imposed on us all
by new structures for codifying and moving information. For the new
structures modify our means of apprehending past and present. They
re-create our sense of space and time, of teaching and learning.
literacy      orality
learner is a passive consumer   learner is an active participant
   learning is through books    learning is through speaking
       unilateral monologue     bilateral or multilateral dialogue
                       static   dynamic
                       visual   aural
                       silent   vocal
                     solitary   communal
                     internal   external
Timecapsule notes: Literate vs. Oral Culture
Timecapsule notes: Literate vs. Oral Culture
Timecapsule notes: Literate vs. Oral Culture

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一比一原版马里兰大学毕业证(UMD毕业证书)如何办理
 

Timecapsule notes: Literate vs. Oral Culture

  • 1. socrates The Dialogues of Plato (c. 400 BCE) [King Thamus of Egypt says to Theuth, an inventor-god:] this discovery of yours [writing] will create forgetfulness in the learners’ souls, because they will not use their memories; they will trust to the external written characters and not remember of themselves.... they will be hearers of many things and will have learned nothing. ...Is there not another kind of word or speech far better than this?... [An] intelligent word graven in the soul of the learner, which can defend itself, and knows when to speak and when to be silent. phaedrus You mean the living word of knowledge which has a soul, and of which the written word is properly no more than an image? Yes, of course that is what I mean.
  • 2. marshall m c luhan The Gutenberg Galaxy (1960) Let us suppose for a moment that a team of present-day testers had been available in the year 1500 to find out whether the new book or reading machines and instructional materials were capable of doing the plenary traditional job of education in the future. Would not this team ask whether the privately read word could measure up as a means of teaching and learning to the memorized manuscript and its formidable extension in oral exegesis and group disputation?... [N]ew patterns of perception... are subliminally imposed on us all by new structures for codifying and moving information. For the new structures modify our means of apprehending past and present. They re-create our sense of space and time, of teaching and learning.
  • 3. literacy orality learner is a passive consumer learner is an active participant learning is through books learning is through speaking unilateral monologue bilateral or multilateral dialogue static dynamic visual aural silent vocal solitary communal internal external