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A line of mountains in a landscape can be summarized as having upward and downward directions, similar to progress in life. To move upward and reach new goals, one must first come down from the previous achievement before climbing again to the next level.
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The Al Quran is the central religious text of Islam which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God. It contains guidance for mankind, addresses topics like the existence of God, the purpose of life, morality, and the last day of judgment. Muslims see the Quran as being the verbatim word of God revealed to the prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel over a period of 23 years.
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The document summarizes Pakistan's existing and future power generation capacity and electricity demand. It finds that while generation capacity has increased over time, demand is growing faster. As a result, shortages are projected to persist through 2011 unless additional measures are taken. It proposes a Load Management Programme to reduce peak demand by 1500 MW through demand-side measures and system improvements. This would help bridge the projected supply-demand gaps in the near term.
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Sajid
Sajid Ghafoor has over 30 years of experience in finance and accounting roles within Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA). His positions have included Budget & Accounts Officer, Director of Finance, and Additional Director General of Finance, where he was responsible for budget preparation and accounts consolidation. Currently he serves as Additional Director General of Finance for Hydel Development, managing the budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting for WAPDA's hydropower projects.
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Capital budgeting techniques are used to evaluate long-term investment projects. The ideal evaluation method considers all cash flows over the life of the project, the time value of money, and the required rate of return. Common techniques include payback period, net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI), and internal rate of return (IRR). NPV calculates the present value of all cash flows less the initial investment, and a project is accepted if NPV is positive. IRR is the discount rate that makes the net present value equal to zero.
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This document outlines store accounting procedures for a company. It discusses pricing of purchased and returned materials, material receipt accounting, issuing materials from the store, and physical verification of store stock. Key functions of the store include procurement, keeping, and accounting. Materials are priced according to their source and type of return. Physical verification is conducted annually to identify any differences in recorded and actual stock quantities.
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The Al Quran is the central religious text of Islam which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God. It is divided into chapters called suras which are further divided into verses called ayah. The Al Quran provides guidance for Muslims and outlines their core beliefs and practices including the five pillars of Islam.
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The document provides a day-by-day schedule of activities for performing the Hajj pilgrimage from the 8th to the 12th of Zhul-Hajj (November 26th to 30th, 2009). Each day includes prayer times, locations for prayers and activities, times for traveling between locations like Mina, Arafat, and Muzdalifah, and instructions for rituals like wuquf, throwing pebbles at jamrahs, and shaving hair.
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The document proposes a new project code scheme to systematically assign codes. It suggests using the first letter of the code to represent the major activity and sub-activity, and the second and third letters to uniquely identify each project within a sub-activity. Previously, codes were assigned randomly. The new scheme aims to avoid duplicate codes and bring order to the code issuance process.
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1) The document discusses financial forecasting methods for projecting sales, assets, liabilities, equity, and discretionary financing needs for the current and next year.
2) It forecasts that sales will be $32 million currently and $40 million next year, with net income at 5% of sales and dividends at 50% of earnings.
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Risk And Returns
The document discusses risk and rates of return. It states that the risk-free rate of return is used as the required rate of return for Treasury securities. For corporate stocks and bonds, the required rate of return is the risk-free rate plus a risk premium. Expected return is calculated as a weighted average of possible returns based on their probabilities. Risk is measured by a stock's standard deviation, which captures the uncertainty in possible outcomes, with higher standard deviation indicating greater risk.
Risk And Returns
The document discusses risk and rates of return. It states that the risk-free rate of return is used as the required rate of return for Treasury securities. For corporate stocks and bonds, the required rate of return is the risk-free rate plus a risk premium. It also defines expected return as the return an investor expects based on factors like price and growth, while required return is based on the risk of the asset. It shows how to calculate expected returns using state probabilities and returns, and how standard deviation can be used to measure risk with a greater standard deviation indicating greater risk.
Participative Management
This document discusses participative management and its key aspects. It defines participative management as a system where employees contribute to management decisions affecting the organization and their jobs. It argues that factors like globalization, flexibility and decentralization have led to its increased importance. It outlines different degrees of participation based on how involved subordinates and bosses are in decision making. The document also discusses techniques, prerequisites, areas of job freedom, and the advantages and disadvantages of participative management approaches. It provides guidance on effectively conducting participatory meetings.
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Leadership can be defined and developed in many ways. Effective leadership requires influence over others through non-coercive means, the ability to capture attention and gather followers, and social influence through ideas and actions. While leadership qualities can be learned, leadership also emerges in response to environmental factors and crises. Developing skills in areas like communication, teamwork, problem-solving and social/emotional intelligence can help strengthen leadership abilities. Maintaining characteristics like integrity, vision, empowerment of followers and hope are also important for leaders.
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The case study method uses stories to educate students on real world applications of concepts and theories. Case studies develop skills in situation analysis and diagnosis by training students to analyze problems, evaluate alternatives, and formulate their own action plans and solutions. Effective case analysis requires a systematic and logical approach that identifies issues, assesses strengths and weaknesses, and recommends strategies based on opportunities and threats.