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                :   -
            -




    -




"
"
-
,       ,           ,                       "
                                        .


    .               ,   ,           ,


.


            .


                ,               ,           ,
                                                .
- ...................................................................................................
   1 ....................................................................................................................


   2 ..........................................................................................
   9 .............................................................................................................
 14 ........................................................................           -
 21 ......................... ................................................................
 30 .............................................................


 38 .............................................................................................
 38 ............................ ................................ ................................
 38 ............................ ................................ ................................
 40 ................................. ................................
 41 ...........................................................................................
 42 .............................. ................................................................
 42 .............................................................................................
 43 .......................................                                                       :
 46 ....................................................................                               :
 50 ............ ................................................................                      :
 53 ...............................................................................................
 56 ...........................................................................................
 58 ....................................................................                               :
 64 ...........................................................................................
104 ......................................................................................................................
129 ..................................... ................................ ................................
132 .......................................... ................................ ................................
i-iv .......................................... ................................ ................................
,                                               .                   –


                                                    ,           .
           ,                                                                                    ,
                                            ,                           .


,                                                                                                       ,
                   .(Campbell, 2005a; Kong, 2001)
                    -
.


               .


Campbell 2005b; ) .                                                 ,
                                                                                         .(Fernback, 2002


Luckmann,1967 in )                                              "           "-
                            .                                                            ,(Krueger, 2004
                        ,                               -
       -                        .
.                                                                                ,
                                        :
                                                ,                                                   ,
                                                    .
                                                                .


-                                       -                                            .
       -                    ,   .
                                    -
                                                            ,                ,
Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; Strmiska, )
                                                                                                    .(2005
:                           -
                ?                                           -                                                                          •
?                                   -                                                                                                  •
                                :
                                                                                            .
    .
                                                                        -                                   -                               ,
                        ,                                                                                                      .
                                                                                                        ,
                    :                                                                                                       .(2003)
                                                ,
                    ,(Campbell, 2005a)
                                                                                .
,
                                                    .
,           ,                                                   ,                   ,                               :
                .                                                                                   ,           ,       -
                                                                                    ,
                                                                                                                                   .
                                                    .                   -
        ,
                                                                    .


                                            .
                                                        -                               ,
                                    ,                       .
                    .


                                            .                                                                           -
                                        -                                                   -
                            :                                                                   .
                                                                                                                                       .1
.2
                        .3
.
    .
,
                ,   .
        ,   .
.
1




             "                                                                                   "
                                                          ,           .


    ".                   ,               .            ,                                                  .               "
                                                          ,




                                                  .                           –


                                                                      .
                     .


,                                                                                                                    ,
                                             .(Campbell, 2005a)


                                                                          .
                                                                                                             ?
                             ?
                                 ?
                             ,                                                           ,


                                         ,                                                   ,   -
                                              '           '                   " :
         ,                           ,                                                               :
                                              ,                   ,                                              .
Wertheim, 1999: 21 ) ".edu - .net - ,.com
                                                                                  .(as cited by Campbell, 2005a
                                              -
                 ,
                                                                                                             .
         .
2


Campbell )                                                              ,
                                                                                                                         .(2005b
                                    ,


                            ,                               ,                       -                       .
                                                                .                                                        ,
        ,               -       ,               .
    :                                                                               ,
                                    .                                                                                            "
,       ,               .                                                       .
                                                            .                                           .
,                                                                                               ,               ."
Pesce, 1994 as cited in Davis, 1998, p. )
                                                                                                                             .(229
                -
                                                                        ,                                            .
                                            .       -                                               ,
                                            .
                    ,
                                        .




                    .                               ,                       ,
            .                                                           ,


                                                                                            .
                                                                                .                                            -
                    ,                                                                   :
                            ,                               ,
                                                                    .
                                                                                .
                                                        ,
3


Bell, Loader, Pleace & Schuler, )
                                                                                                           .(2004; Burnett & Marshall, 2003
            ,Computer Mediated Communication                                                                       )
                                                                                                   -                                                                            (" "       "
            ,       '                  ,                       ,       -           -
                                                   .                                                                                                            -
                                                                                                                                        "
-       "                                                  (                                   ' )                                      "           ,               .                  "
            ,                      ,                                                                                       .(                           ,           - )
                                                                                           .
                            ) "                                                                                                     ,                                             :
Herring, 2002; Soukup, )                                                                               ,('                                                  ,           ,              ,
                                                                                                                                                                                .(2000
,                       :                                                      "
                                                                           ,                                               "
.(Reduced Cues) "                                                          "                                                    ,
                                                           "                                           ,
                        .                                                                                                                       -
                                               "       ,                                   .                                            ,                                   "
                    "
                             .('                           ,               )
                                                                                                                                            "
                                                                                               .(Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000)
                                           .                                                                           "                                    "
                              .                                    ,                           "


                                                                                                                                                                            -
                                                                                                                                                                        .
                                                                                               ,                       .
            ,
                                                       .('                                                 ,                            )                   –


    "           ,             .                                                                                                                                             "         ,
                                                                       "                                       "
4


                                                               .
                                                               "
    .(Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000)


                                                           "                                           . "


      .                                                                                        "                     .
                                . "


                          , "                                                                                                .
                                   .                                                       ,                                             ,
                  ,                        -           .
                               ,                                   ,
                                                                                                   "                         .
                      .                                                                                                              -
                                                                           "
                                                                                                                                             .
                                                                                                                         .
              ,                                .                                                                             "
                                               ,                                                                                             "
                                                       -                                                 ,
.                                                                      -


                                       "               "       "                                                 .
                           ,                       .               ,           ,                                                     ,
-                                          -                                       "
                                           .
          .                                                                                                  "
                                                                                                                     (Turkle, 1995)


Burnett & Marshall, )                                                                                                            ,
                                                                   .(2003; Castells, 2001; Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000
                                                                       "
                                                                                                                             .
5


                                                                                                            .
                                                        .
                                                                                    ,
                                                                                            .
                                    ,                                           ,                                      ,
                                                                                                                   .
                                                ,
Bell et al., 2004; )
                            .(Castells, 2001; Chadwick, 2006; Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000
    .           ,                   ,
    ) ARPA                                                              ,ARPANET -
        ARPA .1969                                  (Advanced Research Projects Agency
         .
                "                                                                                                           "
-           .                                               "                                               ,
                    .                                           ,                                               ARPANET


                            .
Chadwick, )                     '           ,                                                           ARPANET-
                                                                                                                           (2006
                                                                                                ,       .
                                                                                    ,
                                                                                                    .
Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; Chadwick, 2006; Ince, )
                                                                                            .(2001; Wood & Smith, 2001
Packet ) "                              "                                                           ARPANET
                                                                                                                .(Switching
                                                                        .
                        ,
        "                                                           .
            .                                                               ,                                          "


                                                    ,                                   :
                    .
6


                                ,          :
Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; Chadwick, )
                                                                                   .(2006; Wood & Smith, 2001
                                                                                         60-
                                     -                     .
                            .                                                            1972                ARPANET-


        - (Robert Kahn)                        1972                                                .
                   .                                                                                   (Vinton Cerf)
                                           ,
:                                                              .                                         ,
.(TCP/IP :                 ) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol-
.


                                                                               .
Bell )
                                                                               .(et al., 2004; Chadwick, 2006
                                                                                          ARPANET
                                                                                   .90-
                                                       ,               .
                                                                                               ,
                                                                   .
                                               ,                                     :
Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; )                                       -
                                     .(Chadwick, 2006; Ince, 2001; Wood & Smith, 2001
                                         90-
                                    .CERN –                    '                                                  -
    ,
         -     ,                                   .
World                  -                                       1990
                                                                                                             .Wide Web
                                .
                                          ,60-
                                                                                     ,1969
7


Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; Chadwick, 2006; Ince, ) 90-
                                                                                               .(2001; Klopfenstein, 2002
                                                                          "            "
                   ,IRC ,Usenet ,                     -           :
                                                              "                            "                              FTP- ,
                                       .(Klopfenstein, 2002)                                                          ,


                                                  .
               ,                                                                                                          ,
                                                                                                 .
          .(                              )                                   (                      ,            )
                                                                                                         ,
          ,        )                                                                   (                                          ,           )
.                                                                                                                                     .(
                   ,
      .                        ,                                  -                                                           ,
          (                                   )
                                                                                  ,(       ' ,                                            )
                                              .
                                                                                  .
                       (visibility)
                                                                                                         ,
                                              "               "                                                                   .
,                                                                                              ."            "            "           "
                                   .
                   '
                                                                                       .
                                                          .


     .                                                                                          .
                                          .
                                                                      ,
Burnett & Marshall, 2003; )                                                                              ,
                                                                                                                 .(Chadwick, 2006
8


    .


                              (cyber)                           .
,                   ,                                       .                           ,
                            (cybernetics)
                                                                                    .
                    ,1984                           .
                .


                                                                                                     .
                    (Rheingold, 1993)                               .
                                        .


                                                                            .
                                                                        "       "
                                                                    .
Bell et al., 2004; Wood & )
                                                                                            .(Smith, 2001


            ,                                                                                        . "
                                            .                                               ,
                                                        ,
                                                        .
                                                    (Rheingold, 1993)


.
        ,                                       :
,                                  ,
                        .                                                                            ,


                                                                        .


                                                                                                 .
                               ,                    -
9


Castells, 2001; Herring, )                    -       -
                                                                          .(2002; Wood & Smith, 2001


                                                                                                    .


                                                                               "                            ?
                     ,       ,
                 "       "                                                             .
                                                                      ,
Jones, 1997 as cited by )                     ' .
                                                                                       (Wood & Smith, 2001
     ,                                                :
                                                          ,
                                                                                   ,        .
                                                                           .
    .(Bell, 2004; Herring, 2002)


                                                  , "                                           .
                                                                  .
                                                      ,
                                         .(Castells, 2001)




                                                                           .
                                 ?                –
         ?                           ?                                                          ?
                                                          ?
                                          ,
                                                                                                            .
         .
:                                             ,                                                         "       "
             .
10


Aldridge, 2000; ) "             "
                                        .(Christiano, Swatos & Kivisto , 2002; Hunt, 2002


                                                                      ,
                                            :                                                                              .
.                                                                                 ,                               ,
,19-
                            "                                                                             ,
                                                                                                                  ."
    –                                                             ,
                                        ,                 ,                               ,                   .
                    ,                                                         -
                        .                                                                                              .
                    .
                                                                          .
                .
        ,                           :
:                                                                         .
                                                .'            -                               ,       ,
                                    ,
Aldridge, 2000; )
                                                         .(Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000


        (Tylor, 1903 as cited in Hunt, 2002)                                          .
,                                                             .                   "                       "
            .
                                        ,            -
                                                          .                                                       ,
                ,


                                        ,
Robertson, 1970 as cited in Hunt, )                                                   ,           .           -
                                -                                                                                              (2002
                                                                      .(Bowie, 2000; Hunt, 2002)
11


                                                                                      (1864-1920)
                                                                                                                          .
                              .


                  -                                                                                               .
                                                                                          .
.
,     -                                       :                                                               ,
                                          ,                              ,(                                               )"              "
              .                                                                                           ,                           ,
     -                                                  ,
                                                                                                                      .
                                                                                                      .


                                      .(Aldridge, 2000; Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000)
                                                      ,(1858-1917)                            ,
                                                                    .
,                             ,
Durkheim, )
                      ,                                                           .(1965 in Christiano et al., 2002
          .                                       -             ,
.                                                                                     ,


                                              ,                                                                                   .
                          ,                                                       .                   ,
                                                                              .
                                                                                          .                                   ,
                          ,                                                                   ,
.                                                                                                 :
                                  -
                                                                          .
                                      -                                                                                               .
                                                            .
                                                                                      .
12


                   .
                                                            .            ,               ,                   ,
    .(Aldridge, 2000; Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000)


                                                                                         .
                                    ,               .
                           ,                                                 (liminal)                                   -
                                                                                 .                                   -
.
                                                                                                                     ,
                                                                .(Turner, 1969 as cited in Fernback, 2002)


                                                                                             ,                       .
                                    .
                                            .
                                                                .                                            (situational)
                                            ,
                                        .                                                        ,               .
                                                                                                 ,
                                                        .
              ."           "-                                                ,
                                                ,
                                                                                                                 ,
                                            .(Aldridge, 2000; Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000)
          .
                                                .
                                                                .            ,       ,                   ,           ,       ,       ,       -
                                                            .
                                                                                                         .
                                                                                                                                         .
                                .                                                                    ,
                       .                                                                                                         ,
,     .                         -
                       .                                                                                     ,
13




                                 –                                    .
         .                                                                                –
                                     .
             .


        .(Aldridge, 2000; York, 2003)                         ,


?                                                                 ,               –
         ,       -
             ,           .
                                                                                  ,
.                                                                     ,
,
                                 .       -
,                                                  ,
                         ,
                                                           .(Hunt, 2002)


                                                                                      .
                                                              .


                                                                                              .
                             .


                                                   .                  ,
                                             ,"        "
                     .                                                        ,
         .                                                                ,


                                              .
    -                                         .
14


                                                                                       .
                               .                                                                         ,
                                                                           ,
                                                   .(Fernback, 2002)
                                                   -
                                                                   ,
,                         -                                -
                                                                               .                             -
                                                       .
    ,
                               ,                                                   .
                                                                                                         ,
                                                                                           .(Kong, 2001) ?
                                   ,


                     (Giddens, 1992 as cited by Kruger, 2005a)                                               .
.
    .
                                   ,                           .                                     ,
                                                                                                 ,
                              .(Kruger, 2005a; Larsson, 2005)
                                                                                                 ,
                                       -                       .                                                     ,
.                                                                                                                        –
                :
,                                                                      ,                                             ,
.
                                               ,                                           , "
                .                                                                                    ,           ,


,                                                                                                                        .
            ,                                                      ,                         ,
                                           .                                                                     ,
        ,           ' ,            ,                           ,       -       ,
15


                                    -                                            .
                                            ,                ,                       :
                                                        .                                                                    –
Campbell, 2005a; Dawson, 2005; Kong, )
                                                                 .(2001; Lovheim, 2005; Larsson, 2005
,


                                                                     .                   -
                                    .                            -
                                        :
                                    ?                                                        ,
                        ?
                                            ?
                    ?                           -
    ,           -                                                            ?
                                                                         ?
                                                                 ?
                                                                                                                     ,
            .(Dawson, 2000; Kong, 2001; Kruger, 2005b; Larsson, 2005)
                                                                         (Campbell, 2005b)
,           .


                                .
                                                                                                                 ,
                                                                                             .
        ,                   ,                       ,
                                                                                                                         ,
                                                                                                         ,   .
?
                                                                             "                   "


-                                                                                                    .


                                                                                         .
16



                                                                                                     .       "            "


                .


                                                                                    ,         .                  "
                    ,
Campbell, 2005a; Campbell 2005b; Cowan, 2005; Helland, 2002; )
Helland, 2005; Kong, 2001; Krueger, 2004; Kruger, 2005a ; Kruger, 2005b;
                                                                                                  .(Larsson: 2005
                        -
                                    .(Cowan, 2005; Helland, 2005)
        .                                              -
                –
,                                                                           ,
                                        .          ,            ?                                            –
                                                                    .


.                                                                                        ,                   .


            ."              "                                                       ,




Campbell, 2005b; Lovheim, 2005; O'Leary, )                              '                 ,              .        -
    .                                                                                                            (1996
-
                                    .                                                                                 .


            ,                                                                   .
.
                                                                                        (Helland, 2005)
                                                                            .
                                -                                                         ,          .
                                            .
17


       .                   -
                                                                                                            ,                   ,
                                       ,                                                        ,                   .
                                                       ,
                       -                                   ,                    ,           ,           "                   "
                                       . (Kong, 2001; Lovheim, 2005)


                           .
                               – (religion online) "                                "                               1999
                                                                                                                "       "
–
                                                   .(online religion) "                         "
                                                                    .
                               .
                                               ?
.                                                      .
                           ,                           -
,                                              -                                                                                .
                                                                                            .
                                                                                                        ,
                                                   .


               ,
                                                                            .
           "                       "
                                                                                                    ,                   .
                                                                                        .
Helland, 2002; )
                                                                                                            .(Helland, 2005


                               .(Campbell, 2005a)
                   .
                               ,
                                           ,                            .                                                   ,
18


                                                            .                                               ,           ,
                        ,               -                                                                               ,
                                .                                                                               ,
                                                                                                                                        :
                                                            –                                                               –
                ,                                               .
                                                                                                                        ,
            ,               .
,                                                           .
                                                                                                                                            ,
                                                                                        .
                                                                        .                                                                           ,
                                                                                                    .(Campbell, 2005a) .
                    –                                                                                                           –


                                                    .


    "       "                       ,                   "                   "                                                       ,                       .
                                                                                                                    ."                                      "
                                                                                    .


                                                                                                -
                                                                                                .(Campbell, 2005a)
                                                                    –                                                               –
                                                .
                                                                                                                    .
                                                                                                                    ,
                                                                                                                                                .
        "                               "                                                           ,
                                                                    .                                                                           ,       ,       -
                                            -                                               ,           ,                   ,
                                                                                                                                    .               -
                                                                                -               ,
                                                                                                        .(Campbell, 2005a)
19


                                                      –                                –
                                  .
    .(Campbell, 2005a) .
                                                  -           -                        –
                                          ,                                        ,
                  ,                                                                        .


                                      ,                                                                     .
                                                                                                       -
                                                                                       .
                                                                                   ,           .


                                                                                                   .
                              ,                                                    ,
                                                          .(Campbell, 2005a)


                                              .                                    ,
                                                                       .
                                                                           .
      ,
          ,        )
                      .                                                                                ,(


                      .                   -
                                                                   .
                              ,                           .
                                                                                           ,
                                                                                   .
                              ,                                                .
                          .                               ,
                                                      .                                                     ,
                                                                               ,
.
20


Campbell, )
                                                                                                                            .(2005b




“
spiritualizing the ) "                                      "                                                   .
                                                                                                                    .(internet”
         " .                                                                                                ,
                                                                                                                    "
                                                                                        .
                                                    .                                                                   -


    "                   "                                                           ,               .
                                                                                                        "                         "
        .(Campbell, 2005b)                                      ,                                                            .


                                                                    .                       –


                                    .
                                                                        .
                            ,                                               .


                                                        "                       "               .
                                                    .(Campbell, 2005b)


          (Zimmerman-Umble, 1992 as cited by Campbell, 2005b)                                                               -
                                                -               .




,                                                                               .
,
                                .
                                            ,                                                           ,
                                                    .
                    "                   "                   .
21


                                                          .                     -
                          ,


Livio & Teneboim, 2004; Barzilai & Barzilai-Nahon, 2005 as )
                                                                            .(cited by Campell, 2005b
     ,                                                                                         ,




Campbell, 2005a; Campbell 2005b; Krueger, 2004; Kruger, )
                                                              .(2005a ; Kruger, 2005b; Larsson, 2005
                                                          .


     -                                        ,
                                                  .


                                                                                                   .
                                          :
                                                      ,                                                ,
                                                  .
                     /                ,                       ,         ,
      .                                       ,
                                                                                        -
                                                      ,                     .
Fernback, 2002; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; )
                                                                                            .(Strmiska, 2005
              (Pagan) "               "
                              .
                                          :
              "Paganus"
                                  .
          ,                                                        -
                                                      .
                                                                       .
.                                                                                   ,
22



                                                                                                                                   .
;Strmiska, 2005)                                                                                                                       "       "
             ."        "               "               "                            ,                                .(Chryssides, 1999
.(Militia christi) "                                           "
         "         "
                                                                                                                     ."Pagani"
                                                                       "        "                   -"           "
        .(Pearson, 2002; Strmiska, 2005)
             18-
                                                                                            ,                                 ,19-
                                                       .
                               ,
                                                           .                                                          ,


                                                                                                     .
         "                                                             ,                                     .
                                                                           (Starhawk, 1979)                                          "
                                                                   .


                           .(McIntosh, 2004 ; Strmiska, 2005)


                                                   "                   -   "                    .
(Neo) "            "                           ,
(Paganism) "                               "                   ,
    .                                                                                   ,
         "                 -       "
                                                                                                                               .
                                                           .
-                          -                                                                                                   ,
                       ,                                                                                                                   ,
                                                               .
                                                                                                                          "            "
                                                                   ,                                     ,
23


              :                                                                 "           "


19-                                                                                                                       ,
                                                          "                             "                                               ,
                                                                                    ,                .
                       (                                               ,heathen) "               "- "                     "


                                                                                    .(Pearson, 2002; Strmiska, 2005 )
                               "                     "                                      ,
"                 -                      "
                           .


                                                 -                          .                                         ,
      .


          .
                                                                                                                              -
                                             .                                                   ,
                                   .(Strmiska, 2005)                                                         ,


              :                                                                                                       .
          .                                                                                              ,                                  ,
              :
                  ,(               30)               ,(                     )               ,(                   31)                            -
                                                               .                                                 –(                                 )
                                                 ,            .(equinoxes)                                                        (solstices)


                                                                                                                 .
                                                      ,            .
,                  -                                                                                     "                          "
                                                                            .
Fernback, 2002; )
                                                                                                                     .(Pearson, 2002
24


                                                                                                    ,
                                                                                      :
                                                    – (Witchcraft Religions)
                             .                                                                  .
                                                 – (Reconstructionist)
                                   .


:                                                         .                   -
                        –Asatru)           ,(Celtic Recon)                                      ,(Druidism)
                (Religio Romana)                              ,                   -       ,(
        )               ,(                                                        -                                                  )
            .                                                                                  ,(
                                                              –
                                       .
    Wren, 2005, "Intro: ;2003 ,                  ,"                                                                         :       ")
                                               .(Pagans, Heathens and Recons"; York, 2004


                                                      .
            ,                      ,                                      :
                ,           .                                                                               -


                    –                           ,                 .
.                                                                         –
                                           ,
                        ,          -                                  .                                         ,               -
                                                                                  ,
                                                                                                            ,                   .
                                                                          -                             ,               .
                                                              .


                                                              .
Strmiska, )                                         , "                                                             ,
                                                                              .                                                 ,(2005
25


         -
                                                                      .
                                                                ,(The Craft ) "                         "       "                 "
                               (1884-1964)                                .              ' .                                50-
                                                                      ,
                                               ' .
                                                                                 ,
                                                                                                            .
                         ,                                            ,                                     ,(Rosicrucian)
                                                                                          .
                                       .
                                               ,                                     .
                                                                                                    .
                                                   .
Chryssides, 1999; Klassen, )                                                                                            ,
                                .(2002; Krueger, 2004; McIntosh, 2004; York, 2004
                                                                      ,(1926-1988)
                                                       .


                                                                                                    .
                                                                 ,                                                          "
                 .                         -                                                                    "


                                                                                .                       (visibility)
(Starhawk, 1979)                                                 ,(                                         )
                                                                                                            .       -
                             1971                      "
                     .(Klassen, 2002; Krueger, 2004; McIntosh, 2004)
,(           )                             ,
                     ,                     ,NROOGD ,(                                     '    ')
                         ,                         ,
                                                                              .(Chryssides, 1999; York, 2004)
                                    (Goffman, 1967 in Krueger, 2004)
     .
26


                                                                                  .
                                                             .
                                                             ,(Covens)
                                                                             12                                        .
                              )                                                                        .
                                                                                                                                (
                                                                                                                                            .
             ,                                                                                                     .
                                  ,                                        , (                                                      )
Krueger, 2004; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; )                                                                                         (Sabbats)
                                                                                                                                    .(York, 2004
         .                                               ,
                                                                                               ,
                 "                        "                       "-                                                       .
                          .                                                                                            .
                              ,
Chryssides, )
                                                                                                                                                .(1999


                                                                       .
                 "                                            .
."                    "                                                                                                                 "
             .


                                      ,                                                                    .
     ,                                "
                      .(Berger & Ezzy, 2004; Krueger, 2004)


                 .
                 " "                          " ,"                                         "                   -
"                    "- "                        "                           ,                                             ,"
                                                     -                                             ,                                        ,
                                                         .(Klassen, 2002; Krueger, 2004; Schutten, 2006)
27



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                                            .(Wren, 2005, "Intro: Pagans, Heathens and Recons"
                                                     -
                        -               .                                                                                           -
                                                                           .
                                ,                                                       .


                                                                                                                .
                                                                                .
                                                                                                        .
                                                                     .(York, 2004)
28


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,                                                      ,                                               .
                                                                                .
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York, )
                                                                                                            .(2004


                               .(Ásatrú) "                     "                                .
-                                          ."Heathen"                      ,"           "
                                                               .
                                                           Heathen                  ,
                                   .           -


McIntosh, 2004; Strmiska, 2005; Wren, 2005, "Intro: Pagans, Heathens and )
                                                                                                      .(Recons"


"              "                       ,                   ,
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     -                                                                                                     .(NRM's
                                                                                .                                   ,
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,                                                                          "        "                           ,
          .
29


                                                     .
                            .(Chryssides, 1999; Pearson, 2002; York, 2004)
            ,
                                                          .                                                                                           ,
                                 ,
                                                                                                                                                              .
                                                                                                                                                                      ,
                        -                    ,                             .                                                                              ,
                                                                                                 .
                                                                                                                     ,
                        -                        .                                           ,
,                                        "                            "-


                                                         .(Chryssides, 1999; Pearson, 2002; York, 2004)
                    ,
,                                                                                                                        -
        "                                "                    .
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                                                                                                                 ,
                                                                                                                                                                  .
    ,                                ,                                                   ,                               ,                    ,
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                                                                  ,(1865-1923)                                                                                        ,
    ,
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,
                             -                                                                                                                            "       "
                                                                                                     .
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                                                                                                                                                              ,
                ,                                                 "                                          "               ,        .
                                                                                    ."                                                            "
30


                                                              :
.(Daschke & Ashcraft, 2005 ;2007 ,                                 )
Wallis, )
                                          ,       -                                    :(2007 ,                              1976
                     ,                                                                     ,
        -                                     .
                         ,
                                 ,
                                                      .


            ,("              "                            )
    .                            ,                    ,                        ,       -               ,    -       ,
                         ,(Branch Davidians)
        .                                         ,                            Aum Shinrikyo ,(Heaven's Gate)
,
            ,
                                                                                   ,           .
                                                                                                                .
Daschke & ) .
                                                                                                           (Ashcraft, 2005
                                                                                   -
                                     .                                                             ,
                     .


,                                                                                                               ,
                                                                       .


                                         (Luckmann,1967 in Krueger, 2004)


                                                                                                   .
                "-                                                         ,                                    -
                                                                                                                        ."
                                                                                                   ,
31


                                   ,                                   ,
                                                                       .(Krueger, 2004)
                                               ,                                               90 -
     "                "-
                           .           -


             .(Krueger, 2004)


–                                  –               .
              ,
                               (                               ,           )
                                                       .


Krueger, )                 ,                                   ,                       ,        '       ,
                                                                                                                    .(2004
         .
     ,
                                           .


                                                                                           -                .
-                              .
              .(McIntosh, 2004)
                                                                                       ,
                                                                                           .
                  ,            -
                                                           ,
                                                                   .                                ,
         -


                                                                                                                .
                                                                                   .


                                                                               -                        .
                                                           "               "
32


                                               -                                               ,           .
                                           ,   .
                               ,                                                                           ,       .
      ."                       "
                                   -                                                       -
                                       -                               .


                                                                   .(Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002)
                                                           -
               .
                                                                                   -
           ,               –                                       .
,(sabbats) "               "                                               ,                                   ,
                                                                           .                                           ,
                       ,                                       :
                    .(Klassen, 2002)
           -
                      (Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002)
           -                                           .
               .                                                                               ,


                                                                                                   .
                                                               .                                           -
                                                                   -
                                                   ,
                                                                                                                   .
                   (Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002)                                                 ,


                                           -                                                                           .
                                               .                                                       ,
-                                      .(Technopagans)                                 -           (Zippies)
                                                                               -                                   ,
                                       ,                                                                       .
                                               .
33



        -                                                                                   .
                    ,
                                                                –                                   –
                                                                                                            .
-
                .
                                             (Krueger, 2004, Kruger, 2005a)
    .                                              ,
-
-                                                               .                               ,


–                                                                                   .
        .
            ,
                                         .                                                                  ,
                (                              )
                                .
–
                            .                                                                                   ,
-                                    ,             ,                –


                                                                        ,                                   .
                                    .(Krueger, 2004, Kruger, 2005a)


                        .                                                               ,
                                                                    ,
                                                                                                        ,
                                                            ,               .
                                         ,                                  .
                                                            ,
                                                                                ,
,                                                                                                   .
    .(Krueger, 2004, Kruger, 2005a)
34


-
                                                                                                               .
                              .                       ,        ,
,   "            ,
                                      -
Krueger, 2004, )                          -                                                                        15
                                                                                               .(Kruger, 2005a
                                                      (Fernback, 2002)
                          ,                            -
                      ,                           .                                    -
                                                                                                           -
                                                                                                                   .
,                                                          ,           .
        .'                            ,                            -


                                                                           .


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    .                                                                                      -
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                                                                       -
                                                                                       .
                              ,                                                    -
.                                                                                          .


                                                                                                                   .


             ,                                                                     :
                                                                               ,                       -
                                              -                                                    ,
                                                           ,
                     .(Fernback, 2002)                                                         ,
35


                          (chat)     '
                .
                                                                                          :
                                                              .           "           "
                                                                          ,
                                                                                                                            .
                                                                                                      ,
                                                                  .(Fernback, 2002)


                         (Klassen, 2002)                  ,
            Cybercoven                               -                                                    .
                             .
    ,
                .       23 Cybercoven-                            .
        .
.
            ,                                .                                Cybercoven -
:                                                .
                        ,61 - 16                          .                           ,                       , "           ,
                    -
                             ,                                                                                              .
-                                                                                                                       ,
                                                                  .                                                 ,


        .                                                                     ,       -
.
,                                                                                                 ,


                                                                                                      .(Klassen, 2002)
                                 ,Cybercoven -
                                 :   ,
                             ,                                        ,                       ,                 -
                                         ,                            ,           ,                   ,             ,
                                                                                                          ,
36


-                                                       Cybercoven -                                    .
                                                    ,
                                                                                                                ,
                        ,                                   .           -                                   "                   "
                                            ,
            ,                                           ,
                .           -


                                                                                        ,                                           ,
                                            :                                                                       ?
    .
                                                                ,Cybercoven
,                                                                               .
                                                                    .
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,           .                                                                           ,
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                                                                                    ,                                       ,
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    .                                                                                           ."                      "
                                        ,
-                                                               ,                                                       .
-                                                                                                   ,               .
                                    ,                                   ,                                       .
                                            .
                                                        .                   ,                   ,
                                                                                            Cybercoven
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Thesis

  • 1. - : - - - "
  • 2. " -
  • 3. , , , " . . , , , . . , , , .
  • 4. - ................................................................................................... 1 .................................................................................................................... 2 .......................................................................................... 9 ............................................................................................................. 14 ........................................................................ - 21 ......................... ................................................................ 30 ............................................................. 38 ............................................................................................. 38 ............................ ................................ ................................ 38 ............................ ................................ ................................ 40 ................................. ................................ 41 ........................................................................................... 42 .............................. ................................................................ 42 ............................................................................................. 43 ....................................... : 46 .................................................................... : 50 ............ ................................................................ : 53 ............................................................................................... 56 ........................................................................................... 58 .................................................................... : 64 ........................................................................................... 104 ...................................................................................................................... 129 ..................................... ................................ ................................ 132 .......................................... ................................ ................................ i-iv .......................................... ................................ ................................
  • 5. , . – , . , , , . , , .(Campbell, 2005a; Kong, 2001) - . . Campbell 2005b; ) . , .(Fernback, 2002 Luckmann,1967 in ) " "- . ,(Krueger, 2004 , - - . . , : , , . . - - . - , . - , , Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; Strmiska, ) .(2005
  • 6. : - ? - • ? - • : . . - - , , . , : .(2003) , ,(Campbell, 2005a) . , . , , , , : . , , - , . . - , . . - , , . . . - - - : . .1
  • 7. .2 .3 . . , , . , . .
  • 8. 1 " " , . ". , . , . " , . – . . , , .(Campbell, 2005a) . ? ? ? , , , , - ' ' " : , , : , , . Wertheim, 1999: 21 ) ".edu - .net - ,.com .(as cited by Campbell, 2005a - , . .
  • 9. 2 Campbell ) , .(2005b , , , - . . , , - , . : , . " , , . . . . , , ." Pesce, 1994 as cited in Davis, 1998, p. ) .(229 - , . . - , . , . . , , . , . . - , : , , . . ,
  • 10. 3 Bell, Loader, Pleace & Schuler, ) .(2004; Burnett & Marshall, 2003 ,Computer Mediated Communication ) - (" " " , ' , , - - . - " - " ( ' ) " , . " , , .( , - ) . ) " , : Herring, 2002; Soukup, ) ,(' , , , .(2000 , : " , " .(Reduced Cues) " " , " , . - " , . , " " .(' , ) " .(Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000) . " " . , " - . , . , .(' , ) – " , . " , " "
  • 11. 4 . " .(Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000) " . " . " . . " , " . . , , , - . , , " . . - " . . , . " , " - , . - " " " . , . , , , - - " . . " (Turkle, 1995) Burnett & Marshall, ) , .(2003; Castells, 2001; Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000 " .
  • 12. 5 . . , . , , , . , Bell et al., 2004; ) .(Castells, 2001; Chadwick, 2006; Herring, 2002; Soukup, 2000 . , , ) ARPA ,ARPANET - ARPA .1969 (Advanced Research Projects Agency . " " - . " , . , ARPANET . Chadwick, ) ' , ARPANET- (2006 , . , . Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; Chadwick, 2006; Ince, ) .(2001; Wood & Smith, 2001 Packet ) " " ARPANET .(Switching . , " . . , " , : .
  • 13. 6 , : Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; Chadwick, ) .(2006; Wood & Smith, 2001 60- - . . 1972 ARPANET- - (Robert Kahn) 1972 . . (Vinton Cerf) , : . , .(TCP/IP : ) Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol- . . Bell ) .(et al., 2004; Chadwick, 2006 ARPANET .90- , . , . , : Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; ) - .(Chadwick, 2006; Ince, 2001; Wood & Smith, 2001 90- .CERN – ' - , - , . World - 1990 .Wide Web . ,60- ,1969
  • 14. 7 Bell et al., 2004; Castells, 2001; Chadwick, 2006; Ince, ) 90- .(2001; Klopfenstein, 2002 " " ,IRC ,Usenet , - : " " FTP- , .(Klopfenstein, 2002) , . , , . .( ) ( , ) , , ) ( , ) . .( , . , - , ( ) ,( ' , ) . . (visibility) , " " . , ." " " " . ' . . . . . , Burnett & Marshall, 2003; ) , .(Chadwick, 2006
  • 15. 8 . (cyber) . , , . , (cybernetics) . ,1984 . . . (Rheingold, 1993) . . . " " . Bell et al., 2004; Wood & ) .(Smith, 2001 , . " . , , . (Rheingold, 1993) . , : , , . , . . , -
  • 16. 9 Castells, 2001; Herring, ) - - .(2002; Wood & Smith, 2001 . " ? , , " " . , Jones, 1997 as cited by ) ' . (Wood & Smith, 2001 , : , , . . .(Bell, 2004; Herring, 2002) , " . . , .(Castells, 2001) . ? – ? ? ? ? , . . : , " " .
  • 17. 10 Aldridge, 2000; ) " " .(Christiano, Swatos & Kivisto , 2002; Hunt, 2002 , : . . , , ,19- " , ." – , , , , . , - . . . . . , : : . .' - , , , Aldridge, 2000; ) .(Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000 (Tylor, 1903 as cited in Hunt, 2002) . , . " " . , - . , , , Robertson, 1970 as cited in Hunt, ) , . - - (2002 .(Bowie, 2000; Hunt, 2002)
  • 18. 11 (1864-1920) . . - . . . , - : , , ,( )" " . , , - , . . .(Aldridge, 2000; Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000) ,(1858-1917) , . , , Durkheim, ) , .(1965 in Christiano et al., 2002 . - , . , , . , . , . . , , , . : - . - . . .
  • 19. 12 . . , , , .(Aldridge, 2000; Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000) . , . , (liminal) - . - . , .(Turner, 1969 as cited in Fernback, 2002) , . . . . (situational) , . , . , . ." "- , , , .(Aldridge, 2000; Christiano et al., 2002; Cipriani, 2000) . . . , , , , , , - . . . . , . , , . - . ,
  • 20. 13 – . . – . . .(Aldridge, 2000; York, 2003) , ? , – , - , . , . , , . - , , , .(Hunt, 2002) . . . . . , ," " . , . , . - .
  • 21. 14 . . , , .(Fernback, 2002) - , , - - . - . , , . , .(Kong, 2001) ? , (Giddens, 1992 as cited by Kruger, 2005a) . . . , . , , .(Kruger, 2005a; Larsson, 2005) , - . , . – : , , , . , , " . , , , . , , , . , , ' , , , - ,
  • 22. 15 - . , , : . – Campbell, 2005a; Dawson, 2005; Kong, ) .(2001; Lovheim, 2005; Larsson, 2005 , . - . - : ? , ? ? ? - , - ? ? ? , .(Dawson, 2000; Kong, 2001; Kruger, 2005b; Larsson, 2005) (Campbell, 2005b) , . . , . , , , , , . ? " " - . .
  • 23. 16 . " " . , . " , Campbell, 2005a; Campbell 2005b; Cowan, 2005; Helland, 2002; ) Helland, 2005; Kong, 2001; Krueger, 2004; Kruger, 2005a ; Kruger, 2005b; .(Larsson: 2005 - .(Cowan, 2005; Helland, 2005) . - – , , . , ? – . . , . ." " , Campbell, 2005b; Lovheim, 2005; O'Leary, ) ' , . - . (1996 - . . , . . (Helland, 2005) . - , . .
  • 24. 17 . - , , , , . , - , , , " " . (Kong, 2001; Lovheim, 2005) . – (religion online) " " 1999 " " – .(online religion) " " . . ? . . , - , - . . , . , . " " , . . Helland, 2002; ) .(Helland, 2005 .(Campbell, 2005a) . , , . ,
  • 25. 18 . , , , - , . , : – – , . , , . , . , . . , .(Campbell, 2005a) . – – . " " , " " , . ." " . - .(Campbell, 2005a) – – . . , . " " , . , , - - , , , . - - , .(Campbell, 2005a)
  • 26. 19 – – . .(Campbell, 2005a) . - - – , , , . , . - . , . . , , .(Campbell, 2005a) . , . . , , ) . ,( . - . , . , . , . . , . , , .
  • 27. 20 Campbell, ) .(2005b “ spiritualizing the ) " " . .(internet” " . , " . . - " " , . " " .(Campbell, 2005b) , . . – . . , . " " . .(Campbell, 2005b) (Zimmerman-Umble, 1992 as cited by Campbell, 2005b) - - . , . , . , , . " " .
  • 28. 21 . - , Livio & Teneboim, 2004; Barzilai & Barzilai-Nahon, 2005 as ) .(cited by Campell, 2005b , , Campbell, 2005a; Campbell 2005b; Krueger, 2004; Kruger, ) .(2005a ; Kruger, 2005b; Larsson, 2005 . - , . . : , , . / , , , . , - , . Fernback, 2002; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; ) .(Strmiska, 2005 (Pagan) " " . : "Paganus" . , - . . . ,
  • 29. 22 . ;Strmiska, 2005) " " ." " " " , .(Chryssides, 1999 .(Militia christi) " " " " ."Pagani" " " -" " .(Pearson, 2002; Strmiska, 2005) 18- , ,19- . , . , . " , . (Starhawk, 1979) " . .(McIntosh, 2004 ; Strmiska, 2005) " - " . (Neo) " " , (Paganism) " " , . , " - " . . - - , , , . " " , ,
  • 30. 23 : " " 19- , " " , , . ( ,heathen) " "- " " .(Pearson, 2002; Strmiska, 2005 ) " " , " - " . - . , . . - . , .(Strmiska, 2005) , : . . , , : ,( 30) ,( ) ,( 31) - . –( ) , .(equinoxes) (solstices) . , . , - " " . Fernback, 2002; ) .(Pearson, 2002
  • 31. 24 , : – (Witchcraft Religions) . . – (Reconstructionist) . : . - –Asatru) ,(Celtic Recon) ,(Druidism) (Religio Romana) , - ,( ) ,( - ) . ,( – . Wren, 2005, "Intro: ;2003 , ," : ") .(Pagans, Heathens and Recons"; York, 2004 . , , : , . - – , . . – , , - . , - , , . - , . . . Strmiska, ) , " , . ,(2005
  • 32. 25 - . ,(The Craft ) " " " " (1884-1964) . ' . 50- , ' . , . , , ,(Rosicrucian) . . , . . . Chryssides, 1999; Klassen, ) , .(2002; Krueger, 2004; McIntosh, 2004; York, 2004 ,(1926-1988) . . , " . - " . (visibility) (Starhawk, 1979) ,( ) . - 1971 " .(Klassen, 2002; Krueger, 2004; McIntosh, 2004) ,( ) , , ,NROOGD ,( ' ') , , .(Chryssides, 1999; York, 2004) (Goffman, 1967 in Krueger, 2004) .
  • 33. 26 . . ,(Covens) 12 . ) . ( . , . , , ( ) Krueger, 2004; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; ) (Sabbats) .(York, 2004 . , , " " "- . . . , Chryssides, ) .(1999 . " . ." " " . , . , " .(Berger & Ezzy, 2004; Krueger, 2004) . " " " ," " - " "- " " , ," - , , .(Klassen, 2002; Krueger, 2004; Schutten, 2006)
  • 34. 27 . . . , , , . , , : . - , , , ' . - " , , . . . . . : ( , ) ,( , ) , .( , , ) . "Grooves" " Chryssides,1999; McIntosh, 2004; Pearson, 2002; ) .(Wren, 2005, "Intro: Pagans, Heathens and Recons" - - . - . , . . . . .(York, 2004)
  • 35. 28 - . , , , , , , , . . , . , . , York, ) .(2004 .(Ásatrú) " " . - ."Heathen" ," " . Heathen , . - McIntosh, 2004; Strmiska, 2005; Wren, 2005, "Intro: Pagans, Heathens and ) .(Recons" " " , , New Religious Movements) " " (New Age) - .(NRM's . , . , . , " , . ,60- 50- ( ) . " , : , " " , .
  • 36. 29 . .(Chryssides, 1999; Pearson, 2002; York, 2004) , . , , . , - , . , . , - . , , " "- .(Chryssides, 1999; Pearson, 2002; York, 2004) , , - " " . . , . , , , , , . ,(1865-1923) , , " " :(cult) ,(sect) " ", , - " " . . . , , , " " , . ." "
  • 37. 30 : .(Daschke & Ashcraft, 2005 ;2007 , ) Wallis, ) , - :(2007 , 1976 , , - . , , . ,(" " ) . , , , - , - , ,(Branch Davidians) . , Aum Shinrikyo ,(Heaven's Gate) , , , . . Daschke & ) . (Ashcraft, 2005 - . , . , , . (Luckmann,1967 in Krueger, 2004) . "- , - ." ,
  • 38. 31 , , .(Krueger, 2004) , 90 - " "- . - .(Krueger, 2004) – – . , ( , ) . Krueger, ) , , , ' , .(2004 . , . - . - . .(McIntosh, 2004) , . , - , . , - . . - . " "
  • 39. 32 - , . , . , , . ." " - - - . .(Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002) - . - , – . ,(sabbats) " " , , . , , : .(Klassen, 2002) - (Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002) - . . , . . - - , . (Fernback, 2002; Klassen, 2002) , - . . , - .(Technopagans) - (Zippies) - , , . .
  • 40. 33 - . , – – . - . (Krueger, 2004, Kruger, 2005a) . , - - . , – . . , . , ( ) . – . , - , , – , . .(Krueger, 2004, Kruger, 2005a) . , , , , . , . , , , . .(Krueger, 2004, Kruger, 2005a)
  • 41. 34 - . . , , , " , - Krueger, 2004, ) - 15 .(Kruger, 2005a (Fernback, 2002) , - , . - - . , , . .' , - . - . . - " " - . , - . . . , : , - - , , .(Fernback, 2002) ,
  • 42. 35 (chat) ' . : . " " , . , .(Fernback, 2002) (Klassen, 2002) , Cybercoven - . . , . 23 Cybercoven- . . . , . Cybercoven - : . ,61 - 16 . , , " , - , . - , . , . , - . , , .(Klassen, 2002) ,Cybercoven - : , , , , - , , , , , ,
  • 43. 36 - Cybercoven - . , , , . - " " , , , . - , , : ? . ,Cybercoven , . . , , . , . , , . . - , , . ? - . ." " , - , . - , . , , . . . , , Cybercoven