The document provides a timeline overview of architectural history from prehistoric to Renaissance periods. It begins with Prehistoric architecture such as Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic structures. Next it discusses Early Mesopotamian, Ancient Egyptian, Classical Greek and Roman, Byzantine, Romanesque, and Gothic architectures. Key characteristics and prominent examples of each style are mentioned. The document then focuses on the Renaissance period, describing its origins, time periods of Early Renaissance, High Renaissance, and Mannerism. It highlights influential Renaissance architects like Brunelleschi, Bramante, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Palladio and their major works.

1. ENAR3331 | THEORIES OF
ARCHITECTURE 1
Dr. Shireen Bader Al Qadi
Arch. Baylasan Walid Abualsaud

2. History of Architecture Timeline

3. Prehistoric Architecture
• Paleolithic
• Mesolithic
• Neolithic

4. Early Mesopotamian (Sumerian)

5. Ancient Egyptian Architecture

6. Classical architecture
the architecture of ancient Greece, 500bc (Greece)
 Greek architecture is known for tall
columns, intricate detail, symmetry,
harmony, and balance. The Greeks built
all sorts of buildings.
 Parthenon, Acropolis.
 Temple of Apollo, Delphi
 Erechtheion, Acropolis

7. Classical architecture
The architecture of ancient Rome, till 300Ac
 smooth lines, elegant drapery, idealized human bodies,
highly naturalistic forms, and balanced proportions.
 Arches, Domes, Aqueducts, Amphitheaters,
Temples.Apartment Blocks, Houses, and Baths
 The circular Pantheon
 The Colosseum
 Baths of Caracalla

8. Byzantine architecture
• Massive domes with square
bases
• Rounded arches
• Spires
• Use of glass mosaics.

9. Romanesque Architecture
mid-11th century
Byzantine+ local architecture (German)
Characteristics:
• towering round arches
• massive stone and brickwork
• small windows
• thick walls
• Pisa Cathedral
• Leaning Tower of Pisa
• Canterbury Cathedral

10. Gothic architecture
12-16th century
• Large Stained Glass Windows.
• Pointed Arches.
• Vaulted Ceilings.
• Flying Buttresses.
• Ornate Decorations.
• Ribbed vaults
• Spires
• The Milan Cathedral
• Notre Dame, Paris
• The Westminster Palace, London

11. Renaissance late of 14th century, 15th & 16th
The School of Athens

12. Renaissance
It is a period in European history marking the
transition from the Middle Ages to modernity
and covering the 15th and 16th centuries.

14. Renaissance is characterized by an effort to
revive and surpass ideas and achievements of
classical antiquity. It occurred after the Crisis of
the Late Middle Ages and was associated with
great social change.

16. Trade

17. The intellectual basis of
the Renaissance was its
version of humanism,
derived from the
rediscovery of classical
Greek philosophy, who
said that "man is the
measure of all things".

18. Measurements
• Space
• Time

19. The Renaissance periods
1- Renaissance (1400-1500)
Known as the Quattrocento and sometimes
Early Renaissance
2- High Renaissance
(1500-1525)
3- Mannerism
(1520-1600)

20. Early Renaissance
1400-1500

21. The Renaissance style places emphasis:
 Symmetry, proportion, geometry, and the regularity of parts
as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical
antiquity and in the particular, the architecture of ancient
Rome, of which many examples remained.
 Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters, and lintels
The use of semicircular
arches, hemispherical
domes, niches, and
aedicules replaced the
more complex proportional
systems and irregular
profiles of medieval
buildings.
SANT LORENZO, Florence, beg. 1421 by Brunelleschi

22. Filippo Brunelleschi
Italian architect, 1377 – April 15, 1446, Florence
The dome of Florence
considered his first work
The person generally credited with bringing about the Renaissance
view of architecture is Filippo Brunelleschi

23. Brunelleschi began to look at the world to see what the rules were
that governed one’s way of seeing.
He practiced human studies and discovered, perhaps as the first
person, the central perspective
He observed that the way one sees regular structures such as the
Baptistery of Florence and the tiled pavement surrounding it follows
a mathematical order – linear perspective

24. Brunelleschi produce innovative synthesis from the knowledge of
ancient Roman construction and Gothic traditions
Pointed arch from gothic
Use double shell as in Pantheon to reduce dead load
Employed 24 vertical ribs and 5 horizontal rings of sandstone as
Roman way’s of construction
90 meters wide at the
crossing, and 90 meters high
from the floor to the bottom
Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore

26. Hospital of the Innocents
founding
Sant Spirito, Florance
The nave of Basilica
Old Sacristy

27. Italian Renaissance humanist author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist,
philosopher,
Leon Battista Alberti
Italian: February 1404 –April 1472

30. The High Renaissance
1525 -1500

31. Origins
The high Renaissance began during the 1480’s, with Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper
Historical and Cultural Context
With the invention and use of the printing press, there was the greater spread of
ideas and artists could sell prints of their work
Travel increased during this period, therefore art became more international.
Christopher Columbus discovered
the Americas in 1492, this
challenged the classical worldview
and encouraged a new age of
science and math.

32. Bramante introduced the High Renaissance
architecture to Milan
Donato Bramante
Italian Architect and painter. 1444 - 1514
rectory of Sant’Ambrogio
Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie
His early works in Milan included the rectory
of Sant’Ambrogio and the church of Santa
Maria delle Grazie.

33. Donato Bramante
Sant’Ambrogio Basilica
basilica, Milan, Italy
It is an example of Romanesque
architecture.
Donato Bramante designed parts
of the basilica and its chapel
between 1492 and 1497.

34. Donato Bramante
Tempietto de San Pietro/Montorio-Rom
The design is inspired by the Roman Architecture

35. Donato Bramante
Residential buildings
Belevedre
(inspired from the
Roman palaces)
•Belevedre
West-side of Hadrian's Villa (Roman Architecture)
Inspired by

36. Donato Bramante
Residential buildings
* Insula (Civil Roman Housing)
Rafael House

37. Masters of High Renaissance
• Leonardo Da Vinchi
• Raphael
• Michel Angelo

38. Italian polymath of the High Renaissance who
was active as a painter, draughtsman, engineer,
scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect.
Leonardo da Vinci
Italian. 1452 - 1519
The Artist

39. «The last supper» Santa Maria delle Grazie,
Milan
Da Vinci The Artist

40. Inventions and Philosophy
Da Vinci’s interests ranged far beyond fine art.
Studied nature, mechanics, anatomy, physics, architecture, weaponry and more.
Creating accurate, workable designs for machines like the bicycle, helicopter,
submarine and military tank that would not come to fruition for centuries.
Wrote Sigmund Freud, “like a man who awoke too early in the darkness, while the
others were all still asleep.”

41. da Vinci the architect…
• Free façade
• Classic Greek
• Symmetry
• extensive design
of an ideal city

42. Raphel
Painter and architect 1483- 1520
Many of his commissions were from Vatican.
“The school of Athens”

44. Michelangelo
1475- 1564
Believed God put the sculpture within the rock and
that the artist must uncover it.
Good arts comes from divine inspiration and
beauty is a path to salvation
The Pieta
Michel Angelo was
24
Made from Marble
Balances classical
beauty with the
naturalism

47. David

48. Michelangelo Sistine Chapel
Commissioned by Pope Julius 11
The center represents 9 moments from Bible’s Book of Genesis, surrounded
by the 12 prophets who prophesied the coming of Jesus

50. Mannerism
Almost 1520 -1600

51. Mannerism
Architects in this period experimented with using architectural forms to
emphasize solid and spatial relationships.
Pioneers of the period deliberately played with the symmetry, order, and
harmony typically found in Renaissance architecture.
Move away from the ideals represented in the principle of harmony (Harmony)
and the old classical beauty
Increasing the height of buildings
High Renaissance ---- Mannerism ----- Baroque
Architects: Michelangelo and Giulio Romano

52. • Inspired by Vitruvius’s works
• Developed concept of colossal order (Giant Order)
(The Giant order: the columns pilasters span for 2 stories)
• Church of Vicenza, Italy
• Used Serliana
• (He did not follow the Mannerism)
Andrea Palladio
Italian 1508 -1580
Palazzo della Ragione in Vicenza

53. Andrea Palladio
Italian 1508 -1580
Villa La Rotonda

56. Michelangelo the architect…
• Midici Chapel
Interior wall as
a background of
statues

57. • Piazza del
Campidoglio,
beautifully
designed by
Michelangelo,
is the
masterpiece
of the
Capitoline hill.
It is bordered
by three
buildings.

59. Michelangelo- St. Peter- Rome